ance; they afford a striking evidence in favour of the doctrine of development, and are thus a very interesting and important contribution to the great problem of human history.

From the materials which he has so laboriously collected, and for which Ethnologists owe him an immense debt of gratitude, I have endeavoured to show :

Firstly, that the terms for, what we call, relationships, are, among the lower races of men, mere expressions for the results of marriage customs, and do not comprise the idea of relationship as we understand it: that, in fact, the connection of individuals inter se; their duties to one another; their rights; the descent of their property are all regulated more by the relation to the tribe than by that to the family; that when the two conflict, the latter must give way.

Secondly, that the nomenclature of relationships is, in all the cases yet collected, explainable in a clear and simple manner on the hypothesis of progress.

Thirdly, that while two races in the same state of social condition, but, of which, the one has risen from the lowest known system, the other sunk from the highest, would, necessarily, have a totally different system of nomenclature for relationships; and that we have not a single instance of such a system as would result from the latter hypothesis.

Fourthly, that some of those races which approximate most nearly to our European system, differ from it upon points only explainable on the hypothesis that they were once in a much lower social condition than they are at present.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. W. C. DENDY expressed his admiration of the lucid mode in which Sir John Lubbock had illustrated his elaborate tables of affinity. In alluding to the similarity of appellations it was curious to note the almost identity of terms of relationship between races whose homes were half the globe asunder-Iroquois, Tamil, Feejeean, and Hawaiian-especially as the cranial forms (and may be the quality of the hemispherical ganglion) were in contrast. The frailty of their canoes or rafts would seem to contraindicate miscegenation or emigration, in explanation, or even the carnal intercourse of the sandal-wood traders. Granting the existence of such intercourse, however, it does not point to any grand ethnic principle, but rather the slavish adoption of the ideas of others by tribes of low intellect.

The author of this elaborate and valuable paper glances at his favourite theme, the emancipation from the primitive degradation of Man. It will require, however, more strict comparison between the present and remote conditions of races ere we may form inductions with regard to the development and progress of human intellect, especially as tradition and travel seem occasionally to demonstrate regress

TABLE III-SYSTEMS OF RELATIONSHIP UPON THEORY OF PROGRESS.

THIRD STAGE. FOURTH STAGE. FIFTH STAGE. SIXTH STAGE.

of even enlightened people, as in Assyria, Arabia, and Egypt-nomadic tribes now wandering among the ruins of these once gorgeous temples.

Regarding the islanders of Oceania, it is clear that they are now about in the same state as when Cook and other navigators, in the past century, lighted on their shores.

Mr. HYDE CLARKE observed that it was not impossible to establish a linguistic connection among the several groups, which had been regarded as incapable of the intercommunication of such terms as those recorded by Sir John Lubbock. Thus, in the neighbourhood of the Karen were the linguistic analogues of Sour or Savara. This and the Thug showed relationship with the Esquimaux, and so with the adjoining American tribes, and thus two extremes were brought together; again, there were ancient grammatical relationships between the languages of High Asia (as the Caucaso-Tibetan group) and those of the Caffre tribes in South Africa. He would proceed further to illustrate a point in Sir John's first class, and on which there was a note in his Origin of Civilisation, which contained the germ of a series of interesting facts, illustrative of the origin of words. It is the accepted belief that "mother" (Maker, Meker, Ma, Ama, etc.) and “father" are the most ancient words, and various reasons have been given for Ma being a natural effort of all children. This, however, is nothing more than an error. Ba and Ma cannot be accepted as the first words, nor as distinctive of Father and Mother. Just as in Hawaiian, the earliest idea was of Parent, and that of Male and Female Parent came after. This is shown by the fact that there are several roots, Ma, Ta (Da), Sa, Ba (Pa), Wa, Na, Ya, signifying either Father or Mother, according to the language in which employed. Ma is used as Mother in a most extensive class of languages, but it is Father in Georgian and Manchoo, Mon (Siam), Tuluva, Australian, Irula, and Tlatskana (N. W. America). Pa is Mother in Australian and Tuluva (India). Da is Mother in some African languages; Wa is Father in Savara, Yarukala, W. Africa, etc.; but Mother in Irula, etc. Ya is Father in Chinese, in Japanese Toda, etc.; but Mother in Talain, Circassian, Tibetan, Kolarian, Dravidian, etc. Some languages retain still several roots. Gondi (India) uses for Mother Ba, Ma, Ya, Wa. The process of selecting for father, mother, grandmother (old woman, nurse) etc., from the roots for Parent was comparatively late. The original root appeared to be A worked with the affixes of ancient comparative grammar, M, T (D), S, B (P, W), N, and perhaps L. He considered one practical value of Sir John's paper was that it gave us a new means of testing the spread of common ideas and terms among various races.

Thus

Mr. C. S. WAKE said that much light was thrown on the source of the curious classification of relationships treated of in Sir John Lubbock's very valuable paper by tracing the original meaning of the words used. Taking those which, according to Mr. Morgan, are employed by the Sandwich Islanders, it is evident that they embody certain ideas which are applicable to general rather than to particular classes. Thus,