ARYAN ROOTS. 17. KAR (=har), to curve or roll (Skeat, No. 56). Hence cir-cle, cor-ona, crown, curve, gar-den, hor-tus, xoρós, xоp-Tog; Sanskrit, kri-mi, a worm; Keltic, cru-im, a worm; Latin vermis. 18. KAR (=har), to turn (Skeat, No. 57). Hence Latin car-bo, English car-bon, hearth, kil-n. 19. KAR (kal, hal), to call, exclaim, cry out (Skeat, No. 58). Hence Latin clamo; English call. Here are 19 of Skeat's ultimate Aryan verbal roots, not selected, but taken consecutively as he gives them, which are identical in meaning and sound with 19 of Donner's ultimate Finnic verbal roots. It is absolutely impossible that the coincidence should be accidental. The test fairly applied, proves that the Aryan and Finnic languages were manufactured out of the same materials. The resemblances could have been exhibited in a more striking form by taking the Aryan roots as given by Fick, whose analysis goes deeper, but I have taken those given by Skeat because they are more accessible, and because the alphabetical order in which he gives them precludes any possibility of cooking the evidence. A few more selected roots may be added to the foregoing st: FINNIC ROOTS. KAS, to sneeze, to cough (Don 20. 21. KAS, to praise (Donner). Hence Finnic cas-en, to command, kazin, to promise, koz-mala, koz-oni, to thank, to bless. 22. KAS, to speed (Donner, Nos. 94, 107). Hence Finnic kas-ka, quick, koz-el, a spinning wheel, kos-k, a torrent. 23. HUH, to swell out, and ✅KUV, to be bent or hollow (Donner, Nos. 121, 122, 292-299). Hence Finnic kuov-at, to excavate, kav-a, belly, kav-is, hoof. 24. KAL, to be cold (Donner, Nos. 200-214). 25. VAD, to be wet. Hence Mordwin vad, water; Tscheremis vid, water; Magyar, viz., water; Esth vessi, water; Suomi vesi, water. I would only notice that the Aryan did not separate from the Finnic language before the secondary meaning of some of these roots had been developed. Thus in Aryan and Finnic kas, to sneeze, had developed the meaning of "to bless"; kak, to bend, bad developed the meaning "to excrete"; kar, to do, had become kar, to work evil, to injure; and kal, to cry out, and ken, to sing, had become kam, to love." Moreover the Finnic roots often throw valuable light on obscure Aryan etymologies, and make it possible to classify the ultimate Aryan roots in a way which otherwise would be impossible. Not only are the verbal roots and the grammatical structure identical in the Aryan and Finnic tongues, but those primitive words which are usually common to related languages, and which cannot, like culture words, have well been borrowed. Such words are those denoting the primary relations of life-the pronouns and the numerals. That the pronouns are substantially identical I have shown. in examining the pronominal suffixes of the verb, which exhibit the pronouns in their oldest forms, and I will, therefore, pass on to the words denoting the fundamental relationships of life, words for father, mother, uncle, aunt, son, daughter, brother, and sister-words which, as Diefenbach affirms, show identical primitive racial affinities, and not contact-words which he goes on to say penetrate into the primitive structure of all the Turanian languages, and vary according to phonetic laws in a host of dialects, showing a deviation from the primitive Turanian Ursprache-words like suser for sister, used not only by the European Finns, but by the Eastern Finns on the Wolga, and by the Wotiaks on the Arctic Ocean, and which in no conceivable manner could have been derived by those distant tribes from the German Schwester. I do not attach so much importance to the words for father and mother, as these being the easiest words for children to pronounce may be the same in unrelated languages. We may, however, compare the Aryan mama, mother, with the Esthonian ema, mother, the Ostiak ima, wife, the Magyar eme, woman, the Karelian maamo, mother, and the Syrianian mam, mother. We may also compare the Suomi taatt, father, the Esthonian taat, father, with the Indian tata, Greek Tára, Gothic, atta, and the English and Keltic daddy and dad. Still more to the point are the words for son and daughter. We have in Syrianian pi, son, in Magyar fiu, son, in Ostiak poh, son, Suomi poig, boy, in Esthonian, pois, pojn, boy, which may be compared with Greek Tais, our boy, Greek vios, and Latin fi-lius. In Suomi we have tytär, daughter, and the words tytto, tytar, for daughter, run through the Finnic languages, and can hardly have been borrowed from the Aryan, since tuta means "elder sister" in the Tatar languages. With the Finnic sözer, sister, we may compare the Lithuanian sesser, the Sanskrit svasar, the Gothic svistar, and the Slavonic sestra. The Aryan and Finnic stem martya, mard, denoting homo, has penetrated so deep into the Finnic languages that it has become the base of the ethnic name of the Mordwins, "the men." Homo is mort in Syrianian, mart, mort, murt, in the Permian dialects, and murd in Wotiak. The Latin vir is mirda in Mordwin, mara in Tscheremis, and feig in Magyar, mes in Olonez, mees in Esthonian, mios in Tschud." In Esth and Lithuanian mes is husband, in Suomi mies is husband, which may be compared with the Latin mas. With the Latin vir the Lettish virs, and the Lithuanian vyras we may compare the Syrianian verös, husband, Magyar ur, husband. With the Latin mulier and Italian moglia, a wife, we may compare Finnic muija, wife. With the Latin maritus and our marriage, and Lithuanian marti (genitive marzcicos), a bride, compare Finnic morsian, a bride. With the Finnic nepa, a nephew, we may compare the Iranian napat, nephew, the Anglo-Saxon nefa, a nephew, Old High German nefo, Latin, nepos, Sanskrit, napat. Not only do the names of these relationships correspond, but a primitive identity in the numerals up to ten may probably be traced. In most cases the ordinary numerals differ in Aryan and Finnic, but there are traces of older numerals which seem to agree. Thus, the ordinary Finnic 10 is kume, kumen, or kymmenen, but we have a relic of an older 10. The Syrianian das, 10, and Magyar tiz, 10, which are related to Latin decem, as is shown by the Esthonian, in which ut-tesa is 9 (ie., 10-1) while kat-tesa is 8 (i.e., 10-2). Here plainly tesa denotes 10. Now in Suomi yh-deksan is 9 (10-1), kah-deksan is 8 (10-2). Hence the primitive Finnic word for 10 was deksan. The fact that it occurs only in composition shows it could not have been borrowed. It enters into the very structure of the numerals for eight and nine, which no borrowed numeral would have done. The Finnic words for 7 are seitsema (n), seitza, seittem, and sebet, with which we may compare the 7 of the Aryan languages, such as the Irish secht from sechten, the Welsh seith, the Lithuanian septyni, the Gothic sibun, the Old Slavonic sedmi, and the Sanskrit saptan. The Finnic 2 is kat or kaksi. It appears that this was the primitive Aryan 2, for the Zend kshvas, 6, points to an original initial guttural, justifying Prof. Goldschicher's view that it stands for ka-katwar = 2 + 4. For 100 we have from the stem katam, the Sanskrit catam, the Greek Ékaтóv, and the Latin centum. In Finnic languages we have the Suomi sata, the Livonian sada, the Mordwin sada, the Wogul sat, the Magyar szus. The physical and linguistic resemblances between the Finnic and Aryan races are too deep to be explained by commercial intercourse, by wars, slavery, or migration, or as Penka argues, by geographical contact. Penka admits that they are so fundamental that they must go back to a very remote era. They extend to the Asiatic as well as to the European Finns; and, therefore, Penka thinks, must go back to the time when the Finnic races were still undivided. Diefenbach holds, more reasonably as I think, that the pronominal suffixes of the verb, and the common verbal roots establish a primitive connection, and that the Finnic speech is the link between Aryan and Turanian languages. The common verbal roots and the words for relationship cannot be explained as loan words, since they vary according to the laws of phonetic correspondence, in the Asiatic as well as the European dialects, and they must, therefore, have belonged to the Finnic Ursprache. The real difficulty lies in the fact that the physical resemblance exists only between the western Finns and the northern Aryans, neither the eastern Finns nor the southern Aryans exhibiting the pure Aryan type-tall, blue-eyed, and fairhaired. This can be explained, if we suppose that the eastern Finns are Ugrians, and not Finns by blood, just as the Slaves, who agree with the Ugrians in type are probably not Aryan by blood; while the Mediterranean races are Iberian in blood and only Aryan in speech. The most probable solution seems to be that in the western part of the primitive Finnic area, the more favourable physical conditions led to a development of the Finnic type and Finnic speech, into what we call the Aryan type and Aryan speech, while among the more northern portion of the Finnic race under the less favourable conditions found in the marshes of Finland, there was an arrested development, leaving the Suomi Finns and the Esthonians as survivals in race and language of the primitive race from which the Aryans sprang. If we thus regard the Aryans as developed out of the Finnic family, we need no longer suppose that separate families branched off from the primitive Aryan stock, and migrated to the west, but we may think rather of a vast Finnic population spread over the great plain of Northern Europe, and there slowly developing the characteristics of Aryan speech, and gradually becoming differentiated by geographical separation--an inclined plane, as it were of race and language divided into separate stages or stairs, so to speak, by the destruction of the intermediate portions; those to the west becoming Kelts, those to the south extending their dominion and speech over the Iberian tribes, and those to the east over the cognate Ugrians-the last to separate being the Iranians and Indians, who exhibit a marked affinity to the Lithuanians, who remained in their original seats, side by side with the Esthonians and other advanced Finnic peoples. This seems more probable than the hypothesis that a primitive pastoral tribe on the head waters of the Oxus, threw off successive hordes which marched westward into Europe. The date of the separation of the Aryan from the Finnic stock cannot well have been less than 6,000 years ago, and it may be interesting to inquire, in conclusion, what linguistic science teaches us as to the common element of civilisation then possessed by the undivided people, as shown by the culture words common to the Aryan and Finnic languages, and which, because of their wide extension, cannot well have been mere loan words. In the discussion of the verbal roots which are identical in Aryan and Finnic, it will have been noticed that from identical roots, wholly different words have been formed to denote the same things. Thus from the root kap we have cap-ut and «ep-aλń in Aryan, and kop-aska, a skull, in Finnic. The root is the same, but the formatives are different. From the root kam we have cam-era in Aryan and kam-ma in Finnic. From the root kar we have gla-dius, kur-as, cur-ro, kar-an, cor-acle, car-bes, carriage, ker-ap, cul-mus, and korsi. In these cases the words seem to have been formed subsequently to the separation of Finns and Aryans. But in the case of a few of the primary necessaries of life, the words as well as the roots are the same, and hence we may deduce the state of civilisation arrived at before the separation. Assuming that the Proto-Aryan race was originated in a cold climate, shelter must have been imperative, and accordingly from the root kat, to cover, we get the words hut and cot (Old High German huota, Anglo-Saxon cyt-a, Old Norse kot). Now these words run through the whole of the Finnic languages, Asiatic and European, so that they cannot be Aryan loan words. The word for a house or dwelling is kot-a in Suomi, kol-a in Estho |