sentence erefia aia komate, he ought to die, (lit. good he dies); erefia acowa kofarere foce, ye must be born again (lit. good ye are born again.) Prohibition is expressed by the verb natshicina, leave, and desire by acitiafakarafia, to desire, love; natshicina aia, leave her; natshicina mtacu, leave fearing, do not fear; acime acitiafakarafia kowcitia aia, we desire (to) see him.

The subjunctive or conditional is introduced by the conjunction pe, if or that. The particle muka seems also to mark the conditional. Atua nikowna tshana nontariki pe acitia mukoamo anea mouri, God sent his son that we might have life; pe acitia mukeiro, that we may know; pe acre mukafeke, that they may depart. "Would" and "should" are expressed by nukow: Akoi nukownogia aia, thou wouldst ask him; aia nukowtufwa, he would give.

Power to do an action is shown by the word tomatua, power, able: inability by taru, weak, unable. Akai tomatua fakarogona ra? Who (has) power to hear that? aia tomatua keipurutshia anera, he is able to keep thing that; acre kotaru torotshia my kowpega, they are not able to draw hither the net; aia kotaru vere hepra, he is unable to work like that.

3. Tense. The particles denoting tense are: ei, present (?); nei or ni, past; naka, perfect; ka, future. Akuli eiro, dogs know; tasi eipesia, one scatters; ain neitufwa, he gave; aia neitucua, he said; aia nimy, he came; aia nifeke, he departed; avou nakacitia, I have seen; avou nakafakoko, I have fought; acowa kasara avou, ye shall seek me; avou katufwa, I shall give.

It is doubtful whether ei is a present particle, most verbs have ko only avou koutucua, I say; aia komy, he comes. The immediate future is sometimes expressed by noko: Wamuri avou tasi nokomy, after me one is coming.

4. The causative prefix faka is seen in fakairo, to make know, teach; fakatonusia, to make straight, stretch; fakariake, make plain, shew; and many others. A shorter form fa is also found: fakeina, make eat, feed.

5. The terminations a, fia, cia, ia, na, gia, ria, sia, tia, tshia are found suffixed to verbs. In Samoan and Tongan these denote the passive voice, but it is doubtful whether they have the same use in Aniwa. "One bone of him was not broken" is translated tasi newi tshana setoutshia; but examples like akoi nitaka, thou girdedst thyself, and tasi foce katakaia akoi, another shall gird thee, seem to show that the terminations are sometimes equivalent to the Melanesian transitive suffixes.

6. The interrogative is indicated by mo, or, at the end of the sentence. Akoi tasi teriki mo? Art thou a chief?

7. The negative is se, used with all the particles: Avou sekoma, I am not ashamed; senokoamo ane isa, not having a thing bad; acowa sekacitia avou, ye shall not see me.

8. The verb "to be" is expressed by the particles. Tenei ko acitiafakarafia, this is love.

9. The verb my, mai, come, has a plural romy. Aia komy, he comes; acre niromy, they came.

VIII. Adverbs.

1. Directive. Kace, up; ifo, down; mai, my, hither; fano, ace, ake, thither; efuafo, forth.

2. Interrogative. Mo, at end of a sentence in asking a question : konapecua? how? wehe? where? whither ? whence? tiaha? why? enaia? when ?

3. Time. Milow, milowa, now, immediately; ituai of old, long ago; foce, again; nopogi ma nopogi, days and days, always; tou ma tou, years and years, for ever; nopogi toru, a few days; mokagi, before; fakaliki, together; fakosore, many times; fakasisi, a little time; iranei, to-day; iratou, to-morrow.

4. Place. Iai, here; icunei, here; watai, on the shore; wamuri, behind; watafa, outside.

5. Manner. Ana, only, entirely. Adjectives are used as adverbs of manner. Avou nibisa sore, I rejoiced greatly; akoi imna erefia,

thou doest well.

IX. Prepositions.

1. Simple. O, a, of; e, i, in, at; i, ia, to; ia, through.

2. Many prepositions are compounded of a noun and a simple preposition. Пluga, above, on the top; iraro, iroro, at the bottom, under, below; iroto, in the heart, inside; itata, at the side, near; emoa, in the front, before.

3. The preposition nia, of, belonging to, is a noun and takes the suffixed pronouns.

Singular. 1. Niaku; 2. niau; 3. niana;

Ma, and, for; mo, or; kaia, but, how; pe, if, that; hepe, so, like, as, while; ianei, for the thing this, because; ianera, for the thing that, therefore; ana, also.

XI.-Numerals.

1. Cardinal. Tasi, one; rua, two; toru, three; fa, four; rima, five; ono, six; fitu, seven; varu, eight; iva, nine, tagafulu, ten. A set of numerals adopted from the English is in use in translations. Wun, tu, thri, for, faiv, seks, seven, et, nain, ten, twelv, huntret, thousant. The verbal particle e is used with the numerals. 2. The causative faka forms the ordinals, fakarua, second; fakatoru, third; once is tasi.

3. Distributives are expressed with a conjunction: Tasi ma tasi, one by one.

4. Multiplicatives are formed with tshici; tshici fitu, seven times; tshici efia? how many times ?

XII.-Exclamations.

Keini! keine! yea! Jimra! nay! Kawe! woe!

XIII. Specimens.

Of the following No. 1 is the Fotuna Paternoster, as given in Dr. Steel's New Hebrides," and No. 2 is the same in Aniwa. They are given, as showing the great similarity of the two dialects.

1. Fotuna Paternoster.

Tamanomy iragi. Kitapu tiau igoa. Kimai tiau avaka tagata. Kipenei tiau finagaro i takere nei feipei iragi Tufa mai akai tau rufie y kimy iranei. Tauki iomy kauligine sa feipe akimy natauaki kaulagine sa o faruki y kimy. Koina arafy kimy ki kauligine eresy. Kapena mauri kimy i tasa. Niau tavaka tagata ma tatamotau ma teatata y napugi ma napugi. Emen.

2. Aniwa Paternoster.

Tamanome tiragi. Tshou neigo tapu. Tshou tavaka komy. Tshou afasas erefia acre ia fanua wararonei fakarogona hepe i tiragi. Tufwa acime iranei tshome akai. Towaki nori maganisa tshome; hepe acime towaki nori o maganisa o tagata acime. Natshicina acime ia teretu o maganisa, kaia kapare acime ia ane isa iotshi. Ma tshou tavaka, ma tomatua, ma nokabisa, atou ma tou. Emen.

3. Aniwa. John XXI, 9-19. From the Rev. J. G. Paton's
translation.

9. Milowa acre niromy ia fanua, acre neicitia tiafi o tafia marara iai, ma eika neinage iluga aia, ma bret.

10. Iesu neitucua iacre, Amy faru foce o eika acowa milow niamo.

11. Saimona Pitrus nifano iateia, ma nitorotshiamy takowpega ia fanua, nifonu o eika sore, wun huntret, ma fefte-thri; ma acre nalupai su ma sefasia takowpega.

12. Iesu neitucua iacre, koromy ma kakeina aia touate. Ma jimra tasi o niana tagata aia nifakairo tomatua nifakowia aia. Akai akoi? acre neiro aia ta Teriki sore.

13. Iesu nimy, ma niamo bret, ma neitufwa iacre, ma eika foce. 14. Tenei fakatoru Iesu nifakariake aia ia niana tagata aia nifakairo, wamuri aia nimasike ia tagata nimate.

15. Wamuri acre nikeinace, Jesu neitucua ia Saimona Pitrus, Saimona, nontariki o Iona, akoi acitiafakarafia avou sore kage acre ra, mo? Aia neitucua iateia, Keine Teriki sore; akoi keiro avou acitiafakarafia akoi, Aia neitucua iateia, Fakeina tshaku alam. 16. Aia neitucua foce fakarua, Saimona, nontariki o Iona, akoi acitiafakarafia avou, mo? Aia neitucua iateia, Keini Terike sore; akoi keiro pe avou acitiafakarafia akoi. Aia neitucua iateia, Fakeina tshaku asip.

17. Aia neitucua iateia fakatoru, Saimona, nontariki o Iona. Akoi acitiafakarafia avou, mo? Aroto o Pitrus nimy sore wamuri

aia neitucua fakatoru iateia, Akoi acitiafakarafia avou? Ma aia neitucua iateia, Teriki sore, akoi keiro ane iotshi; akoi keiro pe avou acitia fakarafia akoi. Iesu neitucua iateia, Fakeina tshaku asip.

18. Tamari, tamari, avou koutucua iatakoi, Nopogi ra akoi tasisi, akoi nitaka ma nitakaro ia none akoi acitiafakarafia, kai taha nopogi akoi tatane sore, akoi kafakatonusia tshou norima, ma tasi foce katakaia akoi, ma takoia akoi i none akoi secitiafakarafia. 19. Tenei aia neitucua, keifakairo ta mate aia maganerefia ia Atua iateia. Wamuri aia nifasao ra iateia, aia neitucua iąteia, Komy wamuri avou.

RACIAL PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS.-A series of 190 photographs of the various races conquered or visited by the Egyptians, was taken from the monuments by Mr. Flinders Petrie in 1887, with the assistance of a grant from the British Association. It is now available for students at the cost price of printing copies. Applications should be made for prints to Mr. Browning Hogg, 75, High-street, Bromley, Kent. If a selection is wanted, a set will be sent, any of which can be detached from the titled sheets by the purchaser, at 2s. 3d. per dozen; those not required should be at once returned in the sheets to Mr. Hogg with the remittance for those kept. If a whole set is wanted, it will be sent pasted on sheets of parchment paper, with printed titles, on receipt of 45s., postage included. With each whole set, a copy of Mr. Petrie's report, and Mr. Tomkins' paper on the geographical identifications, will be sent if requested, so far as the number of copies allowed by the British Association will permit.

The photographs are mainly from plaster casts, and are therefore far clearer than if directly from the stone. Each has the ancient name from the hieroglyphs, and the modern equivalent, so far as the names can be identified. The situation of each sculpture is stated in the report. All are of the XIXth dynasty, and at Thebes, unless otherwise stated in the titles. Where an interrogation is put, either the ancient name is not expressly stated, but is inferred from similar sculptures, or else the modern name is not a certain identification. Where there are various theories on the identifications, the least unlikely has been adopted without any wish to assert its probable truth. The order of arrangement is such as to bring together the various peoples who have resemblances worthy of notice, such as the Punites and Philistines (Poeni); the Tahennu, Hanebu, and Thuirsha; the Derdeni and Amorites, &c., subject of course to placing those of one name together.

THE RACES OF INDIA. The following is an extract from a letter by Sir George Campbell, K.C.S.I., D.Č.L., which appeared in the Times" of January 24th, 1888 :

:

"It is certainly the case that Bengalees have not served in the army and have the credit of being unwarlike. On the other hand they have shown a decided receptivity not only for English education but for European social ideas; they are often physically

robust, and when I introduced gymnastic training in the schools they really exhibited great forwardness and aptness. Per contra, it must be said that they show great backwardness in filling our schools of engineering, and that they seem wanting in mercantile energy. I see the chairman of the East India Railway, referring to his rivals on the other side of India, complains that the people of Bombay are ten times as energetic as those of Calcutta. In manufactures and trade the Bombay natives certainly are very much in advance, but I suspect this in a great degree due to the presence of certain very energetic mercantile classes-Parsees and Marwarees-rather than to a very general superiority of the people of the Bombay Presidency.

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At any rate, I must say that Sir Lepel Griffin's address to the people of Gwalior, contrasting unfavourably the Bengalees with you Mahrattas," was curiously out of place. I have administered a Mahratta country in the Central Provinces, and taken a great deal of trouble to find out what is a Mahratta. Using "Mahratta the wide sense in which we use Bengalee," as applied to the whole Mahratta-speaking race of Maharastetra, the Mahrattas are by no means a very warlike race, but rather the contrary-a quiet agricultural people, not very fine or robust. It is notorious that many Bombay officers used to try to fill their regiments with Hindostanees because they did not think the Mahrattas a sufficiently fine raw material. The people connected with the Royal family of Nagpore (which was, I think, connected with that of Sivajee), used to insist that the term "Mahratta" could only be properly applied to the original small tribe from the Sattara country to which Sivajee belonged. In that sense they now hardly exist. The Mahrattas whom we encountered were a miscellaneous mercenary horde comprising not only all sorts of Hindoos but very many Mahomedans from all parts of India. It is well known that neither Scindiah, Holkar, nor the Guicowa are Mahrattas in any limited sense, but represent low-caste adventurers in the Mahratta armies. Scindiah conquered the Gwalior territories, but there is not one indigenous Mahratta in all that country—it is a Hindostanee country throughout. A certain number of Mahrattas (using the term in the widest sense) followed the original Scindiah, but the great object of the late ruler was to get rid of all those having hereditary claims upon him, and the only Mahrattas who could have been among Sir L. Griffin's audience must have been a few effete pensioners. The Mahrattas who for administrative purposes would come into competition with the Bengalee Baboos are the Mahratta Bramins-a singularly acute, pushing, and distinguished race, on the whole I rather think superior to the Bengalees. But these people have accepted English education, English ideas, and what I may call "political bumptiousness," quite as much as the Bengalees they have not the least reason to fear that they will be overriden by Bengalees.