two companies of Engineers, and a few horse; and on the 29th he took up his quarters at Castel di Guido. To those who assured him that he would meet with certain resistance at Rome, he only replied, " Italians don't fight."

At the end of April there were in Rome from 9000 to 10,000 soldiers, half regular troops, half volunteers, all Italians excepting 1000 belonging to the Roman States. There were two Divisions, one of them commanded by Garibaldi, the other by Bartolucci; the Brigades were under the orders of Colonels Masi, Savini, and Bartolomeo Galletti, who was afterwards made general; the Artillery were few in number, but well officered by Stuart, Calandrelli, and Lopez; the Cavalry amounted to about 500. On the evening of the 29th these troops were drawn up in order of battle, awaiting the French. Garibaldi was posted outside the walls, with about 3000 men, of different legions, between the Porta Portese and the Porta San Pancrazio; Masi defended the walls from the Porta Cavalleggeri to the Porta Angelica, with 1700 Light Infantry, and two battalions of the National Guard; 500 Dragoons were posted in the Piazza Navona, under the command of Colonel Savini; Colonel Galletti took his stand on the Piazza della Chiesa Nuova, with 2000 Regulars, 800 of the Roman Legion, and the few guns which were not posted on the walls: Giuseppe Galletti, General of the Carabineers, and President of the Assembly, held 200 of his soldiers ready to hasten wherever they might be wanted. The fifth article of the Constitution of the French Republic had been printed in immense letters,

and, as if it were the shield of the Roman Republic, was posted up and thrown upon the ground along the road where the soldiers of the Duke de Reggio would have to fight.

The French army had moved from Castel di Guido at five o'clock in the morning, and having left all its baggage at Maglianella, by eleven o'clock, was close to Rome, at the point where the road from Cività Vecchia branches into two; one leading on the right hand to the Porta San Pancrazio, the other on the left, to the Porta Cavalleggeri. Here it divided into two columns, and advanced along both roads. At eleven the bells of the Capitol and of Monte Citorio gave the signal of battle to the Romans, and the artillery thundered forth. It is said, so strong was the persuasion entertained by the French, that they would be received joyfully into Rome, that when they heard the first report, an officer, who affirmed that he was acquainted with the customs of the city, said that it was the usual signal of mid-day. The combat on both sides had already commenced, and the French were expecting every moment that their friends within would open the gates to them, when Captain Fabar, who, having been in Rome, said he was certain of the effort which would be made at the Porta Angelica, and that he was well acquainted with the locality, entreated the General to make a vigorous demonstration on that side, and offered to lead the soldiers thither himself by a short cut, not exposed, so he said, to the Roman artillery. The whole attack was, in fact, so grossly mismanaged, that some talked of entering by the Porta

Pertusa, which has long been built up. General le Vaillant followed the footsteps of Captain Fabar through paths so well defended, that the Captain himself was soon killed with many of his soldiers; whilst the General was forced to abandon his guns, and take shelter as well as he could in some adjacent houses, and behind a neighbouring bank.

Whilst on this side the French were fighting with such ill success, Garibaldi on the right, with 1200 men, assaulted those who were advancing on the Porta San Pancrazio at the distance of about a mile from the city. He charged them suddenly, but they kept their ground notwithstanding, and, having recovered themselves, forced him to retire to the Villa Panfili, whence he sent for succour. Colonel Galletti brought it immediately, and attacked the French near the arches of the aqueduct. Finding themselves between two fires, they were compelled to fall back in very bad order on the road to Cività Vecchia; some of them took refuge in the Villa Giraud and the neighbouring houses. Here Major Picard, after he had fought for some time against the Romans, who pressed him on all sides, asked for a parley, in order to have time, he said, to receive orders from his General, but his opponents fell upon him, and having made him prisoner, with 300 of his soldiers, conducted them to Rome with others who had fallen into the hands of Garibaldi, amidst the acclamations of the people at their victory. The troops commanded by Masi, the National Guards, the Carabineers, and the Artillery, repulsed the attacks from the gardens of the Vatican, and from the walls, from

the Porta Cavalleggeri to Santa Marta, so that General Oudinot, having entirely failed in his attack, ordered a retreat, leaving a rearguard under command of General Le Vaillant, to keep the Romans in check, and to find some means for carrying off, under cover of the darkness, the guns which he had been forced to abandon. The combat lasted about six hours. The Romans had 150 killed or wounded; the French perhaps above 300, and more than that number taken prisoners; and they retired upon Castel di Guido in such disorder that it was thought if the Romans had pursued them vigorously they would doubtless have gained a complete victory. At two o'clock the following morning General Oudinot wrote an account of the disaster to the French Government, and demanded speedy and efficient reinforcements.

Italians did fight.

CHAPTER II.'

TEXT OF THE ALLOCUTION PRONOUNCED BY THE HOLY FATHER IN THE CONSISTORY, HELD AT GAETA ON THE 20TH OF APRIL.-COMMENTS.

ABOUT this time was published the following allocution, pronounced by his Holiness in the Secret Consistory, held at Gaeta, on the 20th of April:

"Venerable Brethren, by what, and how many calamitous tempests, the State of our Pontificate, and indeed all Italy, have been agitated and overthrown, to the great grief of Our soul, no one can certainly be ignorant. May God, in his mercy, grant that men, taught by these deplorable vicissitudes, may learn that there is nothing more hurtful to them, than to deviate from the path of truth, of justice, of honesty, and of religion; to delight themselves in the evil counsels of the wicked, and to be deceived and ensnared by their treachery, fraud, and error! Of a truth, the world well knows and can attest what, and how great, has been the care and solicitude of Our fatherly and most affectionate heart, to assure the true and solid benefit, tranquillity, and prosperity, of the people of Our Pontifical State, and what has been the fruit of Our so great indulgence and love. By which words, indeed, We only mean to condemn the very crafty promoters of so great evils, without wishing to impute any blame to the majority of the people. But yet We are constrained to deplore that many among the people should have been so miserably deceived, and that, closing their ears to Our voice and Our counsels, they should have opened them afterwards to the fallacious doctrines of teachers, who, leaving the straight path, and treading aside into dark ways, think of nothing else but how to persuade, and to lead into fraud and