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take, and was obliged to return home fafe and found, diffatisfied with having made all his preparations in vain. Chabot framed fome paltry excufes, to prevent Grangeneuve from upbraiding him; and fully displayed the poltroonry of a prieft, with the hypocrify of a capuchin. The characters of our countrymen, the famous Paine and Willliams are thus drawn:

fed it a fecond time, for fear of any mif- feels and defcribes the abufes which conftitute their mifery. I faw him, from the very first time he was prefent at the fittings of the affembly, uneafy at the diforder of the debates, afflicted at the influence exercifed by the galleries, and in doubt whether it were poffible for fuch men, in fuch circumftances, ever to decree a rational conftitution. I think that the knowledge which he then acquired of what we were already, attached him more ftrongly to his country, to which he was impatient to return. How is it poffible, faid he, for men to debate a queftion, who are incapable of listening to each other? Your nation does not even take pains to preferve that external decency, which is of fo much confequence in public affemblies: a giddy manner, careleffnefs, and a flovenly perfon, are no recommendations to a legiflator; nor is any thing indifferent which paffes in public, and of which the effect is repeated every day.-Good Heaven! what would he fay now, if he were to fee our fenators dreft, fince the 31ft of May, like watermen, in long trowsers, a jacket and a cap, with the bofom of their fhirts open, and fwearing and gefticulating like drunken fans-cullottes ? He would think it perfectly natural for the people to treat them like their lackeys, and for the whole nation, debased by its exceffes, to crouch beneath the rod of the first defpot who fhall find means to reduce it to fubjection.-Williams is equally fit to fill a place in the parliament, or the fenate, and will carry with him respect and attention whereever he goes."

"Among the perfons whom I was in the habit of receiving, and of whom I have already defcribed the most remarkable, Paine deferves to be mentioned. Declared a French citizen, as one of thofe celebrated foreigners, whom the nation was naturally defirous of adopting, he was known by writings which had been useful in the American revolution, and which might have contributed to produce one in England. I fhall not, however, take upon me to pronounce an abfolute judgment upon his character, because he understood French without fpeaking it, and because that being nearly my cafe in regard to English, I was lefs able to converfe with him than to liften to his converfation with those whofe political skill was greater than my

own.

"The boldness of his conceptions, the originality of his ftyle, and the ftriking truths which he throws with defiance into those whom they offend, have neceffarily attracted great attention; but I think him better fitted to fow the feeds of popular commotion, than to lay the foundation, or prepare the form, of a government. Paine throws light upon a revolution better than he concurs in the making of a conftitution. He takes up, and establishes thofe great principles of which the expofition ftrikes every perfon, gains the applaufe of a club, or excites the enthusiasm of a tavern; but for closs difcuffion in a committee, or the regular labours of a legislator, I conceive David Williams infinitely more proper than he. Williams, made a French citizen alfo, was not chofen a member of the Convention, in which he would have been of more ufe; but he was invited by the government to repair to Paris, where he paffed feveral months, and frequently conferred with the most active reprefentatives of the nation. A deep thinker, and a real friend to mankind, he appeared to me to combine their means of happiness, as well as Paine

How Madame Roland employed herself in the prifon of St Pélagie will appear from the following extract, which will fhew the vigour and elafticity of her mind:

"The first part of my captivity I employed in writing. This I did with fo much rapidity, and was fo happily dif pofed for it, that in lefs than a month I had manufcripts fufficient to have formed a duodecimo volume, under the title of Hiftorical Memoirs. They confifted of details relative to all the facts, and all the perfons, connected with public affairs, that my fituation had brought to my knowledge. I related them with all the freedom and energy of my character, with all the negligence of franknets, the unconstraint of a mind superior

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to felfish confiderations, the pleasure of men extant; but men, fuch as the andefcribing what I had felt or experienced, cients defcribe Satyrs, have been found, and finally in confidence, that, whatever who had not only tails, but the feet of might happen, the collection would goats, and horns on their heads. One form my moral and political teftament. of this kind, we are told by St Jerome, "I had completed the whole, bring was, under the reign of Conftantine the ing things down to the prefent moment: Emperor publicly fhewn in Alexandria, and I had entrusted it to a friend, who while he was alive; and after he was fet upon it the highest value. On a fud- dead, his body was preferved with falt, den the ftorm burit over him. The in- carried to Antioch, and there fhewn to ftant he faw himself put under arreft, he the Emperor: fo that we ought not to thought of nothing but danger, he felt treat as a fable, what the ancients have only the neceffity of parrying it, and, told us of animals of that form. without thinking of expedients, he threw my manufcript into the fire. This lofs agitated my mind more than the rudeft fhocks had ever done. It is not difficult to conceive this, if it be recollected, that the crifis approaches; that I may be maffacred to-morrow, or dragged, I know not how, before the tribunal by those who rule, to rid them of perfons they find troublesome: and that thefe writings were the pillow, on which I refted the juftification of my memory, and that of many other perfons, for whom I am deeply interefed."

We fhall give her character of Lewis, and her own portrait, in our next number.

Ancient Metaphyfics. Vol. IV. Contain ing the Hiftory of Man. With an appendix, relating to the Fille Sauvage whom the Author faw in France. 4to. Boards. Cadell jun. and Da

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vies. 1795.

THE hiftory of man, and chiefly of his intellectual powers, is the fubject of this volume, which may be confidered as containing a fummary of what the author has published in his former works on the fubjects of Language, Logic, and Metaphyfics.

To give our readers fome notion of the many excentric opinions contained in this fingular performance, we fhall tranfcribe two paffages, one relative to the form and afpect of man, the other to his intellectual powers.

"NOR is man," fays the author," lefs varicus in the figure of his body, than in the other things I have mentioned; and the individuals of the fpecies are, I am perfuaded, more different one from another than thofe of any other fpecies. And first, that there are men with tails, ich as dogs ats have, I think I Lave prove nd the poffibility of doubt. Antr only are there tailed

We have the authority of another father of the church, for a greater fingularity fill of the human form; and that is, of men without heads, but with eyes in their breafts. This is related by St Auguftine, who faw thefe men in Ethiopia, whither he went to preach the gofpel; and was fome time among them, and relates several other particulars concerning them. And the fame faint tells us, that he faw, in the fame country, men with only one eye in their forehead. Nor do thefe facts reft folely upon the authority of St Auguftine; but ancient authors mention them, particularly Strabo, who tells the ftory of men with eyes in their breafts, which he fays is attefted by feveral authors whom he names, though he does not believe them. As to the men with one eye, it is related by Herodotus, of a people in Scythia, who, from that quality, had their name of Arimafpians, as he interprets the word.

We must not therefore treat as a fable what Homer has told us of the Cyclops, any more than what is related, by other ancient authors, of Satyrs.

There is another fingularity of the human form, as great or greater than any I have hitherto mentioned, and that is, of men with the heads of dogs. That fuch men did exift, is attefted by the authors I have elsewhere mentioned, whofe authorities cannot, I think, be queftioned. One of them, by name Agatharchides, fays, that they were to be feen in Alexandria in his time, having been fent thither from Ethiopia and the country of the Troglodites. So that it appears, that the Latrator Anubis, as Virgil calls him, which was the form of one of the Egyptian gods, was not an imaginary form, but taken from real life.

This author, Agatharchides, mentions another animal of mixed form, having the head of a man and the body of a lion, fuch as he is reprefented in ancient fculp0 0 21 ture,

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ture, and is called a Sphynx. He fays he was fent into Alexandria from Ethiopia, with the dog-headed man above mentioned. And he defcribes him to be, by nature, a tame and gentle animal, and capable of being taught motion to mufic; whereas the dog-headed men, he fays, were exceedingly fierce, and very difficult to be tamed. According, therefore, to this author, the fphynx was no imaginary animal, but had a real existence, as well as the dog-headed men. Agatharchides, however, is the only author, as far as I know, who mentions the fphynx, as an animal actually exifting; whereas the dog headed men are mentioned by feveral other authors. It may be obferved, however, that Agatharchides had an opportunity of being very well informed; for he lived about the time of Ptolemy III. King of Egypt, who had a great curiofity to be informed about the wild men of Ethiopia, and for that purpose sent men to that country, particularly one Symmias, from whom Agatharchides got his information. And I am difpofed to believe that he was well informed; for I have read his book, and I think it has all the appearance of an authentic narrative, without any mixture of fable, unlefs we are difpofed to believe that there never exifted, on this earth, men different from thofe we fee now. But the variety of nature is fo great, that I am convinced of the truth of what Ariftotle fays, that every thing exifts, or did at fome time exift, which is poffible to exist. And though it were certain that fuch animals as the fphynx, or the other animals that I have mentioned, did no longer exist on this earth, it would not from thence follow, that they never exifted. I do not believe that men with eyes in their breafts, or with only one eye in their forehead, are now to be found on the face of the earth and yet I think we cannot doubt that they once exifted in Ethiopia, where St Auguftine fays he faw them. We are fure that there are whole fpecieses of animals, which were once in certain countries, but are not now to be found there, fuch as wolves in Britain. It is not probable, that fuch compounded animals as the dog-headed man and the fphynx, were ever very numerous; and if so, it is likely that they would be confidered as monfters by the other men of the country, and fo would be deftroyed by them. "Befide thefe varieties in the whole

form of man, there is a variety in one part of him, which I think wonderful, though, as it is so familiar to us, it be not commonly obferved. The part I mean is the face, in which a man may obferve, in a crowd of people, or walking the streets of a populous city, fuch a variety of form, and figure, and features expreffing different difpofitions and fentiments, as is really wonderful.

"Thus I think I have fhewn, that man is more various in the form of his body, than in any thing else; and that there is a peculiarity in the form of fome of the individuals of the species, which is not to be found in any other fpecies; I mean the mixture of different fpeciefes in the fame animal. And yet I think it is not unnatural, if we confider how much his inward part or mind is compounded; for it confifts not only of the vegetable and the animal life, but of the intellectual; and if fo, I think it needs not be wondered, that his nature thould admit of a compofition likewise, in his outward form, of different specieses of animals."

On government he makes the following reflections:

"In all governments there muft neceffarily be two orders of men, the governors and the governed; which muft be diftinguished from one another. And the first thing to be confidered is, who are by nature fit to govern; and who on the other hand are only fit to be governed: I fay by nature; for nature must take the lead in all the arts of life, and as much or more, I think, in the great art of government, than in any other. And I think the Greek philofophers, in what they have written upon government, have faid much too little of nature, but fo much of education, as one fhould believe they thought that education alone could fit men to be good governors or good fubjects. But though I hold it to be abfolutely neceffary for both these purposes, nature must do her part, and lay the foundation, without which the best education can avail but little.

"That men are different by nature, as well as by education, I think it is impoffible to deny. We muft, therefore, begin this inquiry, by confidering the nature of man, and try to discover of what kind those men are, that by nature are deftined to govern or to be governed. And here an antient Greek poet, I mean

Heliod,

lefiod, has given us a divifion of men, he best, I think, that ever was made with refpect to government. Some men, ays he, are capable of giving good adice; others, though they cannot give Food advice, will take it: but there is third kind, who neither can give good dvice, nor will take it when given by thers; and thefe, fays he, are ufelefs

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That there is a difference of natural arts among men, and that all men by ature are not fit for all things (for, non mnia poffumus omnes, as the poet fays), what I think undeniable. And it is eually certain, that of the firft and fupejor clafs of men, mentioned by Hefiod, he governors are by God and nature eftined to be. Thefe muft in all counries be very few in number; for it is ith men as with other animals, the exellency of the fpecies is confined to a ew individuals, and their race. And if were otherwise, man would be an exeption to a rule, which we find to hold univerfally, among the animals that we are beft acquainted with, and whofe nature we have studied, fuch as horses, oxen, and dogs. The fecond clafs of men, is more numerous; and thefe are the' men who are capable of being governed as free men, that is, not by terror or compulfion, but by perfuafion, being able to judge of what is right or wrong when it is fet before them. But the third class is the most numerous of all in every nation; and they must be governed by fear and dread of punishment, that is like faves; and as they are fo numerous in every country, it is for this reafon Ariftotle has faid, that a great part of mankind are by nature doomed to be flaves; and that, therefore, there is nothing contrary to nature in the ftate of flavery: and I will add, that there is many a man, who could hardly have a worfe mafter than himself. Thus it pears, that Heliod's way of claffing men, not only points out to us those who are fit to govern, but also thofe who are fit to be governed as free men, that is, by perfuafion, and also those who must be governed as flaves.

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"There is another thing to be obferved concerning the nature of man, which, I am perfuaded, Hefiod knew, though he has not told it; that the qua lities of mind as well as of body defcend to the race. And in this refpect, too, man resembles other animals, and parti

cularly, the horse, whose blood is known by his fpirit, as well as by his figure, fhape, and movements.

"Thus I think it is evident, that nature has laid the foundation of excellence in the great art of government, as well as in other arts; and that no education can make a man fit to govern, who is not by God and nature deftined for that office and it only remains to be inquired, how we are to discover this deftination? That men by governing, will show themselves fit to govern, there is no doubt. But the queftion is, by what marks they were first distinguished and allowed to govern? And I fay, that the character of a governing man is as easily to be difcerned in the features of a man, his look, his voice, and the movements of his body, as blood is in a horse, by his look and movements: nor do I think that there is any defignation of character so marked in us, as that of a governing man. Thefe marks that I have mentioned, joined with a fuperior fize. and figure, make what Euripides calls the dos ážiov rugavvidos, or as Tacitus has very well translated it, forma principe viri digna."

Were thefe remarks well founded, men would not difpute about those who are entitled to rule and govern them.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

LONDON.

The Age of Reafon. Part the Second. Being an Inveligation of true and fabulous Theology. By Thomas Paine. Svo. 2s. 6d. Symonds.

Mr Paine wrote his first part without confulting the Bible at all. This fecond rash and impotent attack on the Scriptures, is firmly and fuperficial, and contains nothing which has not been ohjeed and refuted before. There is one paragraph in this volume, which is ingenious and curious, which we fhall tranfcribe :

M Paine mentioned, in the first part, his hope of immortality; in this fecond part he ftates his reafons for this hope:

of fine matter it is, that produces a thought "Who can fay what exceeding fine action in what we call the mind? And yet that thought, when produced, as I now produce the thought I am writing, is capable of becoming immortal; and is the only production of man that has that capacity.

"Statues of brafs or marble will perish; and ftatues made in ingitation of them are not the fame ftatues, nor the fame workmanship,

any

any more than a copy of a picture is the fame picture. But print and reprint a thought a thousand times over, and with materials of any kind, carve it in wood, or engrave it on ftone, the thought is eternally and identically the fame thought in every cafe. It has a capacity of unimpaired exiftence, unaffected by change of matter, and is effentially diftinct, and of a nature different from every thing else that we know of, or can conceive. If then the thing produced has in itself a capacity of being immortal, it is more than a token that the power that produced it, which is the felffame thing as consciousness of exiftence, can be immortal alfo; and that independently of the matter it was first connected with, as the thought is of the printing, or writing, it firft appeared in. The one idea is not more difficult to believe than the other; and we can fee that one is true."

"In the former part of the Age of Reafon I have called the creation the true and only real word of God; and in this inftance, or this text, in the book of creation, not only fhews to us that this thing may be fo, but that it is fo; and the belief of a future ftate is a rational belief, founded upon facts visible on the creation for it is not more difficult to believe that we shall exift hereafter in a better ftate and form than at prefent, than that a worm fhould become a butterfly, and quit the dunghill for the atmosphere, if we did not know it as a fact."

Pbilofophical Tranfactions of the Royal Society of London, for the Year 1795. Part I. 4to. Ss. fewed. Elmsley. The fubjects of the papers contained in this volume are, Aftronomical Papers. On the Nature and Construction of the Sun and fixed Stars. By Dr Herschel. New Obfervations in further Proof of the Mountainous Inequalities, Rotation, Atmos phere, and Twilight, of the Planet Venus. By J. J. Schtoeter, Efq.-Philofophical and Me dical Papers. An Account of the late Eruption of Mount Vefuvius; in a Letter from the Rt Hon. Sir William Hamilton, K. B. F. R.S. to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S.-The Bakerian Lecture. Obfervations on the Theory of the Motion and Refiftance of Fluids; with a Defcription of the Conftruction of Experiments, in order to obtain fome fundamental Principles. By the Rev. Sam. Vince, A. M. F. R. S.-The Croonian Lecture on Mufcular Motion. By Everard Home, Efq. F. R. S.-Experiments on the Nerves, particularly on their Reproduction; and on the Spinal Marrow of Living Animals. By William Cruikshank, Efq.-An Experi. mental Inquiry concerning the Reproduction of Nerves. By John Haighton, M. D.

This publication contains ten cffays; the firi of which, being introductory to the rest, serve. to explain the views and objects of the author and to point out the fcope and tendency o his work.

Mr Malkin concludes his introductor effay with the following intimation, explana tory of his general purpose:

"To delincate prejudice and corruptio in their true colours, and to place in a clea point of view the importance of first princ ples, is the defign of the prefent work: to er force the fuperiority of freedom from bai barity, the ftate of being civilized, consistin in goodly converfation and the ftudies knowledge and humanity-to the mere polite nefs, complaifance, elegance of behaviou which marks the frivolity of the prefent ag At the fame time, I do not affect to defpife th latter: yet I would have it not originate fror the precept or example of the dancing maste or foreign hireling, but from genuine urbanit of character for it is an undifputed maxin that artificial accomplishments can never cor ceal the defects of an uncultivated understanc ing; it is equally certain, that true liberalit of mind dignifies the performance of dutie the most folemn, and lends a grace to action. the moft indifferent."

The Antiphlogistic Doctrine of M. Lavoisier critically examined, and demonftratively confuted; By E. Peart, M. D. &c. 8vo. 4s. Boards. Miller:

A Narrative of the Revolt and Infurrection of the French Inhabitants in the Ifland of Grenada. By an Eye Witnefs. Svo. 2s. 6d. Vernor. & Hood.

Confiderations on the State of Public Affairs, at the Begining of the Year 1796. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Owen.

The Trial of John Horne Tocke, for High Treafon, at the Seffions Houfe in the Old Bailey, November 1794. Taken in Short Hand by Jofeph Gurney. 2 Vols. 8vo. 14s. Boards. Gurney.

The Dagger. 12mo. 38. fewed. Pernor & Hood. This interefting and pathetic tale is tranflated from the German of Groffe, whofe other novel, the Genius, alfo merits perufal.

A Collection of State Papers relative to the War against France, now carrying on by Great Britain and other European Powers. Containing Copies of Treaties, Conventions, Decrees, Reports, Proclamations, Manifeftos, Memorials, Remonftrances, Official Letters, Parliamentary Papers, Gazette Accounts, &c. &c. &c. Many of which have never been seen in England 8vo. Vol. II. 10s. 6d. Boards. Debrett.

Effays on Subjects connected with Civilization. The Politician's Greed. Being the great By Benjamine Heath Malkin, Trinity Col- Outline of Political Science: 'from the Writlege, Cambridge. Svg. 4s. Boards. Dilly.ings of Montefquieu, Hume, Gibbon, Paley,

Townsend,

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