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THE MISSION OF DEMOCRACY (CONTINUED). ·

I. Co-operative Communities in America-The Rappists on the Ohio: Mr.

Buckingham's Description.

II. Triumphant Success of the Community Principle

III. Mr. Buckingham's Reflections on the subject.

IV. The Community Settlement of Shakers, near Dayton, Ohio

V. The Community Settlement of Zoar, Ohio

VI. Causes of the Failure to establish Communities in various instances-

Mr. Owen's Settlement at Harmony, Indiana-The Mormon Com-

munity at Nauvoo, Illinois

VII. Practicability of Co-operation-Why more Associations have not been

formed in America-Practicability of Associations preserving existing

Social Distinctions-Suggestions to Europeans intending to form

Associations in America-What would be the effect produced by Co-

operative Communities in England

VIII. Opinions of European Travellers who have visited American Social

Communities-Miss Martineau's Description of the Shaker Commu-

nity, near New Lebanon, Massachusetts-Her Opinion on the Co-ope-

rative Principle-The Spartan Commonwealth-The Precepts of the

Christian Religion inculcating the Principle of Fraternity-The Prac-

tice of the early Christians

IX. Why the present System of Society cannot possibly be sound-Probable

Social Reform as great as the recent Discoveries in the Arts and

Sciences Modern Associations- -Instances of modern Legislation

tending towards the Community Principle-The institution of Private

Property: what founded upon-The Duty of Government-Ultimate

results of the Poor Laws

X. Present Laws to prevent Over-Competition and Excessive Labour-

Laws authorising the State to carry on a particular business to the

exclusion of private persons-Future Extension of the Principle-

Humane and Fraternal Sentiments lately introduced by Democracy-

Modified Adoption of the Community Principle-Sir L. Bulwer on

this subject-Clubs, Model Lodging-houses, Public Baths and Wash-

houses, &c.-Customs in the United States

XI. Applicability of the Co-operative Principle to Emigration-Systematic

Colonisation-Proposed Plan

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IV. Reward of Labour-Conditions of Miners and Artizans employed in Un-

wholesome Occupations-Actual Misery and Degradation of the great

mass of Mankind

V. Vice caused by Poverty and Distress-Want of Leisure and Opportunity

to cultivate the Mind-Conduct of the Clergy with respect to the Social

System-Respect paid to Wealth-Evils arising from Inequality of

Wealth-Evils to the Rich; to the Poor

VI. The Mischiefs of Families living separately-Want of Equality, Division

of Labour, and Combination-Jealous Privacy, and Hostility to Neigh-

bours-Natural Inclination to Fraternity Suppressed-Consequences

of Fire, Robbery, the Death of the Head of the Family, &c.-Inconve-

nient and Crowded Apartments-Coarseness of Manners-Destruction

of Social Affections-Ignoble Topics of Conversation-Unsuitableness

for Children-Waste of Labour-Want of Suitable Employment for

Women-Necessity of Servants -Deadly Passions generated

VII. The Mischiefs of Separate Interests and Competition-Illustrations of

the System-Selfishness-Competition the source of Vice and Misery

-Unprofitable and Injudicious Modes of Exertion-Hindrance to the

Progress of Improvement in Science and Art-Discouragement of

Genius The Production of Necessaries not governed by the Wants

of Mankind-Starvation amidst Plenty-Consequences of Competition

for Employment

VIII. Picture of the effects of Competition-A Fable

IX. Argument in Defence of Competition-Stimulus of Self-Interest—Insuffi-

ciency of this to secure the general Comfort and Well-being-Suffi-

ciency of the Stimulus to Exertion in Co-operative Communities

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INTRODUCTION.

No work has hitherto been published for the purpose of contrasting the results of democracy in America with those of monarchy and aristocracy in England. The present appears to be a favourable opportunity for calling public attention to the subject.

A reasonable doubt cannot be entertained that, sooner or later, democracy will prevail all over the civilised world—it is the spirit of the age, and no human power can resist its progress for any considerable length of time. And yet the people of Great Britain and Ireland have paid scarcely any attention to this subject. It is time for us to throw off our lethargy, and become alive to the actual condition and tendency of society in this and the neighbouring communities.

There is but one country in the world where democratic institutions have been fully tried on a large scale-viz., the United States of North America. There, then, we must direct our attention, if we would learn the true character and effects of those institutions.

The example of the great American republic has very recently produced the most important results in France, Germany, and Italy, in all which countries the glorious effects of self-government in America are pretty generally understood by the leaders of the people; whilst, in England, the aristocracy and their hirelings have succeeded in entirely diverting the public mind from the contemplation of the free institutions of the northern States, and the effects of those institutions upon the condition of society. English aristocrats, their dupes and satellites, are always ready to point out the condition of some of the slave States, with their Lynch law, inhumanity, and immorality, and to exclaim, "Behold the consequences of republicanism and democratic government!" Whereas, the truth is, that all these evils are

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