Fig. 3. Plaster epithelium, vertical section.
Fig. 4. Form of transition.

Fig. 5. Cylindrical epithelium.

Fig. 6. Ciliary epithelium.

Fig. 7. Cylinder and ciliary epithelium, seen from above.
Fig. 8. Molecules of mucus and pus.

Figs. 9 to 12. Successive changes in those molecules when acted on by acetic acid.

Fig. 13. Folds of the mucous membrane of the trachea, with the tunica nervea deprived of its epithelium.

Fig. 14. Primary cells, from tubercles.

Fig. 15. Transition of the primary cells into cellular tissue, taken from granulations.

I feel sorry that the limits allowed me for this review of M. Henle's opinions will not permit me to do justice to this highly interesting paper, but I should hope that the success of his present research may lead him to endeavour to discover somewhat more of the minute history of the development of tubercles, a point on which as yet medical literature is extremely deficient. S. L. L. BIGGER.

Gazette Medicale. JULES GUERIN, M.D., etc. Redacteur. Paris.

WE have received some of the late numbers of the Gazette Medicale de Paris, which are, as usual, full of interesting matter, and must tend to sustain the high character that our cotemporary has always maintained for its important original communications, accurate analysis, and reports of whatever pertains to medicine and the collateral sciences. We only regret that, from the irregular supply of this valuable journal, we are so often debarred from giving our contributors gleanings from its pages. As the limits assigned us are rather confined, we must be content with a brief notice of some of the most striking materials.

The first paper we shall notice is an interesting memoir on Diaphragmatic Hepatocele, by M. Lambron, who gives the details of a case which came under his observation in September, 1838, and of which we shall state the most prominent features.

A woman, æt. 77, was thrown down by a coach, the wheels passed over her legs, fractured them, so that she died in twelve hours after admission to the Hotel Dieu. On examining the body, a large opening, the size of the fist, was found in the right VOL. XV. NO. 44.

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side of the diaphragm partly formed by the cordiform tendon, and by the muscular structure, through which passed the right lobe of the liver, with the gall bladder, and the angle of union formed by the ascending with the transverse arch of the colon.

The hernial sac, formed by a refoulement, of the peritoneum, ascended to a level with the second intercostal space, it was similar to the hernial sacs we find in the abdomen, but was quite free from adherence, and covered by a serous membrane. The right lung, pushed forward against the sternum, and in front of the heart, was only half the size of the left, but both lungs were healthy. The mesentery was displaced, extending from the left iliac fossa to the spine.

The left lobe of the liver was much enlarged, extending into the left iliac fossa, and pushing up the spleen to the fifth intercostal space. There was a great contraction of the liver on a level with the diaphragm, so as to form a pedicle for the right lobe, which was ovoid, very irregular, but of a natural structure, and larger than the opening. The gall bladder was small; its serous membrane presented traces of adhesions; its mucous membrane had the character of an inflamed bladder, and contained four calculi. The biliary ducts were longer than natural, the ductus choledochus being three inches long.

This woman had always enjoyed good health; had slight difficulty of breathing, but never any paroxysm resembling asthma; was subject to attacks of epilepsy, with hallucination of sight and hearing.

The first question naturally is, was this congenital? That it was is evident.

1st. The uninterrupted continuity of the serous membrane, without any cicatrice, or trace of injury to the diaphragm, the opening in which was perfectly smooth and regular.

2nd. The size of the right lobe of the liver, larger than the opening through which it had passed, proves that its nutrition had increased, subsequent to the hernia.

3rd. The state of the right lung (which, though but half its natural size, was perfectly permeable) indicates congenital atrophy.

4th. The great size of the left lobe of the liver, with the atrophy of the right, tends to prove that the hernia had occurred previous to birth.

The history of this malformation is entered into with care, and some cases quoted also. Two errors of Boyer are corrected, who has given one case as an hepatocele, which was merely a transposition of viscera; and who states that this defect is most common at the left side, whereas all the cases hitherto observed have occurred at the right.

The diagnosis of these malformations is difficult, but of great importance, as patients have undergone severe treatment, and operations, for supposed diseases which have been merely congenital defects. Thus J. L. Petit, gives a case which had been mistaken for hydrothrax; Beecher cites one which had been treated as asthma.

The next contribution we shall notice, is an Essay on the Congenital Encephalocele, by M. Nivet, who has treated the subject (says our cotemporary) in a very complete manner. He commences by a numerical statement of the different situations in which it has occurred, thus:

Thirty-five cases are given six at the coronal suture; two at the anterior fontanelle; two at the posterior fontanelle; two at the lamboid suture; one at the occipito-temporal suture; one at the fronto-parietal; one at the temporo-occipital fontanelle; one at the petrous portion of the temporal; two at the foramen magnum; seventeen occurred at the occipital region; and of these the tumour was formed eight times by the cerebellum; seven times by the two portions or lobes of the cerebrum ; once by one lobe; and once by part of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

So far, M. Nivet deserves credit for his industry; but with regard to the remainder of his essay, we regret that we must differ from him; first, with regard to correctness; next, as to any claim of originality which he may pretend to. We found our assertions on a paper which has been published in the Dublin Journal for January 1st, 1833, by Mr. Adams of the Richmond Hospital, and which is a valuable memoir on the subject, not only from the clearness and elegance of its style, but chiefly as the result of his own observations on this disease in all its stages, at birth, in the adult, and during the intervening period.

M. Nivet states, that this hernia is most frequent at the fontanelles, which is quite at variance with the observations of Mr. Adams, who states, that it is far more frequently seen to protrude through some one point of the median line of the occipital region, where at birth no fontanelle ever exists; and this he accounts for, referring to the anatomy of this line, and of the brain itself, during the first periods of intra-uterine life, which he illustrates satisfactorily by plates. We must refer our readers to the original communication of Mr. Adams, which will amply repay them.

We cannot conclude this brief notice, without hinting (in a friendly spirit) to our continental brethren, that it would not be derogatory to themselves, and certainly would tend to the advancement of science, if, in the investigation of pathology, they would look somewhat further thar their own schools, as they

seem to have forgotten that there are as strenuous and able advocates for the cause of morbid anatomy (and the important conclusions to be deduced from its study) to be met with in London, Dublin, Edinburgh, and other parts of Britain, as any of the continental schools can boast of possessing.

C. L.

The Quarantine Laws, their Abuses and Inconsistencies. A Letter addressed to the Right Hon. Sir John C. Hobhouse, Bart., M.P., President of the Board of Control. By ARTHUR T. HOLROYD, Esq.

THE pamphlet which we have received, bearing the above title, treats very nearly of similar matters to those contained in the observations by Dr. Bowring on Oriental Plague and Quarantines, which we reviewed in our last number. Both aim at proving that quarantine is useless, as a means of preventing the spread of plague, yet by a strange inconsistency both destroy the effects of their own reasoning by the statements of the inefficiency of the lazarettos, and the partiality which officials may exercise in those institutions. Now, in our humble judgments, in order to prove that quarantine is useless, it would have been necessary to the theories of both the gentlemen from whom these pamphlets have emanated, to prove quite the contrary of what they have done, in order to induce any logical mind to believe their conclusions drawn from allowable premises; but both have preferred the specious course of appearing to reason, in place of reasoning in reality. Both assert that quarantine is useless, one because he does not, in the face of the most positive examples, believe in contagion, the other because plague is asserted to have passed into the best regulated quarantines; and both, because they have found it both inconvenient and irksome to be detained, we may say imprisoned, in a lazaret, when they would much rather have been enjoying their liberty. However, as there is a shade of difference between these two authors, Dr. Bowring wishing that quarantine might be entirely done away with, and Mr. Holroyd that it might be properly regulated, we cannot help leaning to the opinions of the latter gentleman, although we do not perfectly accord in them.

One of the absurdities which Mr. Holroyd vehemently protests against is, that in places where plague is actually present persons should be prevented from entering, but be obliged to undergo a quarantine of from seven to twenty-one days, previously, as though the place were free from disease. A second