sed, in which, however, he participated very slightly, he had ordered Gen. Baird, who was retreating, to advance to Benevente, with intent to join him and Romana there, and march, united, to Burgos. He adds, "While there is a chance I'll remain, but Madrid may fall, and the ground be suddenly cut from under my feet. I hope a better spirit prevails in the southern provinces. Here no one stirs, and yet they are all well inclined."

Letter 9th, dated Salamanca, December 10, states the fall of Madrid, but his determination to advance to Tordesillas, and thence to Valladolid. His army' goodthat of Romana, he is informed by General Baird, " very bad." The letter thus concludes: "Until affairs in Spain bear a more promising aspect, I should think your Lordship will approve of keeping at Corunna or Lisbon a sufficient quantity of transports for the re-embarkation of the army." Letter 10th is dated Salamanca, 12th December. It states, that he has not heard from the Marquis Romana, and must give up the co-operation of his corps for the present; that he is determined, however, to advance, to create a diversion, if the Spaniards can avail themselves of it; but that the French have from 80,000 to 90,000 men in the north of Spain. In case of retreat, requests transports to proceed first to Corunna for orders, and then rendezvous at Vigo. The British army is from 27,000 to 28,000 men, including two regiments coming from Portugal.

Letter 11th, dated Toro, 16th December, communicates an intercepted letter from Berthier to Marshal Soult, which induced him to direct his force against Soult; but expects no good to the general cause, even though he should obtain a victory, unless it should rouse the Spaniards. Desires the transports from Portugal to be sent to Vigo. The intercepted letter or ders Soult to make himself master of Leon, to drive the English into Gallicia, and seize Benevente and Zamora.-It appears from it, that Bonaparte thought Sir John Moore was retreating to Lisbon.

Letter 12th is dated Benevente, December 28, announces his abandonment of his design to attack Soult, and his retreat, in consequence of information of the French marching in force from Madrid.

Letter 13th is dated Astorga, 31st December. It says, "I arrived here yesterday, where I found the Marquis de Romana, with a great part of his troops. With respect to me, my Lord, and the British troops, it is come to that point which. I have long foreseen. From a desire to do what I could, I made the movement against Soult; as a diversion, it has answered com

pletely; but as there is nothing to take advantage of it, I have risked the loss of the army for no purpose. I have no option now, but to fall down to the coast as fast as I am able. I found no provision here, the little which had been collected had been consumed by Sir D. Baird's corps in their passage, and there is not two days bread to carry the army to Villafranca. There is no means of carriage; the people run away; the villages are deserted; and I have been obliged to destroy great part of the ammunition and military stores; for the same reason I have been obliged to leave the sick; in short, my sole object is to save the army."

The following is an extract from the last letter of the deeply lamented General, dated Corunna, January 13, 1809:

"Situated as this army is at present, it is impossible for me to detail to your Lordship the events which have taken place since I had the honour to address you from Astorga, on the 31st ult. I

have therefore determined to send to England Brigad. Gen, Charles Stewart, as the officer best qualified to give you every information you can want, both with respect to our actual situation, and the events which have led to it.

"Your Lordship knows, that, had I followed my own opinion, as a military man, I should have retired with the army from Salamanca. The Spanish armies were then beaten; there was no Spanish force, to which we could unite; and I was satisfied, that no efforts would be made to favour the cause in which they were engaged.

"I was sensible, however, that the apathy and indifference of the Spaniards would never have been believed; that, of the cause would have been imputed had the British been withdrawn, the loss to their retreat; and it was necessary to risk this army to convince the people of England, as well as the rest of Europe, that the Spaniards had neither the power nor the inclination to make any efforts for themselves. It was for this reason that I made the march to Sahagun. As a diversion, it succeeded; I brought the whole disposable force of the French against this army, and it has been allowed to follow me, without a single movement being made to favour my retreat. The people of the Gallicias, though armed, made no attempt to stop the passage of the French through their mountains. They aban

doned

doned their dwellings at our approach, drove away their carts, oxen, and every thing that could be of the smallest aid to the army. The consequence has been, that our sick have been left behind; and when our horses or mules failed, which, on such marches, and thro' such a country, was the case to a great extent, baggage, ammunition, stores, &c. and even money, were necessarily destroyed or abandoned.

"I am sorry to say that the army, whose conduct I had such reason to ex.. tol on its march through Portugal, and on its arrival in Spain, has totally changed its character since it began to retreat. I can say nothing in its favour, but that, when there was a prospect of fighting the enemy, the men were then orderly, and seemed pleased and determined to do their duty. In front of Villa Franca, the French came up with the reserve, with which I was covering the retreat of the army; they attacked it at Calcabelos. I retired, covered by the 95th regiment, and marched that night to Heresias, and from thence to Nogales and Lugo, where I had order. ed the different divisions which preceded to halt and collect. At Lugo, the French again came up with us. They attacked our advanced posts on the 6th and 7th, and were repulsed in both attempts, with little loss on our side. I heard from the prisoners taken that three divisions of the French army were come up, commanded by Marshal Soult; I therefore expected to be attacked on the morning of the 8th. It was my wish to come to that issue; I had perfect confidence in the valour of the troops, and it was only by crippling the enemy that we could hope either to retreat or to embark unmolested. I made every preparation to receive the attack, and drew out the army in the morning to of fer battle. This was not Marshal Soult's object. He either did not think himself sufficiently strong, or he wished to play a surer game, by attacking us on our march, or during our embarkation. The country was intersected, and his position too strong for me to attack with an inferior force. The want of provisions would not enable me to wait longer. I marched that night; and in two forced marches, advancing for six or eight hours in the rain, I reached Betanzos on the 10th inst."

"At Lugo I was sensible of the impossibility of reaching Vigo, which was at too great a distance, and offered no advantages to embark in the face of an enemy. My intention was then to have retreated to the peninsula of Betanzos, where I hoped to find a position to cover the embarkation of the army in Ares or Redes Bays; but having sent an officer to reconnoitre it, by his report I was determined to prefer this place. I gave notice to the Admiral of my intention, and begged that the transports might be brought to Corunna; had I found them here on my arrival on the 11th, the embarkation would easily have been effected, for I had gained several marches on the French. They have now come up with us; the transports are not arrived; my position in front of this place is a very bad one; and this place, if am forced to retire into it, is commanded within musket shot, and the harbour will be so commanded by cannon on the coast, that no ship will be able to lie in it. In short, my Lord, General Stewart will inform you how critical our situation is. It has been recommended to me to make a proposal to the enemy, to induce him to allow us to embark quietly, in which case he gets us out of the country soon, and this place, with its stores, &c. complete; that, otherwise, we have the power to make a long defence, which must cause the destruction of the town. I am averse to make any such proposal, and am exceedingly doubtful if it would be attended with any good effect; but, whatever I resolve on this head, I hope your Lordship will rest assured, that I shall accept of no terms that are in the least dishonourable to the army or to the country. If I succeed in embarking the army, I shall send it to England; it is quite unfit for further service until it has been refitted, which can be best done there."

The French papers have published a long detail of the particulars of the siege and capture of Saragossa, which at length fell on the 21st of February, after a most dreadful carnage on both sides.-The Spanish officers taken prisoners have been sent into France, among whom we regret to find the gallant Pallafox.This article, which is interesting, we are under the necessity of postponing till next month.

In the mean time, the following treaty has been concluded between Great Britain and Spain, and signed at Lon. don on the part of the latter by the Spanish Deputy, Admiral de Apodaca. Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Alliance, between his Britannic Majesty and his Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII. Signed at London the 14th February 1809.

Article 1.-There shall be between his Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII. King of Spain and of the Indies, and between all their kingdoms, states, dominions, and subjects, a Christian, stable, and inviolate peace, and a perpetual and sincere amity, and a strict alliance during the war against France.

Art. II. To obviate all complaints and disputes which might arise on the subject of prizes, captured posterior to the declaration issued by his Britannic Majesty on the 4th of July last year, it has been mutually agreed, that the vessels and property taken posterior to the date of the said declaration, in any seas or ports of the world, without any exception, and without any regard either to time or place, shall be restored by both parties.

Art. III.-His Britannic Majesty engages to continue to assist, to the utmost of his power, the Spanish nation, in their struggle against the tyranny and usurpation of France; and promi. ses not to acknowledge any other King of Spain, and of the Indies thereunto appertaining, than his Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII. his heirs, or such lawful successor as the Spanish nation shall acknowledge; and the Spanish Government, in the name, and on the behalf of his Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII. engages never in any case to cede to France any part of the territories or possessions of the Spanish monarchy, in any part of the world.

Art. IV. The high contracting parties agree to make common cause against France, and not to make peace with that power, except by common

consent.

Article I. (separate.)-The Spanish Government engages to take the most effectual measures for the preventing of the Spanish squadrons in all the ports of

Spain, as well as that of the French squadron taken in the month of June, and now in the harbour of Cadiz, from falling into the power of France; for which purpose, his Britannic Majesty engages to co-operate by all the means in his power.

forth with be negociated, stipulating the Art. II. (separate.)-A treaty shall amount and description of succours to be afforded by his Britannic Majesty, agreeably to the third article of the present treaty.

Additional Article.-The present circumstances not admitting of a regular negociation of a treaty of commerce between the two countries, with all the care and consideration due to so important a subject, the high contracting parties mutually engage to proceed to such negociation as soon as it shall be practicable so to do; affording, in the mean time, mutual facilities to the commerce of the subjects of each other, by temporary regulations, founded on principles of reciprocal utility.

Done at London, this 21st day of
March 1809.

GEORGE CANNING. J. R. DE APODACA. This treaty will be afterwards followed by commercial regulations between the two nations. Our Government have resolved to act according to the spirit of this treaty, and to send the most ef fectual assistance to every part of Spain where there is a prospect of acting with

success.

The French papers contain a long account of Joseph Bonaparte's entry into Madrid, which took place on the 22d of January. It might serve to amuse our readers, but the great abundance of other matter puts out of our power to insert it. Two days after his entry into Madrid, he issued the following let

ter:

"In returning to this capital, our first care, as well as first duty, has been to prostrate ourselves at the feet of that God who disposes of crowns. We have offered him the homage of our existence for the felicity of the brave nation which he has intrusted to our care. It is with this end only, in conformity with our dearest thoughts, that we have addressed to him our humble prayers.

"What is an individual in the immense population of the earth? What

is he in the eyes of the Eternal, who alone penetrates the intentions of men, and according to them determines their elevation? Who sincerely wishes the welfare of his fellow, serves God; and his Omnipotent goodness protects him. "We desire that, in conformity with these dispositions, you direct the prayers of the faithful, whom Providence has intrusted to you. Let us all ask of God, that he deign to let fall upon us his spirit of peace and wisdom; let us abjure every passion, that we may be occupied alone by such sentiments as ought to animate us, and which the general interests of this monarchy inspire; let the exercise of religion, tranquillity and happiness, succeed to the discords to which we have been a prey; let us return thanks to God for the success which he has been pleased to grant to the arms of our august brother and powerful ally the Emperor of the French, who has had no other end in supporting our rights by his power, than to procure to Spain a long peace founded on her independence, The French army will evacuate the Spanish provinces as tranquillity shall be spread, and as they shall unite around our throne.

"Our will is, that you order each of the curates of your diocese to sing a solemn Te Deum the first Sunday after the receipt of this letter.

"Giyen at our Palace of Madrid, the 24th of Jan. 1809. "I THE KING. "The Minister Secretary of State to his Majesty,

MARIANO LOUIS D'URQUIJO."

COMMOTION AT CADIZ. Another popular disturbance has been excited at Cadiz, the consequences of which have proved serious. The cause, so far as we can learn, appears to be the following:-A number of the prisoners of Dupont's army, who were confined on board the hulks in the har. bour, and who were all either Germans, Swiss, or Poles, had offered to enlist in the Spanish army. The Marquis de Villei, who had been appointed Superintendant of Cadiz by the Supreme Junta of Seville, on the defection of Morla, communicated the proposal of the prisoners to the Junta, who sent him orders to liberate 500 of the prisoners, and incorporate them with the garrison of

Cadiz. About the 22d of February, 500 of the above description were accordingly brought ashore; but the people suspecting from their appearance that the major part of them were French, became incensed against them, and insisted that they should be immediately remanded to their place of confinement. The Marquis urged the necessity of his obeying the orders of the Junta. The Governor of Cadız (Jones,) in order to appease the people, remonstrated with the Superintendant against the expediency of the measure, while opposed by the inhabitants. But the Marquis persisted. The popular fury increased, and the Marquis was forcibly seized, with all his papers, and closely confined in the Convent of the Capuchins. General Caraffa was also seized, and along with several others sent to confinement. Some suspicions having been excited of the loyalty of some of the Magistrates, (whether justly or not we cannot say,) the house of one of them, Don Juan de Hereda, was broken into, when he was brought out, and cruelty murdered by the infuriated mob in the public street. On inspecting the Marquis's papers, it was not discovered that he entertained any design hostile to the interests of the people, but they had nevertheless determined that he should not be restored to power. The 500 prisoners were returned to the hulks by order of the Governor, and the disturbances immediately subsided. We have not learnt the determination of the Junta on this unfortunate business. General Mackenzie, who was on board Admiral Purvis's fleet in the outer harbour, with a body of British troops, had behaved with much propriety on the occasion, for which he received the praises of the Spanish people. In reply to an invitation given to him for landing and opposing his force against the insurgents, he said, "That he was at the head of a body of British troops at Cadiz, ordered there by his Government to co-operate with the Spaniards any where against the common enemy, and he should not, of course, be justified in an interference in any commotions among the Spaniards, however he might lament the causes which led to those commotions." He also declined giving his assistance in their councils, which he also considered an interference.

SWE

SWEDEN.

REVOLUTION IN THE GOVERNMENT.

A most extraordinary and unexpected revolution has suddenly taken place in the Government of this kingdom, the chief object of which is said to be the restoration of peace. The King has been arrested and imprisoned, and his uncle, the Duke of Sudermania, who had been Regent during his minority, has assumed the reins of Government. This important intelligence has been communicated to the British Ministry by Admiral Sir Richard Keates, who commands a British squadron stationed off Gottenburgh. The details of this in teresting event are not as yet quite sa tisfactory or explicit. But the following appears the most probable account we have met with:

The disasters occasioned by the war with Russia had produced universal dis tress among the people, which was aug mented by the severity of the winter, and the great scarcity of provisions. The army too became discontented on account of their pay being long in arrear, and being almost destitute of clothing, provisions, &c. This spirit of discontent broke out into open insurrection a mong the troops on the frontiers of Nor way; and their Colonel Adlersparre, instead of repressing, encouraged and head. ed the insurgents. On the night of the 6th of March he entered Carlstadt, with a part of his army, and demanded of the Burgomaster quarters for his troops, which was refused; in consequence of which he made application, in the most presumptuous manner, to Count Rosen, the Governor, stating, that if his request was not granted, the troops he commanded should enforce it, and take quarters wherever they could find them. Count Rosen still persisting in the refusal, he was ordered under arrest, as was the Burgomaster, and the troops forcibly obtained what their leader had demanded. Colonel Adlersparre, at the head of two thousand regular troops, and about the same number of peasantry, then set out on their march to Stockholm, to demand of the King to call a diet of the States, as well as to obtain payment of the troops under his command.

On the 9th of March, the King being informed of the insurrection, and of the

advance of the insurgents under Col. Adlersparre, dispatched a courier to the western army, with orders to remove Baron Cederstrom from the command in chief, and Adlersparre from his command under that officer. This courier was, however, prevented from proceeding by Major-Gen. Adlercreutz, and the King was told that all was quiet. His Majesty, in a day or two after, disco vered that this report was fallacious, and determined immediately to proceed 2gainst the insurgents in person at the head of his guards. On the 13th, in the morning, his Majesty left his apartments to go down to the parade in front of the Palace, with the intention of announcing his determination to the guards, and call ling upon them to follow him. But while he was descending the great staircase towards the parade, Major-General Adlercreutz, Col. Milan, Col. Jagerhorn, and some others, advanced to meet him, as if through compliment, and hav ing surrounded him closely, Gen. Adlercreutz addressed him, and said, that all possible means having been tried in vain to induce him to adopt counsels consistent with the exigencies of the times, it became necessary to have recourse to restraint. The King, surprised, but not deprived of his usual courage, said coolly, What do you mean? Am I arrested? All around him answered, Yes. The King upon this drew his sword, and attempted to run Adlercreutz thio' the body, while the others rushed in on every side, and overpowered and disarmed him. In effecting this, however, the foremost, Count Snoilsky, received a wound in his hand from his Majesty's sword. The King, though overwhelmed by force, still preserved the firmness of his character unaltered, declaring that it was in vain to attempt to control him by violence, and that his sentiments and principles would ever remain the same. In the night his Majesty was conveyed to the castle of Drottingholm, when his Majesty wrote on the next day (14th) to his Queen.

On the 13th of March, the Duke Regent issued the following