ing been hastily abandoned by the few soldiers left to guard it.

But his little army was already much diminished, hardly 3000 men followed him; the others, knocked up exhausted, and ill, lagged behind; deserters were numerous, especially among those whom Colonel Forbes commanded, and amongst the dragoons which had come from Rome. These men gave themselves up to rapine and all sorts of villany, and by their deeds cast a stigma upon the fame of the followers of Garibaldi, though the Commander and the majority of the officers, and many noble-minded young men, were clear from the stains which these bad men cast on the name of the legions.

Garibaldi then sent a body of cavalry from Cetona, where the other companies had arrived on the 19th and following day, to reconnoitre the neighbourhood of Siena; but the Captain encamped at the distance of ten miles from the city, and bargained with the Austrians, to whom he sold men, horses, and ammunition, and fled. Such villanies as these come to light in the ferment of society; such corruption taints the bands which these ferments create. On the 20th, Garibaldi moved from Cetona to Foiano, and on the 21st he went from Foiano to Monte Pulciano, which he left on the same evening for Castiglione Fiorentino, and on the 23rd he went to Arezzo, which he attempted in vain to occupy, for the magistrates, with the few Austrians who were there, and the civic guard, knowing that the Archduke Ernest, and Stadion, were marching in that direction, barricaded the gates, and stood

on the defensive. On the 24th he raised the camp, and though molested on his retreat by the Austrians, marched by steep and rugged paths towards Citerna, situated on the summit of a high hill, and arrived there the next day. The enemy were already at Monterchi on one side, and at Borgo San Sepolcro on the other; in a short time they might surround Citerna, and cut off all retreat. Garibaldi sent a few companies against Monterchi, to keep them at bay, and dispatched a few more between Monterchi and Borgo San Sepolcro, as if he intended to open for himself a route by way of Città di Castello, and having thus alarmed the enemy's camp, he departed in silence on the evening of the 26th towards Santa Giustina, and, making his way along paths so narrow that it was scarcely possible to pass singly along them, reached Santa Giustina at dawn. Still he marched on and on, arrived at the extreme summit of the Apennines, and passed the night there. Having escaped the main body of the Austrian forces, he reached San Angelo in Vado, in the Roman States, on the 28th. In his rear were the troops commanded by the Archduke Ernest, and, wishing to continue his route, he feigned, on the 29th, to arrange his men in order of battle, and attacked the enemy with his bersaglieri, but made off again before the engagement became general, and directed his course towards San Marino. His followers had not all got out of San Angelo when the Austrians overtook the stragglers, who defended themselves with desperate valour. Amongst them was Captain Jourdan of the Engineers, a Roman, who killed an Austrian cavalry sol

dier, and who went on fighting, though he had been wounded in the head, until he had forced a passage for himself by which to rejoin his companions.

Reduced to these extremities, Garibaldi determined to enter the little Republic of San Marino, and leave all those who had not courage or strength to face new dangers, under its protection, on which he hoped he might certainly rely, whilst he proceeded to Venice with the braver and more trustworthy portion of his followers. But the hearts of the majority were already failing them, their strength was at a still lower ebb; they had lost every hope, nothing was left them, neither the excitement of battle, nor the glory in death of leaving an honoured name behind them. Who, indeed, could gain one amidst those rocks and woods where they were finishing their miserable days? Who amongst them could gain one whilst the name of a follower of Garibaldi, stained by the bad, who bear it as well as the noble, sounds infamous in this cowardly age, which supports and honours, while it trembles, the violent of every class and faction, when they rule in cringing cities, but which, fearful lest the skin should be scratched, or a leaf taken from the gardens of Italy, mocks and curses those who fight against the foreigner, and who die, however wild and imprudent they may be, for the honour of Italy?

It was an arduous expedition to reach San Marino; wild unknown paths, dense woods, impetuous torrents, and not only the Austrians, who were descending from the Tuscan Apennines in their rear, but before them, and on both sides, those who were pressing on from

Romagna. Garibaldi marched during the whole of the 29th, and arrived at Macerata Feltria in the evening; the following day he occupied Pietra Rubbia, recommenced his march, ran the risk of losing himself in the woods, was attacked in a valley by the enemy from the adjoining heights, but, in spite of all, arrived with his people at San Marino on the 31st, where he published the following manifesto:

"Soldiers! we have reached a land of refuge, and must conduct ourselves with propriety towards our generous hosts. We shall thus merit the consideration which is due to persecuted misfortune. I exonerate my comrades from all obligations, and leave them free to return to their homes; but let them remember that Italy ought not to remain under oppression, and that it is better to die than to live as slaves to the foreigner."

The Austrians were making preparations for attacking the Republic of San Marino, but the authorities, anxious to come to terms, went to General Gorzhowski, who was then at Rimini, and who intimated to them that he would act with forbearance if the legions would lay down their arms; that he would permit them to return to their homes, and that he would send Garibaldi to America; in the meantime 10,000 men took possession of the passes. Part of the legions, on hearing this proposal, cried out, "Surrender! Never! better die; to Venice! to Venice!" and Garibaldi, starting up, raised his haughty head, and exclaimed, "I offer fresh sufferings, greater perils, death, perhaps, to all who will follow me; but terms with the foreignernever!" (Why was not Mazzini, who swore he would never come to terms with the foreigner, why was not

he with Garibaldi?) Then he mounted his horse, and departed with 300 men and his wife. On reaching Cesenatico, he took the few Austrians who were in the garrison prisoners, made ready thirteen fishing-boats, and on the morning of the 3rd of August, steered for Venice.

The Austrian, after seeking him in vain on the hills and in the valleys, put forth a proclamation, in which he threatened death to any one who should shelter Garibaldi, guide him, or give fire, bread, or water to him, or to his followers, or to his pregnant wife. He then went to San Marino, and agreed with the authorities to give liberty to the 900 men who had consented to lay down their arms. He afterwards caused these men to be stopped on the road, and sent prisoners to Bologna; the Lombards he consigned to the prisons of Mantua, and set the Romans at liberty after they had each received thirty blows with a stick.

Garibaldi, who was a skilful navigator, and sailing with a favourable wind, had already rounded the Punta di Maestra, and could see the towers of the Queen of the Adriatic, when the Austrian ships attacked him, and the wind became no longer propitious. The sailors lost courage at the discharge of the cannon, but Garibaldi's heart did not fail him. He attempted to force a passage, and kept his boats together for the purpose, until one of the enemy's ships separated them. Eight got scattered; in vain he attempted to rally them; they were taken, and the prisoners, loaded with chains, were sent to the fortress of Pola. Garibaldi escaped with the rest, and, driven upon the Roman