kupuna (a great-grandfather, &c.) means "an ancestor", and implies the idea of a source or spring, and also of growth; makua kana (father, uncle, &c.) signifies "full-grown man"; makua wahina (mother, aunt, &c.) is "full-grown woman”; kaikee kana (son, nephew, &c.) is literally the "child (or small') man"; hunona (a niece- or nephew-in-law) appears to be connected with the Vitian none, a child", vuno, a "childin-law". The words kana (man), and wahina (woman), would seem to be themselves explainable in a similar manner. The former is probably connected with kano, which means "the inmost substance of a thing, the flesh"; and the latter may be traced to a root signifying "to feed, nourish", found also in ohana, a "family". Mr. BLYTH, Mr. LUKE BURKE, and Mr. A. L. LEWIS, also joined in the discussion. Sir JOHN LUBBOCK observed that he had not overlooked the cases of decadence mentioned by Mr. Dendy; nor had he ever denied that particular races might sink in the scale of civilisation; he maintained, however, that such races also diminish in numbers; that progressive races tend to encroach on those which are falling back, so that, as a whole, the history of mankind is one of progress. He also briefly referred to the other points raised in the discussion. ORDINARY MEETING, MARCH 6TH, 1871. DR. CHARNOCK, F.S.A., Vice-President, in the Chair. THE Minutes of the last Meeting were read, and confirmed. The following new members were announced: CUDDALORE PUTTAH LUTCHMEEPATHY NAIDOO GAROO, 14, Frederick Street, Gray's Inn Road, W.C.; HENRY COOK, Esq., Wantage, Berks; DANBY P. FRY, Esq., Poor Law Board, Whitehall Place, S.W.; CHARLES EDWARD MOORE, Esq., Middle Temple, E.C.; JOSEPH SHARPE, Esq., LL.D., 36, Queensborough Terrace, Hyde Park, W.; JESSE TAGG, Esq., 5, Outram Villas, Addiscombe; and W. J. W. VAUX, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Royal Society of Literature, (Honorary Member). The following presents were announced, and the thanks of the meeting voted to the respective donors : FOR THE LIBRARY, From Dr. THURNAM, F.R.S.-Ancient Rock-Tombs at Ghain Tiffiha and Tal Horr, and the Human Remains found therein. From Dr. J. BARNARD DAVIS, F.R.S.-Del Cervello nei due Tipi brachicefalo e dolicocefalo italiano. By Prof. C. Luigi Calori. From the AUTHOR.-The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. By Charles Darwin, M.A., F.R.S., etc. 2 vols. From the AUTHOR.-The Rajas of the Punjab. By Lepel H. Griffin. From the SOCIETY.-Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London; vol. iv, No. 9. From the SOCIETY.-Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland; vol. vii, part 2. From the SOCIETY.—Journal of the Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; vol. v, part 1. From the AsSOCIATION.-Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science. 1870. From G. TATE, Esq.-Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. 1870. From the EDITORS.-Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia. By From the EDITOR.-The Food Journal for February, 1871. Col. A. LANE Fox exhibited a worked flint of horse-shoe form, armed with processes on the outer margin, said to have been brought from Mexico; and pointed out its resemblance to a specimen from Honduras, now in the Blackmore Museum. Mr. BLYTH exhibited a flint celt found in gravel at Tooting; specimens of grass cloth from the Lagos country, W. Africa; and two similar necklaces of lignite beads, one from the Andaman Islands, and the other from Lagos. Mr. JOSIAH HARRIS read an extract from a letter from his son, Mr. J. D. Harris, of the Macabi Islands, Peru, referring to the discovery of a stratum of rags about five feet in thickness, occurring at a depth of eight feet from the surface, and extending over the whole of the North Island. The following Paper was then read by the author: II. On the RACIAL ASPECTS of the FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. By J. W. JACKSON, Esq., M.A.I. THE day is obviously approaching when considerations based on the facts affirmed, if not revealed, by Anthropology, will seriously influence the purposes of statesmen, and permanently modify the councils of princes. Dynastic interests are no longer the supreme element in human affairs. The wishes of peoples as well as the desires of their rulers have now to be consulted. The rude ambition which would despise racial landmarks is now admitted to be of that unsafe kind which does o'erleap itself. Thus, perhaps, it is not too much to say that a merely imperial agglomeration of diversely descended peoples, held together only by the iron vinculum of the sword, such as Austria once presented, could not now be established; or, if founded as a result of overwhelming military force, could not be rendered permanent. A power thus constituted would soon crumble to pieces of its own weight, and from want of all true cohesion among its constituent parts. The tendency to this is seen even where the nucleus of an empire is composed of one decidedly and numerically predominant people, as in the case of Russia, while in the instance of Turkey, where the governing race are merely immigrant conquerors, the ethnic diversity of their subjects is proving hopelessly fatal to the very existence of the State. Monarchs and their ministers, however, are not the only persons who find the race-question too strong for them. Theoretical legislators, like Bentham, and political economists, like John Stuart Mill, together with all those zealous, but rather injudicious, philanthropists who deem it necessary to the success of their benevolent undertakings to deny the radical diversity, while they imply if they do not affirm the mental, if not the physical equality of races, are beginning to admit that ethnic specialities are something more than a surface phenomenon ; structure being connected with, and so in a sense indicative of, character. In truth, events, and those, too, of the gravest character, are every day forcing anthropological facts upon the notice of the public, and compelling even the most indifferent, or the most unwilling, to reflect on the specialities of race. And now, as if to confirm us in our views as to the paramount importance of ethnic data, we have the almost pre-historic conflict between Celt and Teuton renewed, not only in all its former force and virulence, but with a certain increase of intensity, due perhaps in part to the scientific appliances and locomotive instrumentalities of modern civilisation, which has thus done more to arm the combatants with weapons and provide them with opportunities for mutual destruction than to diminish their ferocity by the culture of those arts, which, according to certain literary authorities, both ancient and modern, are so favourable to the softening of manners. Having, then, in some former papers in the Anthropological Review already contemplated the relations and characteristics of the Roman and the Teuton (Jan. 1866), as well as the Roman and the Celt (April, 1867), it may not perhaps be amiss to complete this division of our subject-matter by contemplating Teuton and Celt, not so much in their relation to the great imperial people of antiquity as to each other, and to the remaining peoples and nationalities of Europe and the world. To the true student of anthropology few things are more patent, and nothing is more mortifying, than the limitation of his knowledge. In every direction anything approaching to profound investigation leads him to impassable barriers. Look where he may he is everywhere confronted by insoluble problems, by facts of which he has not ascertained the cause, and results of which he does not understand the processes. And among these mortifying limitations, none are more remarkable than his inability to discover the origin and assign the primal habitat of that Aryan race, of one of whose many families he is presumably a member. Nay, the later history of these families, the age when, and the place where, they commenced as distinct varieties, is still matter of controversy, or rather of the vaguest speculation, in which opinion dominates fact, and preconceived ideas assume the place of ascertained data. It is no wonder, therefore, that we cannot even pretend to trace the origin of the Celtic and Teutonic families of Europe. It will be well, indeed, if we should, even by remote approximation, succeed in defining them. In "The Aryan and the Semite" it was shown that one speciality of the Hebrew division of the Semitic family, consisted in their geographical position, in virtue of which they could not be easily or even directly invaded and colonised by the ruder Negroid tribes on the south, or the coarser Turanians from the north; one result of this more favourable position being a higher type and greater purity of blood on their part than on that of some of their Amharic and Aramaic kinsmen. Now, a similar remark is applicable to the Celts of Gaul, and, I may add, of Britain, as compared with other Aryan peoples of Europe. They are shut in from Tartarian invasion on the north and east by the Slavons and Teutons, and from Moorish invasion on the south by the Iberians, the result of which is that they present a higher nervous type, and are consequently endowed with more sensibility, susceptibility, and intensity of thought and feeling than their neighbours. This more powerful development of the nervous system as contradistinguished from the osseous and the muscular, constitutes indeed the distinctive characteristic of the Celt; that by which more especially he is separated as a variety from the heavier Teuton and harsher Iberian, and in which he transcends the classic ancients, and equals, if he does not surpass, the modern Italian. Now a people so constituted cannot fail, when civilised, to be brilliant and imposing in their era of national energy and force; but they will be liable to periods of fearful collapse, which would eventually become irremediable but for their racial baptism and renewal through the conquests and colonisation at appropriate ethnic periods, by the stronger Teuton. Have we not in these few remarks a key to the history of France, whether in ancient or modern times? The centre of at least the continental portion of the great Celtic area of the west, it seems, in conjunction with Britain, to have suffered from the collapse of energy and vigour, which in due sequence succeeded that period of greatness during which Brennus marched on Rome. Not that we regard this last event as marking the culminating period of prehistoric Celtic power and culture, which probably synchronised with, if it did not precede, that now almost monumental age of civilisation, of which we have such a living picture in the Iliad, and which we find represented on the tombs of the Egyptian kings, when the war-chariot constituted the most salient feature on the battle field, and when, at least in India, Chaldea, Assyria, Egypt, Gaul, and Britain, a high and holy priesthood, under whatever title, whether as Brahmans, Magi, or Druids, exercised a sacerdotal sway, of which that of the Romish clergy in the middle ages, was but a feeble echo. Without affirming with my friend, Mr. Luke Burke, that the Celts originated this early phase of civilisation, I think we are fully justified in affirming that they shared in it; Gaul and Britain constituting an integral portion of the area over which it prevailed. We may now begin to understand the ethnic significance of the Roman conquest of Gaul. It was only possible as a result of that moral and physical collapse of the Celtic peoples which had succeeded their period of pre-historic power. But both the collapse and the conquest and colonisation which followed it, were partial as compared with that greater ethnic movement which accompanied the fall of the Roman empire, and eventuated in the immigration of the Franks. These conquests and colonisations from the south, however, demand much greater attention than they have yet received from anthropologists. We have been so accustomed, from what may be called our school histories, to regard the great conquering immigrations as necessarily coming from the north, that we can hardly realise the ethnic fact that Phoenician, Carthaginian, Roman, and Moorish conquest and occupation proceeded in an opposite direction. That of Rome, with which we have now to do, was a part of the great northwestern movement of empire and civilisation, which constitutes the world-history of the last four thousand years. And we are not perhaps far wrong in saying that its effects were moral rather than physical, and are at present more manifest in the language than the ethnic type of the modern Gaul. Quite certain it is that Gaul was not racially regenerated by the Roman conquest. On the contrary, her people, in common with nearly all the European and Asiatic provincials, were left, as perhaps they were found, in a state of ethnic effeteness and prostration. The only true racial baptism of the Gauls within the period of VOL. I. D |