er

temperaments. This illustration will be more satisfactory to the read than one taken from any one of the other gentlemen namen as representing the bilious and encephalic compound, as it will be pleasing to the interested reader to see the face of one who gave so much attention to this branch of physiological science.

The Mixture of Three Temperaments :-

I. THE SANGUINE, BILIOUS, AND LYMPHATIC COMPOUND.-"This com pound is distinguished by a full habit of the body, tolerably firm flesh, coarse brown hair, darkly grayish-blue eyes, head generally large; the altitude of the person is frequently six feet. The complexion of the hair, eyes, and skin in this, is precisely that of the sanguine-bilious temperament, and it is because the only difference between them is that this has lymph, and that has none; and lymph has no influence on the complexion-it may obtain as copiously in a black skin as in a white one; and further, this temperament is always founded on the sanguine-bilious. It is, therefore, but a modification of the sanguine-bilious, but regarded as a temperament."

"The capacity of this class of people," says Dr. P., "for muscular power and action is truly wonderful, when we contemplate the large quantity of lymph they carry. The most powerful men in our species obtain with this class; a very large majority of the champions of the English prize-ring have

Fig. 184.

J. MINOR BOTTS.

been of this constitution; the truth of this statement is verified by the English Boxiana. The refinements of civilization do not originate in this class. It has not even the luxury of a handsome woman; but some of its women are fine-looking, and so are many of its men. For the weightier achievements of civilization, this class furnishes its full quota of help. Representatives of this class are to be found in every situation between tho great indicator of civilization, the gal lows, and the thrones of empires. The forehead in this temperament, like the sanguine-bilious, recedes but little; is broad at the temples, but narrow at its superior third. As representatives of this constitution I can cite

Sanguine, Bilious, and Lymphatic Com- Peter the Great, of Russia; George IV., of England; Sir Charles James

pound.

Fox; the late S. A. Douglas; Jenny Lind; Queen Anne, of Engld; the late reverend gentleman who was executed in New Jersey for the murder of his wife; the late Stephen Girard,

of Philadelphia; J. Minor Botts, of Virginia; General Putnam, of Revolutionary distinction; General Shields; the late General Nelson, of Kentucky; Dr. Laray, the military surgeon of the first Napoleon; Lord Byron; and J. C. Heenan, the American champion."

II. THE SANGUINE, BILIOUS, AND ENCEPHALIC COMPOUND.-"This constitution is distinguished by precisely the same complexion of the hair, eyes, and skin, that distinguishes the preceding temperament. That part of

Fig. 185.

pound.

the head behind the ears, and especial- Sanguine, Bilious, and Encephalic Comly the lower part of it, is not so large, but the front-head, and the upper portion thereof, is larger. The person is slender, but muscular if given to exercise, but not strong; the features are

sharp; the nose is less than the average size, usually straight on the back, but occasionally it is sharply aquiline; the lips are thin and flexible; the chin pointed. In this constitution the circulatory and respiratory functions are not vigorously manifested. This constitution is particularly liable to nervous congestion of the brain. In this temperament the temples are depressed, and the forehead expands as it rises above the temples. The only temperament with which this can be confounded is the sanguine-bilious, and in person, features, and complexion, they greatly resemble. But in this the forehead is superiorly expanded, and in that it is superiorly contracted; or in other words, in the Lymphatic sanguine, bilious, and encephalic compound, the forehead enlarges above

the temples; whereas, in the sanguine and bilious, it contracts above the temples, without again enlarging. As illustrations of the temperament I may cite Canova, the sculptor; Vandyke, the painter; Rubens, the painter; Lord Macaulay; Lieutenant Ingraham; and the late General Lyon. This temperament," remarks Dr. Powell," is sometimes a result of incompatible marriage, and dies of consumption."

III. THE SANGUINE, ENCEPHALIC, AND LYMPHATIC COMPOUND.-"This temperament, like the sanguine and sanguine-lymphatic temperaments, is distinguished by light hair, fair skin, and lightly grayish-blue eyes; the bodily habit is full and soft; the stature of the person is frequently more than six feet. This class ornaments the species; it is truly elegant, highly adapted to literature, and, of all the temperaments, this most ornaments the pulpit; but it is not generally adapted to the rugged pursuits of life, nor even to the development of science. The only temperament with which this can be confounded is the sanguine-lymphatic; but in this the forehead is three stories high, and the third is as capacious as the first; in that, the forehead is but two stories high, and the first is the more capacious. In this, the upper third of the forehead s expanded; in that, it is contracted. The mistaking one for the other would not produce a Fig. 187.

DANIEL WEBSTER

constitutional incompatibili

ty, but it would be an unpleasant mistake, because this is superior to that with reference to children. As illustrations of this tempera ment, I can cite Dr. Frank. lin; the Hon. L. Cass; Rev. Theodore Clapp; Addison, of the Spectator; Judge Blackstone, author of the 'Commentaries:' Sir Walter

Scott."

IV. THE BILIOUS, ENCEPHALIC, AND LYMPHATIO COMPOUND." This," ejacu lates Dr. Powell, "is a magnificent variety of our spe cies. It is not so ornamental and chaste as the preceding, but more capable of great achievements; it produces a

more energetic or masculine character; and of the brunette attractions of masculinity, those of this temperament are the most splendid. This temperament is distinguished by brown hair and eyes, and a dark complexion; a full habit of the body, with a tall stature generally. The forehead is tall, large and expanded in the upper part, and this feature distinguishes this temperament from the bilious-lymphatic. The nose is of average size, occasionally aquiline, but most frequently straight on the back; I have seen it a little recurved, and also a little pugged. This temperament is frequently distinguished by a high order of genius. As illustrations of this constitution, I may cite Nicholas, late Emperor of Russia, who in his time was probably the finest-looking man in Europe; the late Hon. Daniel Webster; the late Prince Albert; Prof. Agassiz; Dr. J. F. Gall; Gen. Garland; Gen. Curtis; Alexander I. of Russia."

The Mixture of Four Temperaments :—

L. THE SANGUINE, BILIOUS, ENCEPHALIC, AND LYMPHATIC COMPOUND.— "This class," remarks Powell, "has a head in size and form considerably resembling that of the highly encephalic, except that the cerebellum, or back head, in the combination is large, and in the purely encephalic, is small. In the combination, too, the head is more developed about the ears. The head in this combination has, furthermore, more the appearance of compactness and more symmetry of form, than those of the two preceding classes marked III. and IV. The two preceding have foreheads as tall and broad, but not so deep, though more expanded in the upper story. The posterior lobes of the cerebrum, or front head, are not so broad, but are more elongated in this class than in the two preceding. The complexion of this class is very various, sometimes quite dark. The hair is usually brown, but it may be yellow; the eyes are usually of a dark bluish gray, as in the san guine, encephalic, and bilious combination. These two classes correspond very closely in complexion, but no further. This has a fuller habit of body; a less irregular head and body; is of higher stimulus; and has more vital force. The complexion may pass from dark to florid, depending upon the sanguine and bilious elements; the latter consisting of two varieties, the dark and xanthous. There are," remarks Dr. Powell, "many very inferior men in this class, as in all others. Nevertheless, for great achievements, we regard this as the most promising that can obtain in the race." One of the most marked representatives of this combination of four temperaments is the first Napoleon, whose picture is presented on the following page.

In all cases where this combination is evenly balanced, it must of course possess twenty-five per cent. of each temperament. It is, therefore, half vital and half non-vital. This being the case, a person having this combina

tion would do best to marry one who is a pure representative of some one of the temperaments.

"The first Napoleon, and his wife, Josephine," remarks Dr. Powell, were to ordinary observers very unlike; he had a full habit of the body,

Fig. 188.

and his constitution was compounded of all the temperaments; hence he was half vital, and half non-vital. The person of his wife was spare, or lean, and her constitution was bilious and encephalic consequently, half vital and half non-vital; hence she and the emperor were practically the same, and sterility was the result." "The second wife of the first Napoleon," remarks the same writer, was sanguine, bilious, and encephalic, and by having no lymph in her constitution, there was an appreciable difference between her constitution and that of the emperor; and this difference brought them a son, but the difference was not sufficient to secure him from a scrofulous constitution, nor a scrofulous death The above represents the four combina- before adult age." While a nice combitions of temperament: the Sanguine, the Bilious, the Encephalic, and Lymphatic. nation of the temperaments favors the physical and mental completeness of any man or woman, it also renders them liable to mistakes in marriage, in consequence of which, it is a proverbial fact, that comparatively few of our great men or great women have children that are viable or smart. Dr. Powell cites, as further personal illustrations of the sanguine, bilious, encephalic, and lymphatic combination, Caius Julius Cæsar, and Mr. Whitney, of New York, of Pacific and Atlantic Railroad notoriety, and also Alexander the Great.

NAPOLEON THE FIRST.

The non-professional reader, after giving the foregoing compound temperaments a cursory perusal, may come out at the end as confused as a man, ,who, lost in the woods, emerges therefrom with his imaginary points of compass all askew in their aspects to the sun. He may throw down the book with disgust-exclaim, "Pshaw! Who in the world can ever obtain practical knowledge of the temperaments?" But sit down a minute; scratch your head a little; rub your brow; or, get up and stretch your arms and shoulders, and then quietly sit down again, and make up your mind to study this thing. It must be remembered that to be a good reader of the temperaments, they must be thoroughly studied, and not simply perused once of