coast, succeeded in landing on the shore of Mesola on the morning of the 5th of August. He had with him his wife, Ciceruacchio with his two sons, a Lombard officer of the name of Livraghi, a Barnabite monk named Bassi, and other officers and soldiers whose names are not known. They endeavoured to seek safety in flight; Garibaldi, with his Anita and a comrade, directed their steps towards Ravenna, and travelled for two days, recognised, sheltered, and succoured by the peasants, the police, and the revenue officers, in spite of the Austrian proclamation. But on the third day his wife, exhausted by anxiety and fatigue, fainted, and in a short time breathed her last, in the arms of her inconsolable husband. Garibaldi then went to Ravenna, thence to Tuscany, afterwards to Genoa and Tunis, and lastly emigrated to America. The others, who had been driven on shore with him, wandered at hazard amidst the woods and on the moors, chased, slain like wild beasts, and left unburied. Nothing was ever heard of the greater portion, but melancholy accounts remain of two, Ugo Bassi the Barnabite, and Livraghi, who were put in chains and taken to Bologna, where we shall see how their lives finished miserably soon afterwards. Thus ended the Roman Republic.

It is well to remember here that the Pontifical Allocution of the 29th of April, 1848, had excited the national spirit against the Papacy by reviving the old feeling, which is strongly opposed to the union of so much temporal power with the spiritual, the source of so much influence, and which looks upon this temporal power as a lasting obstacle to the union of Italy. That

document was the cause why all who were intent upon rendering their country free were alienated from a Principality which breaks the arms that would avenge it, and polishes those that wound it; and while some felt a preference for a lay principality, others for a Republican Government, all felt contempt for the Papal Government, whence reverence and fidelity became extinct, and the Government, tolerated but not loved, fell a prey to factions and fortune; and as then, so always, whatever Italian State is inimical, or opposed, or indifferent to national redemption, will become a prey to factions and fortune.

After the events of the 15th and 16th of November had taken place, the departure of the Pope from the State of which he was no longer absolute sovereign, but constitutional prince, the lack of sagacious councils in the Cardinal and the Prelate to whom he had deputed the office of governing in his name, and the audience denied at Gaeta to the Deputies of the Parliament and the Municipality, were the causes which had given rise to the Provisional Government. The Gaetan Court, which was equally desirous to recover the State for the Church, and the honour and profit of absolute empire for the clergy, facilitated the schemes of the insurrectionists, and opened the door for the Constituent Assembly, by disclaiming the advice of the Constitutional party and the good offices and assistance of Piedmont. The excommunication with which both electors and elected were menaced, who should have anything to do with the Assembly, had only played into the hands of the Republicans; yet, notwithstanding

this, the Republic, which was but the creation of a few, had no vitality, and would have expired without honour and without commiseration, if the Gaetan Court, by calling in foreign aid, had not exasperated all those to whom foreign invasion is, and ought to be, hateful. Menaces and dangers strengthened the Mazzinian party, which was always foremost in embracing extreme measures. It knew its own wants and wishes (a great advantage in critical conjunctures), and it wished for all which might profit its master, who was, in point of fact, Dictator. The French, when they attacked Rome, and General Oudinot, when he attempted it to his loss on the 30th of April, began the history of the Mazzinian Republic. Whoever seeks for the causes which led to the events that took place in Rome; whoever studies them in a calm and impartial spirit, will attribute them, not to the crimes committed by a few assassins alone, or to the malice of a few conspirators, or the intoxication of a few amongst the people; but having taken into account these and similar accessories, the extraordinary times, and the indifference of the multitude, will come to the conclusion that Italy was deeply indebted, for its history of the Mazzinian revolution, to France and to the clergy. In this history we read, it is true, vapid declamations, servile imitations, puerile trifles, atrocious acts of vengeance, and heinous crimes; but we also read of combats, victories, lavish expenditure of life, perils, and temerity. We see noble-minded youths, who fall with arms in their hands, and fiery leaders, who defy the god of battles,

count their wounds, and exhibit them with pride; we behold traces of the steel and of bullets on monuments sacred to religion and the arts; memorials these which survive in the hearts of men far longer than the events and the errors of Governments; memories which comfort the conquered and disturb the joy of the victors; which console the aged, strengthen the resolves of men, kindle the enthusiasm of the young, enamour maidens, and make mothers proud; which furnish food for hope, a bond for conspiracies, and a creed for national redemption!

VOL. IV.

R

BOOK VII.

FROM THE FALL OF THE REPUBLIC TO THE YEAR 1850.

CHAPTER I.

PROVISIONS MADE BY THE FRENCH IN ROME.-M. DE COURCELLES.HIS CHOICE OF MINISTERS. HIS ADVICE. THE GENERALS.— CHARACTER OF THEIR ADVISERS. -TESTIMONY BORNE BY THE FRENCH TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE REPUBLICAN FINANCES. -CONDITION OF THE TREASURY.—QUANTITY OF PAPER MONEY.— BASE MONEY AND SMALL NOTES.-CALCULATION.-GALLI, COMMISSIONER OF FINANCE.-PREDOMINANT DESIRES AT GAETA.-URGENT REQUESTS OF THE FRENCH AMBASSADORS.—ANSWER OF THE POPE.— THEIR DESIRES AND PROCEEDINGS.-REMARKS.-ILLIBERAL DECREES AND DEMONSTRATIONS AT ROME.-PROCLAMATION DY GENERAL

OUDINOT.-RELIGIOUS POMP IN ST. PETER'S.-ACCESSORIES OF THE FESTIVAL.-NOMINATION OF THE MUNICIPAL BODY.—THE POLICE. REGULATIONS.-RESTORATION OF ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION.-LETTER OF GENERAL OUDINOT.-MANIFESTO OF THE POPE. OBSERVATIONS.-FEELINGS AND SENTIMENTS OF THE ROMANS. EVENTS.-BANQUETS AND FUNERAL SOLEMNITIES.-CARDINALS DELLA GENGA, VANICELLI, AND ALTIERI.-NOTICES OF THEM. -THEIR PROCLAMATION.-COUNCILLORS OF THE CARDINAL TRI

UMVIRS.-MINISTERS.-NOTICES OF THEM.

As soon as they were masters of Rome, the French began to make the regulations usual with armies in a conquered city, but less severe than those made by the Austrians in the provinces. There was a pompous display of soldiers and a military police, but no ferocious bands, no insolence, no punishments; the citizens were rather requested to deliver up their arms than deprived