that night. Garibaldi, with his sword drawn, ran about, endeavouring to animate the people with his voice and by his example; a bloody combat followed, in which 400 Italians were killed; other noble lives were lost not far from the fray. Luciano Manara perished, officers fought with muskets, with swords, and with their hands, like common soldiers; many artillerymen were killed, lashed to their guns, which they would not abandon the French triumphed. Let our anger be calmed by the sight of these corpses. Reader, if thou art of Italian blood, bless those who in dying defended the honour of Italy, fighting against the foreigner; here there is neither party spirit nor question of party-it is Italian soil that the foreigner tramples; they are defenders of their country who have fallen.

honour to their ashes!

Peace and

The Asssembly, which in the previous days had been discussing the Constitution of the Republic, moved by anger, and filled with grief, met on the morning of the 30th of June in the Capitol. Cernuschi was the first to rise and propose that all further resistance should be declared impossible, and that the Assembly should remain at its post. Mazzini enters with a pallid face, he rages and hopes; in his opinion there are three alternatives; to surrender, or to re-enact the prodigies of Saragossa, or for the Government, Assembly, and army to quit Rome, and continue the struggle in the provinces; the first an unworthy course, the other two dignified and noble. The Assembly remained silent, uncertain how to act, when General Bartolucci broke silence, affirming that Garibaldi had himself assured

Mazzini that all resistance beyond the Tiber was impossible, on which the Assembly complained of the Triumvir for concealing the truth and sent for Garibaldi. He made his appearance, dripping with sweat, and his clothes stained with blood, and, like an honest man, declared what was the truth, that resistance beyond the Tiber was impossible; resistance on this side tremendous and useless; that they could only hold out for a few days; that to defend Rome in the streets was vain, since the French were masters of the heights, and he concluded by saying that it would be a cruel thing to attempt such a course; it was better to quit Rome. But the majority would not agree to this, though some of the Deputies coincided in the opinion, and Mazzini tried to bring others round to it; so the course proposed by Cernuschi was adopted in the following terms:

"In the name of God and the People. The Constituent Roman Assembly ceases from a defence which has become impracticable, and remains at its post."

The business of treating with the French was then confided to the Municipality of Rome. Mazzini left the Assembly in indignation, and in resigning his office, wrote words full of anger and reproof, which greatly annoyed the Deputies, but not to such a degree as to prevent them from proclaiming the former Triumvirs to have merited well of their country, when Saliceti, Mariani, and Calandrelli were elected in their stead. Mazzini, Avvezana, and the committee of barricades then took leave of the Romans, praising their bravery, and entreating them to maintain their fidelity towards

the Republic. Garibaldi mustered his troops in the Piazza San Pietro, and proposed to them to quit Rome, to avoid the abhorred sight of the victorious army, to throw themselves into the provinces, to excite them to rise and to fall upon the Austrians. "I offer you," he said, "new battles and fresh glory, at the price of great exertions and great perils; let him who has a heart follow me; let him who still has faith in the fortunes of Italy follow me. Having dyed our fingers in French blood, let us go and plunge our hands in German blood." His name was lauded to the skies, and 5000 men enrolled themselves in his service, and swore to follow him. But intelligence was meantime received that the negotiations undertaken by the Municipality had failed of influencing General Oudinot's mind, and a furious desire arose in consequence to attempt a desperate resistance in the streets of Rome, and it would have been carried into execution if the advice of the newly-elected Triumvirs, and the firmness shown by some officers, amongst whom was Cololonel Pasi, had not preserved Rome from such an act of desperation. Then Mazzini proposed to the Assembly that it should elect Commissioners, who should follow Garibaldi, as Dictators of the Republic, to govern and fight where they could, and the motion was carried in the morning, but on being proposed again in the evening it was lost.

The Municipal Magistrates, who had gone to General Oudinot, had proposed these Articles: "That the French army should enter Rome; that all the barricades and works of defence should be destroyed; that

the military authorities in Rome should send away the Roman soldiers to such quarters as they should deem expedient; that the troops who remained should share the military duties of the city with the French; that property and personal liberty should be secured; that the National Guard should remain in arms and on duty; that France should not interfere in the administration of the State." General Oudinot and M. de Courcelles not having accepted these Articles, the Magistrates would not propose any others, and they accordingly gave up the City into the hands of the victorious army, while Garibaldi went out at the Porta San Giovanni on the evening of the 2nd of July, with 4000 infantry and 800 horse. The Assembly voted 100,000 scudi for the army, and subsidies for the poor families of those who had died for the Republic, and ordered their obsequies to be solemnly performed in St. Peter's; it bestowed citizenship on all the Italians who had defended Rome; provided that the Constitution should be engraved on marble tablets, and placed in the Capitol, and passed a resolution to await at its post the victorious army. The next day the following Constitution was publicly promulgated from the Capitol :

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES.

1. The Sovereignty is of right eternal in the People. The people of the Roman State are constituted a Democratic Republic.

2. The democratic regime has for its principles equality, liberty, and fraternity. It does not recognise titles of nobility, or privileges of birth or caste.

3. The Republic, by its laws and institutions, promotes

the amelioration of the moral and physical condition of all its citizens.

4. The Republic regards all nations as its brethren. It respects every nationality; it defends the Italian.

5. The Municipalities have all equal rights; their independence is limited only by laws of general utility to the State.

6. The most equable distribution possible of local interests, in harmony with the political interests of the State, is the rule of the territorial partition of the Republic.

7. The exercise of civil and political rights does not depend on religious belief.

8. The Head of the Catholic Church will have all necessary guarantees from the Republic for the independent exercise of the Spiritual Power.

CAP. I.

On the Rights and Duties of Citizens.

1. Citizens of the Roman Republic are:

The natives of the Republic.

Those who have acquired citizenship by preceding laws.
All other Italians, by a residence of six months.
Foreigners by a residence of ten years.

Foreigners naturalised by a decree of the Legislative
Power.

2. Citizenship is forfeited

By naturalization or by residence in a foreign country, with the intention not to return.

By abandoning the country in case of war, or when it is declared to be in danger.

By accepting titles conferred by foreign Powers.

By accepting ranks and offices, and by military service under a foreign Power, without authorisation from the Republican Government; authorisation is always presumed, when fighting for the liberties of a people.

By judicial sentence.

3. Persons and property are inviolate.

4. No one can be arrested except in flagrante delicto, or by a