war captains, their powers are said to be unlimited, and they manage the revenue and the taxes. Every town-and all the towns are small except the chief town-has its lodge, and they are stated to be the strongest opponents to the introduction of Christianity. Although great hopes were entertained at first, the number of registered converts in 1861 did not exceed 1500, divided among Wesleyans, Episcopalians, and Baptists: the schools contained 265 children. The missionaries have endeavoured to introduce some of the useful arts, as in some cases they are or have been artizans, and some have passed through a course of training for the purpose. Still the native workman usually adheres to his old methods. The blacksmith, who is also the goldsmith, has his forge in the open air; his bellows are the same as those of ancient Egypt, and his anvil is a stone. The carpenter has neither planes nor saws, only an axe and an adze for making boards. Men weave in the old perpendicular loom, and women dye the stuff with indigo. Pottery is the work of women, who mould utensils with their hands, as the wheel is unknown.

The territory of Abeokutah extends beyond the Ogun (the Agonée of the original article, E. C., vol. i., col. 5), and is one of the states formed out of the ancient Yorribah, of which Dahomey and Ibadan are two. The power of Dahomey seems to be less dreaded since the defeat of its army in 1851; but in 1862, the Dahomians fell upon the town of Ishagga, on the territory of Abeokutah, destroying it, and killing or carrying away every one of its inhabitants, in revenge, it is said, for the treachery of its people in 1851, which occasioned the disaster to the army of Dahomey. The king of Dahomey continued to entertain a desire to be revenged on the Abeokutans; expeditions were repeatedly threatened, but it was not till 1864 that the threats were carried into execution. In March of that year, a force of 10,000 men was marched against Abeokutah, and on the 16th, the town was assaulted. The Dahomians had three field-pieces, with which they breached the walls, but on advancing to the breach they were met with a destructive fire, and a determined resistance, which forced them at length to a hurried and disorderly retreat, with 1000 men killed, upwards of 2000 prisoners, and two of their cannon abandoned. With Ibadan there has been war since 1857, which has greatly interfered with the commercial progress of Abeokutah. The currency, chiefly in cowries, has been also an obstacle: this it has been proposed to remove by introducing a copper currency, which would be certainly well received. The prediction that silk and wool would reach us through Abeokutah, has proved a fable; but the cotton is valuable, and might be produced in large quantities. The shrub lasts for several years, the staple is good; machinery and agents were sent out; the products increased rapidly for two or three years, till, in 1859-60, the amount received in England was estimated at 20,000 bales of 112 to 125 lbs. each. After the war with Ibadan began, it fell to 3447 bales, with a likelihood of a further decrease. Even while the cultivation was prospering, there was great difficulty in exciting active industry. The missionaries established a kind of work-house or factory. In it were gins, saws, cotton-presses, &c. Men worked the gins, which in America is the work of women, and if 4 worked, 12 stood round to contemplate and converse with them. Of 7 presses, only one at a time would be used, and the day's work of the whole was from sixteen to eighteen bales. Major Burton's conclusion is that Western Africa could produce cotton, but will not. Palm-oil and shea-butter will continue to be the chief articles of exportation. The oil-mills recently erected have worked very successfully.

Subsequently Major Burton made a little excursion up the Abeokutah river from Lagos, and states that the Abeokutans have maintained their independence, display an aptitude for trade, are very intelligent, and are prospering. But the expectation of gaining any considerable quantity of cotton from Abeokutah has not been realised. The continued attacks of the Egbas have rendered the transit of every kind of commerce too difficult to allow it to attain any great importance. In December, 1865, they shut up the road themselves, till it had been rendered safer, and in February, 1866, declared their intention to keep it closed, of which the European settlers and traders at Lagos complained loudly. By the following May it was re-opened, and large quantities of produce were sent down.

ABERDARE, Glamorganshire. In the ENGLISH CYCLOPÆDIA Aberdare was noticed under the county [GLAMORGANSHIRE, in E. C., vol. iii., col. 32]; but the place has since increased so much in importance and population, that a separate article appears necessary.

Aberdare is situated on the right bank of the river Cynon, where it is joined by the Dare, 4 miles S.W. from Merthyr Tydvil, and 20 miles N.N.W. from Cardiff. From London, Aberdare is reached by the Great Western, and the Aberdare branch of the Taff Vale Railway. With Merthyr Tydvil it is connected by a short line of railway, and with Cardiff by railway and canal. From a mere village, Aberdare has grown to be a considerable town, with markets on Wednesday and Saturday. The population of the parish, 6471 in 1841, and 14,999 in 1851, had increased to 32,299 in 1861. The parish has an area of 16,310 acres; the number of houses in 1861 was 5834. The subdistrict, with an area of 53,590 acres, contained 6839 houses, and a population of 37,487 in 1861. For parliamentary purposes, Aberdare forms part of the borough of Merthyr Tydvil.

The remarkable increase of Aberdare is due to the extension of the coal and iron mining operations. The coal-pits are very extensive, and the coal is largely used in the iron works; but a very large quantity of coal is also sent to Cardiff for export. Aberdare has several churches and chapels. The parish church is a plain building. St. Elvan's is a better structure, and has a good peal of bells. A handsome new church was erected at Hirwain in 1858, from the designs of Mr. Roose. It is of local stone, with Bath stone dressings; German Gothic in style; has a tower and spire at the west end, and an east window of painted glass. In 1864 a spacious and handsome new church, St. Mary's, was built for the use of the Welsh inhabitants. It is Second Pointed French Gothic in style, and consists of nave and chancel with aisles, and, on the south, a gabled tower 90 feet high; the architect was Mr. A. W. Blomfield. The Independents, Baptists, Methodists, and Unitarians have chapels; that of the last body is a small but elegant Gothic edifice, erected in 1861, from the designs of Mr. H. J. Paull. Among recent buildings constructed for business purposes may be mentioned the branch bank of the West of England and South Wales Banking Company, a stately Italian structure, designed by Mr. Gingell. There are two other banks and several hotels in the town. One of the most beneficial of the recent improvements has been the securing of an ample water-supply. Two large reservoirs have been formed; one at Hirwain Common, chiefly for feeding the canal and the use of the mills; and another primarily for house purposes at Bwllfa. The latter is fed from the Dare and Nantmelyn streams, and the water, after passing through filtering beds, supplies the highest houses in Aberdare by natural pressure. A public park, to be called the People's Park, has been carried far towards completion.

ABERDEEN, Scotland. The history and topography of the city of Aberdeen having been given in sufficient detail in the body of this division of the ENGLISH CYCLOPÆDIA [E. C., vol. i., cols. 6-7], we shall here add, as will be done with the following headings of British topography, only such particulars respecting the population, trade, buildings, and public improvements generally, as lapse of time may have rendered necessary.

Aberdeen is now reached from London by three independent railway routes:-1. The North-Western, 543 miles, which, on leaving the North-Western Railway at Lancaster, follows the Lancashire, Preston, and Carlisle; the Caledonian; the Scottish Central, and the Scottish North-Eastern Railways. 2. The Great Northern route, 559 miles, which follows the Great Northern line, the North-Eastern, the North British, Scottish Central, and Scottish North-Eastern; and 3. The Midland route, which, on quitting the Midland Railway, follows the same course as the Great Northern route. The population of the royal burgh of Aberdeen was 54,376 in 1861; that of the parliamentary burgh, which includes Old Aberdeen as well as Aberdeen proper, was 73,805. The number of inhabited houses in the parliamentary burgh was 5917. The number of registered voters, in 1866-67, was 4186; the number of male occupants of houses under 101., was 4259.

Aberdeen has during the last 14 years greatly increased in extent and improved in character. It is now upwards of eight miles in circumference. The new streets are wide, and built at right angles to each other. The principal street, Unionstreet, is a mile long, 70 feet wide, and contains several good buildings. It is crossed by the Dee Burn, over which is thrown a noble granite bridge of a single arch, 132 feet in span. The public buildings are numerous, and, like the houses, almost without exception, constructed of granite. Among recent buildings are the Music Hall, a large and handsome structure, with a portico of 6 Ionic granite columns, opened by the Prince Consort in 1859; the Trades' Hall, a fine Elizabethan building; the Corn Exchange; the Grammar School, a stately edifice in the

Scottish Baronial style; the Town and County Bank, and the Aberdeen Bank. A New Town and County Hall has been constructed from the designs of Messrs. Peddie and Kinnear. It is a very large granite building, having a frontage of 200 feet in Union-street, and 115 feet in Broad-street, with a massive tower 190 feet high at the angle where the streets intersect. In character it resembles the hôtels de ville of France and Belgium, but modified according to the Scottish Gothic type. Of the new ecclesiastical buildings, the most conspicuous, from its size and as an architectural object, is the Roman Catholic church and convent in Huntly-street, erected from the designs of Mr. Alex. Ellis, and consecrated in 1859. It is of granite, Second Pointed in style, has a nave, north and south aisles, and at the west end a tower and spire 170 feet high. On the north is the priest's house; on the south the convent. The episcopal church of St. Mary, Carden-place, by the same architect, is also an important pile. The style is Second Pointed, of the Scottish type, with continental details. It consists of a nave 95 feet by 40, and a chancel 35 feet by 25, divided by a chancel arch 50 feet high, and is built of Peterhead granite, with freestone dressings, varied by the free use of Devonshire marbles, and much enriched with carving. The episcopal church of St. Paul is a handsome Gothic structure, Second Pointed in style, and having accommodation for 800, completed in 1867, at a cost of above 4000l., from the designs of Mr. Mackenzie, of Aberdeen. The Free Church Divinity Hall, in which are held the sittings of the Aberdeen Presbytery, is a neat Elizabethan edifice. The Public Market is the largest building of the kind in Scotland; it is 316 feet long, 106 feet wide, and 45 feet high; is built of granite, and has an open timber roof.

Under the Universities (Scotland) Act (21 & 22 Vict. cap. 83), 1858, the two universities, King's College and Marischal College, have been incorporated under the title of the University of Aberdeen, the date of its foundation ranking from that of King's College, 1494. Aberdeen University has now 21 professors, and above 600 students. The city also contains an Infirmary, with accommodation for 300 patients; a Lunatic Asylum, recently enlarged; a Hospital for Incurables; a Deaf and Dumb Institution; and several other charities. In 1866 a statue of the Queen, 8 feet 6 inches high, and standing on a pedestal of red granite 10 feet 6 inches high, was erected at the junction of Union-street with St. Nicholas and Market-streets. The sculptor was Mr. A. Brodie, of Aberdeen. The Aberdeen memorial to the Prince Consort is a seated bronze statue, by the late Baron Marochetti, of the Prince in Field-Marshal's uniform, on a pedestal of red Peterhead granite: it was formally uncovered in presence of the Queen and Royal Family, Oct. 13th, 1863. A colossal granite statue of the Duke of Gordon, by Mr. T. Campbell, has been erected in the Market-place.

Besides the cotton and woollen manufactures, and the wood and iron ship-building works mentioned in the original article, Aberdeen has now considerable carpet manufactories, machine works, iron foundries, breweries, distilleries, tanneries, soap works, paper-mills, and comb and horn works. But the most remarkable development has been in the quarrying, cutting, and polishing of granite, which has become the staple of the place. Upwards of 32,000 tons of granite were exported from Aberdeen in 1865. An increasingly important branch of industry is that of ship-building: the Aberdeen clipper ships in particular having acquired a very wide renown, alike for their fine forms and excellent sailing qualities. Since the completion of the improvements, the harbour is considered to be one of the best tidal harbours in Scotland. At its entrance is Girdleness Lighthouse, having two lights. The pier, which is constructed of immense blocks of granite, is nearly 2000 feet long, 30 feet wide, and 15 feet above high water. The docks have also been greatly extended and improved. The Victoria Dock now occupies an area of about 40 acres, and has 9000 feet of quay room. Aberdeen has a considerable coasting and some foreign trade. Its chief trade is with London, to which it sends granite, cattle, and salmon. On Dec. 31st, 1866, Aberdeen had registered 260 sailingvessels, of 87,679 tons, and 16 steamers, of 4,151 tons. During the same year, 1498 British sailing-vessels, of 171,878 tons, 175 foreign vessels, of 24,026 tons, and 434 steamers (all British), of 154,863 tons, entered inwards; and 452 British sailing-vessels, of 52,859 tons, 42 foreign, of 7274 tons, and 438 steamers, of 156,511 tons, cleared outwards. In 1866 the customs' duties for the year amounted to 75,467., a decrease of 6416l. on 1865. But this decrease was principally caused by the removal of the duty on timber; on each of the other leading articles of import, corn, brandy, and tobacco, there was an increase.

As regards both the drainage and the water-supply, the arrangements were till lately very inadequate to the requirements of the city; but great improvements have been made, and others are in progress. The water was taken from the Dee, about two miles above the town; but a costly series of works was commenced in 1863-4, under the direction of Mr. J. Simpson, C.E., for bringing a larger supply of purer water from the Dee at Cairnton, about 25 miles higher up the river. The water is carried by a tunnel of half-a-mile, hewn through the solid rock, to an immense reservoir, 450 feet in diameter, and 15 feet deep, and capable of holding 15,000,000 gallons of water, at Invercannie, about a mile from the river intake; thence, after passing over filtering beds, it passes through an oval brick aqueduct, 3 ft. 9 in. by 3 ft. 3 in. in size, and 20 miles long, and crosses the ravine of the Culter by a 40-inch syphon pipe, supported on 2 massive granite piers, to the lower service or supply reservoir, 2 miles from Aberdeen. From thence it is carried to the city by iron pipes of 36 and 27 inches in diameter. The quantity thus supplied is estimated at 6,000,000 gallons a day. The works were formally opened by the Queen in person, Oct. 16th, 1866. A comprehensive scheme for the drainage of the city and carrying the sewage to the Old Links, for the purpose of irrigation, has been prepared by direction of the town council; but a more limited scheme is proposed to be carried out in the first instance as a sort of experimental measure. ABERDEENSHIRE, Scotland. In the original article ABERDEENSHIRE [E. C., vol. i., cols. 8-14], the physical features, history, antiquities, agriculture, manufactures and general statistics of the county were fully given, as well as an account of the towns and principal villages not described under separate headings. In the present article, as in those of the other British counties, it is proposed to add the population of 1861, with such other particulars of a strictly supplementary character as may be required by the course of time and change of circumstances. The area of the county, according to the estimate of the Ordnance Survey Office (1861), is 1970 square miles, or 1,260,625 acres. The population of Aberdeenshire in 1861 was 221,569, of whom 104,441 were males, 117,128 females, being an increase of 9537 since 1851. The number of houses wasinhabited, 31,762; uninhabited, 776; building, 216. The county returns one member to parliament; the number of registered electors in 1866 was 4447. The rent valuation (exclusive of railways) was 641,1827. for 1866. Aberdeenshire is placed in connection with the northern counties of Scotland and with England generally by the railways enumerated in the preceding article. The railways within the county are the Great North of Scotland, which crosses the county in a generally north-western direction from Aberdeen to Huntly, 41 miles, with branches from the Dyce Junction (Formartine and Buchan section) north to Fraserburgh, 41 miles, with a slip to Peterhead, 12 m.; from Kintore (Alford Valley section) west to Alford, 16 m., and which it is proposed to extend to Balmoral and Braemar; from Inverury, north-east to Old Meldrum, 6 m.; from Inveramsay (Banff, Macduff, and Turriff section) to Banff, about 28 m.; and the Aberdeen, Aboyne, and Braemar, which is open from Aberdeen to Ballater, about 40 miles.

During the past 14 years Aberdeenshire has made a marked and steady progress in agricultural improvement. Additional moorland has been cultivated, or planted with larch and fir; better methods of culture and improved implements have been adopted. But still greater progress has been made in the rearing of cattle, chiefly due to the efforts made to meet the constantly increasing demands of the English meat markets. Much additional grazing land has been rendered available. The native, or pure Aberdeenshire, breeds of cattle have been improved, and other kinds, chiefly north-country crosses, introduced. A very large export trade both in live cattle and meat has been organised. The export of meat (technically "dead meat") has especially become of great importance. In 1865 upwards of 10,000 tons were sent by railway, and somewhat under 100 tons by sea-a quantity requiring the slaughter of about 40,000 cattle; whilst in the same year above 9000 live cattle were sent by railway, and 4500 by sea. On the 5th March, 1866, there were in the county:-Cattle, 133,451, of which 43,941 were cows, and 28,641 under 2 years old; sheep, 109,292, of which 40,450 were under a year old; and pigs, 14,763. The rearing of plantations has also been extended. The fisheries along the coast are very productive, and great quantities of salmon are exported. The herring fishery is a very important branch of the industry of Aberdeenshire. Manufactures have likewise been much extended of late they

by either natives or strangers. The settlement was held by France as a counterbalance to the British port of Aden, and as affording a place of call in the Egyptian route to the French colony of the Isle of Bourbon, and some facilities of transit to their settlements in the Island of Madagascar. It was a total failure, and was abandoned by 1865. On applying to Parliament in November, 1867, for a vote of 2,000,000l., for the expenses of the war, the ministers announced that the sole object of the war was the release of the captives, or the punishment of Theodore, and that on no account would any settlement be made on the territory of Abyssinia, or any interference with its internal affairs. This was satisfactory, as even intelligent French journalists had not only attributed to us the intention of seeking compensation for our expenditure in some cession of territory, but asserted that we had already made treaties with that object with Theodore's adversary, the chief Gobazye, furnishing him with arms, ammunition, and engineering officers, and that a knowledge of this was the real cause of Theodore's retaining the captives. On the other hand they hold that, on the complete opening of the Suez canal, it will be the just policy of France to seek an alliance with Theodore, to assist him in the pacification and consolidation of his kingdom, to secure to him the littoral district, with the ports, now held by Turkey, to become at once the ally, the guide, and the instructor of Abyssinia in the path to an extended civilization, which, in union with France, will counterbalance the overgrown influence of Great Britain in the East, thus hastening the time, of which ourselves have had the idea,

"When man to man the world o'er,

Shall brithers be-and a' that."

(Annuaire Encyclopédique, vols. vi. and vii., articles Abyssinie and Mer-Rouge; and Revue des Deux Mondes, Chronique, by M. Forcade).

The present population in Theodore's territories is estimated at 4,500,000; the standing army numbers about 40,000 men; the exportations are roughly guessed at about 120,000l., and the importations at a little more.

ACCRINGTON, Lancashire. [E. C., vol. i. cols. 49-50.] The growth of this modern town has been no less remarkable during the last than during the previous dozen years, though its prosperity received a rude check from 'The Cotton Famine.' The population in 1861 was 13,872, an increase of 6391 since 1851. The number of inhabited houses in 1861 was 2579. But the actual population of Accrington is much larger, both Old, and New, Accrington, really belonging to the town, and their united population being 19,688. Accrington is now reached from London by the Great Northern as well as the NorthWestern Railway in connection with the Lancashire and Yorkshire line.

The trade of Accrington has greatly extended. It is the centre of the Manchester cotton-printing business. There are large cotton mills, and extensive dyeing, bleaching, and chemical works. The neighbouring coal mines employ many hands. The town has been much improved. Its sanitary state is better. The water-supply has been greatly improved, and a reservoir has been constructed capable of storing about 140,000,000 gallons of water for the use of the town. Among the new public buildings may be mentioned the Peel Institution, an Italian edifice, designed by Mr. J. Green, and containing a spacious assembly room, lecture theatre, reading and class rooms. One of the most recent works is an elegant Gothic chapel for the Unitarian body, erected in 1867, from the design of Mr. Waddington.

ACUL is a small port-town at Cape Haytien, on the northern side of the Isle of Hayti, 19° 45′ N. lat.; 72° 25' W. long. After the Spaniards had abandoned the island, the whole of it submitted to Geoffroi, the President of the republic, but an insurrection had been got up by Gen. Salnave, and in October, 1865, Acul, with Cape Haytien, was in possession of the insurgents, who had also made themselves masters of a war steamer, the Valdroque, and some other armed vessels. On Oct. 18th, Capt. Wake of the British steamship Bulldog, observed the Valdroque in pursuit of a packet carrying the British flag. The lieutenant of the Bulldog was sent on board the Valdroque to say that if the packet were not British the search would not be interfered with, but that if she were she must not be meddled with. The insurgent commander received the message with great insolence, attempted to close with the packet, and in doing so fouled the Bulldog; but on being threatened with capture steamed away. On the next day Capt. Wake returned to Port Haytien, informing the British vice-consul of the occurrence, and instructing him to remon

strate with the rebel council. Salnave refused to hold any communication, made prisoners of two ladies who had taken refuge in the consul's house, hoisted the red flag, and pointed guns at the Bulldog. The vice-consul and an English merchant made their escape to the British ship; and on the 22nd the Bulldog entered the port for the purpose of destroying the Valdroque. Before reaching her the Bulldog ran upon a shoal. While lying in this position she fired upon and sunk the Valdroque, and silenced the batteries at Fort Picolet, having 3 men killed and 7 wounded. Not being able to get the Bulldog off the shoal, she was blown up the following morning. Geoffroi, the President of Hayti, learning this, placed a steamer at the disposal of Capt. Wake; his crew embarked on Dec. 22nd, and were conveyed to Jamaica. For the loss of the ship Capt. Wake was tried by a court-martial on Jan. 15th, 1866, reprimanded, and dismissed the service, for want of caution in running on the shoal, and for not making sufficient efforts to save the ship. The consequence of the action, however, was that Salnave abandoned the place, made his escape, and the insurgents resumed their allegiance for a time to the republic. [HISPANIOLA.] ADEN, the Red Sea port of the Eastern Mail Packet Service, continues to increase in importance. Its inhabitants, consisting of Indians, Arabs, Africans (chiefly Somanlis, from the coast of Zanquebar), and Jews, amount with the Europeans to about 30,000. Upwards of 2000 vessels, large and small, enter the harbour annually, of a total burden of about 250,000 tons, of which about 60,000 tons are coals for the use of the mail packets. As the port is mainly one of transit, coffee is the only article of any importance that is exported from the country, beyond what is first transported thither. The place has been fortified, and has a garrison, but only sufficient to protect it efficiently from any attack of the natives. It has been sought rather to secure peace by making presents and otherwise conciliating the native chiefs, than by assuming anything resembling a warlike attitude, or attempting to strengthen its possession by extending the territory.

AFGHANISTAN. [E. C., vol. i., col. 104.] Dost Mohammed Khan, on his restoration, succeeded in restoring tranquillity and a considerable amount of commercial activity among his subjects, but was far from renouncing his ambitious projects of extending his authority. His brothers, the Sirdars of Candahar, were under his influence, and he married his eldest daughter to the son of Yar Mohammed, who had made himself master of Herat on the death of Kamram, to the exclusion of Kamram's son. Notwithstanding the marriage, Seid Mohammed was suspected of Persian tendencies, and having succeeded Yar Mohammed in 1851, Kokandil, Khan of Candahar, marched in 1852 with an army to seize upon Herat, but was defeated in June, 1852, with a loss of 2000 men. The Persians, whose army had assisted Seid, then placed a garrison in the place; this was remonstrated against by the English ambassador, and on Jan. 23rd, 1853, a treaty was signed (renewed at Paris in 1856), by which Persia recognised the independence of Herat, and the garrison was withdrawn. In 1855 the Sirdar of Candahar died, and as protector of his nephews, Dost Mohammed became virtually its master. In the same year Seid Mohammed was assassinated in Herat by a nephew of Kamram, who for a while held possession of it. Dost Mohammed marched an army to avenge the death of his son-inlaw, but the Persians had anticipated him; they arrived before Herat in the spring of 1856, took it on Sept. 26th following, and made a prisoner of the assassin. The new ruler, appointed by mutual consent, was Ahmed Khan, a nephew of Dost Mohammed, but who proved a devoted adherent of Persia. In 1862, the governor of Furrah having refused obedience to Ahmed, and fearing the advance of his forces, appealed to Dost Mohammed for assistance, which was readily granted. He defeated his nephew in a battle, and laid siege to Herat. Ahmed Khan, a prince of great vigour of character, died, and in the confusion attending the succession of his son, the town was assaulted and taken on May 26th, 1863.

Though Dost Mohammed had thus acquired the object so long desired, he was not destined to enjoy it long. Exhausted by the fatigues he had undergone, he died on June 9th, at the age of seventy, having for 40 years played an important part in the politics of Central Asia. He had some time previously named his son Shere Ali Khan as his successor, who though possessing talents and courage, marred his better qualities by a violent temper. The elder brother, Afzul Khan, had been made governor of Balkh, a part of Turkistan, by his father; and Azim Khan, the second brother, held a similar office in Khoorm; both were brave soldiers and able men. Shere Ali