phalic conditions are, in the abstract, exceedingly unlike, yet in one particular they are as exceedingly similar-both consist in a feeble vitality; consequently, in reference to the procreative function, they are very similar-so similar that either may replace the other. Nevertheless I regard them both as being exclusively physiological, and not only indispensable to the achievements of civilization, but to an increased average of longevity of civilized Dr. Powell continues by saying that "it was, however, the resulting of these two conditions, from influences incidental to civilization, that rendered our instincts an insufficient guide in relation to marriage in civilized society; and hence, a science of marriage became as indispensable to civilization as any other science incidental to it. Indeed, much more so, inasmuch as the perpetuity of the civilized species is involved in the marriage institution. The rapid increase of idiocy, imbecility, and scrofulous forms of disease, even in our country, most unmistakably indicates that the discovery of the science of marriage was not premature."

man.

It should not be inferred by the non-professional mind, because I have given female illustrations of the sanguine and lymphatic temperaments, that these especially appertain to that sex, or that the bilious and encephalic, exhibit characteristics found exclusively among men. Each sex shares with the other in manifestations of different temperaments. They are only so presented to give variety to the illustrations. Now, in all cases where the temperament is nearly or quite pure, or marked, any intelligent reader can judge for himself or herself, who would be a compatible companion by observing the following rules::

RULE FIRST.-The non-vital temperaments should not intermarry. That is, a person of the lymphatic temperament, should not marry one of the same temperament, or one of the encephalic temperament. Reversed, an individual of the encephalic temperament, should not marry one of the same, or one of the lymphatic temperament. I thus turn the rule about, so that it cannot be misunderstood by those of the dullest comprehension. A violation of this rule produces the following results:-In course of time dissatisfaction with each other, and a longing for the society and physical contact of those who are physically better adapted; barrenness, or in many more cases, what is worse, miscarriages or children who die in infancy or childhood, or at the outside soon after reaching adult age. These penalties are inevitable if two persons of clearly marked non-vital temperaments come together in marriage. The designation "non-vital," does not signify that those possessing either of the temperaments coming under this head may not themselves be healthy and long-lived; but it does mean, that when united in marriage they cannot impart vital tenacity to offspring.

RULE SECOND, The intermarriage of the vital temperaments, to the

extent that one of the bilious temperaments may unite with one of the sanguine, is admissible, though not as favorable as the marriage of one of these temperaments with one having a good share of one of the non-vital temperaments. The marriage of one of the sanguine with another of the sanguine, or one of the bilious with another of the bilious temperament, is incompatible. The penalty for the violation of this rule is mutual dissatisfaction, sooner or later, between husband and wife, and the production of offspring liable to inflammatory, nervous, and febrile diseases, nor is lon gevity usually characteristic of the offspring of this sort of marriage. When neither of the non-vital temperaments is exhibited on one side, it will be found that the offspring have too much intensity, and where this quality exists excessively, it makes the constitution less enduring, and the children of such parents are more subject to nervous disorders and lunacy.

RULE THIRD.-If of the sanguine temperament, marry one having onethird or more of either of the non-vital temperaments, the balance being of the bilious; if of the bilious temperament, marry one having at least onethird of either of the non-vital temperaments, the balance being of the sanguine. If of the lymphatic temperament, marry one having not less than one-half of one or both of the vital temperaments, with eyes, hair, and skin of opposite complexion to your own; if of the encephalic temperament, marry one having not less than one-half of one or both of the vital temperaments, with complexion of hair, eyes, and skin opposite your own.

The foregoing rules would seem to be plain enough for a guide in cases where there is not too much of a combination of all the temperaments in one person. In some cases the combinations may be such that a novice could not, if his life depended upon it, tell which one of the temperaments predominated in any given case of this class. These combinations are, however, faithfully described by Dr. Powell, who remarked, that as he could distinguish them readily in denuded skulls, others, without his experience and observation, might do so with the living subjects before them, if the following descriptions are sufficiently studied:

The Mixture of Two Temperaments :

I. THE SANGUINE AND BILIOUS COMPOUND." This constitution," remarks our authority, "is distinguished by a head that is usually less than the average in size, but of a more dense or compact appearance; by coarse, prown hair, which frequently passes into black; grayish-blue eyes, which, as the hair is darker, are of a darker blue; the skin, when not exposed to the light, is very fair, but under exposure acquires a tan color; the person is lean and very firm, or dense; and in proportion, size, or weight, this is the strongest and most muscular constitution known to our species. The forehead recedes a little, and becomes more narrow as it rises above the

Fig. 179.

temples; the nose is not usually large, but of the Grecian form, unless the bilious element greatly predominates, and then it is long and slender-as with Otho the Great; or else it is large and Romaned-as with the Duke of Wellington and Gen. Jackson, "When the bilious element is xanthous, the brown hair will be replaced by sandy or yellow, and the black by red. In this class, the features are usually sharp; the lips are of medium thickness. As excellent illustrations of this constitution, I can cite Alfred the Great, of England. The late Alexander Hamilton, MajorGeneral J. C. Fremont, Otho the Great, Wellington, and Gen. Jackson were of the more bilious variety of this constitution."

GEN. JACKSON.

The annexed illustration gives so nearly a front view of the face, it might be imagined that the General had some of the qualities of the encephalic temperament, but his forehead, instead of running up squarely

Fig. 180.

DANIEL DEFOE.

Sanguine and Bilious Compound.

on each side, retreated in those directions, and with this understanding the portrait should be viewed. Dr. Powell, as will be observed by the reader, classifies him among those possessing the sanguine and bilious temperaments.

II. SANGUINE AND LYMPHATIC COM-. POUND. "This temperament or combination is distinguished usually by a comparatively low stature, broad shoulders, comparatively soft flesh, a broad and relatively short head, light hair, fair skin, and lightly grayish blue eyes. The forehead is broad, moderately elevated, without expansion at the top. The nose, usually, is neither large nor long-generally straight on the back-a little snubbed,

or recurved. The outline of the person is full and plump, and the back of

the neck and base of the brain, broad. Fig. 181.

BENJ. WEST,

This temperament has a strong tendency to sensuality. A few of this class," continues Powell, "have meritoriously become distinguished; but many have, for their vices and crimes; and of these, the most distinguished was Nero. Daniel Defoe was neither good nor great, but 'Robinson Crusoe,' of which he was the author, is a good thing. The late Chief-Justice Story, of Massachusetts, ornamented this class."

III. THE SANGUINE AND ENCEPHALIC COMPOUND.-"This constitution is distinguished by light hair, fair skin, lightly grayish-blue eyes, per son spare, and the flesh rather soft. People of this class are not remarkable for muscular strength or endurance. The forehead is more than usually vertical, and expands, as it

rises above the temples. The nose is of moderate size, and usually straight on the back; but when the sanguine element predominates, the nose is larger, and considerably aquiline; when the encephalic predominates, it is slender, and more or less recurved, or of the celestial form. The lips are moderately thin. The only temperament with which this can be confounded is the sanguine; but such an error should never happen, because it could only be by carelessness, and in marriage it would be highly disastrous. In this constitution the muscular system is less developed, the forehead is more vertical, and is expanded down the temples, while in the sanguine it contracts. As illustrations of this temperament, I can cite the late Benjamin West, historical painter; the late Bishop White, of Philadelphia; the late Bishop Doane, of New Jersey, I believe; and the late General George Rogers Clarke, of the Western Military District."

IV. THE BILIOUS AND LYMPHATIC COMPOUND.-"This constitution is distinguished by a full habit of the body, soft flesh, brown hair and eyes, a brownish or brunette complexion; the head is considerably globular, the cheeks rather ponderous; the nose is of average size-rather short and *ubbed or recurved, but occasionally it has the pure bilious form-aqui

fine. As illustrations of this constitution, I may cite Mr. Barnum, of New York; General McDowell; General N. Greene, of Revolutionary distinction; General Paez, of South

America; Judge Nelson, of Oregon; Ex-President Fillmore-of the xanthous variety."

V. THE BILIOUS AND ENCEPHAL IC COMPOUND.-"This," remarks Dr. Powell, "is the constitution Hippocrates denominated the melancholic. It is distinguished by rather fine and brown hair, brown eyes, and a dark or brunette complexion. The person is spare or lean, and the flesh is moderately firm. The temples are usually depressed; the forehead usually recedes but little, but has invariably its superior third expanded. The nose is usually straight on the back, but frequently it is aquiline. When the bilious element is xanthous, the

Fig. 182.

hair has some shade of red, and the complexion is florid. This constitu tion can only be confounded with the bilious, which it much resembles in

Fig. 188.

person and complexion; but in the bilious, the forehead recedes much, and contracts above the temples as it rises; but in this it recedes less; but, above all, it expands as it rises above the temples. This temperament is considerably more masculine and enduring than its cousin, the sanguine-encephalic. As representatives of this constitution, I may cite Lord Bacon, in whom the bil ious element was xanthous; Christopher Columbus; the late Dr. Samuel George Morton, of Pennsylvania; the late Professor John D. Gadman, of New York; and the late Professor Charles Caldwell, of Louisville, Ky." Dr. Powell classed himself under this head, and I give herewith a portrait of this gentleman, taken from his own work on