Kokomo High School has an orchestra, under the direction of Prof. G. R. Eckert, supervisor of music. County Superintendent Frazier, of Madison county, was presented with a Morris chair by his retiring board of township trustees. A movement is on foot in the Columbus High School to put out a senior annual. Boggstown has a new schoolhouse. George Totten is superintendent. The new school gymnasium at Winamac is one of the most popular places in that enterprising city. The per cent. of attendance in the Converse schools for the first halfyear was 99. On account of the objections of the school authorities a high school "frat" at Alexandria has disbanded. The present season of grand opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera House is especially notable for two reasons: Owing to the great European war New York is the only one of the large operatic centers to give its regular projected season of grand opera; the magnificent revival of Carmen with an all-star cast, including Farrar, Caruso, Alda, and Amato, has proved one of the greatest successes ever known in the history of opera. With such unusual interest attach ing to these Carmen performances, the Victor is to be congratulated upon its enterprise in presenting in the February list of new Victor records four Carmen records by Geraldine Farrar and one by Frances Alda, which added to the Victor Carmen records by Caruso and Amato already issued gives every one the opportunity to hear this allstar cast in this great success. The four Farrar records are the four principal airs from Carmen, "Love is Like a Wood Bird," "Near the Walls of Seville," the Gypsy Song, and "Away to Yonder Mountains," and they are perhaps the most beautiful in her entire list. Mme. Alda's fine record is Micaela's air, "I Am Not Faint Hearted." "Tipperary," that popular British marching song, gains new laurels through its splendid rendition by John McCormack, with a male chorus that lends an effective touch. Another number sung with male chorus is the favorite plantation air, "Carry Me Back to Old Virginy," rendered by Alma Gluck with much tender feeling. The beloved old hymn, "Jesus Lover of My Soul," is beautifully given by Alma. Gluck and Louise Homer, and Mme. Homer also sings charmingly the dear old "Annie Laurie." John McCormack and Reinald Werrenrath sing a favorite English duet, "The Moon Has Raised Her Lamp Above," a splendid number from The Lily of Killarney, an opera much in vogue some thirty years ago. Lambert Murphy sings an attractive serenade, "Beam From Yonder Star," and Herbert Witherspoon sings the tender "Memory" of Edna Park with much fine expression. The list of Educational records for February is especially good. American Education, Albany, N. Y. American Journal of Education, Milwaukee, Wis. American Primary Education, Boston, Mass. American School Board Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Arkansas School Journal, Little Rock, Ark. Atlantic Educational Journal, Baltimore, Md. Canadian Teacher, Toronto, Can. Colorado School Journal, Denver, Colo. Educator-Journal, Indianapolis, Ind. Educational Exchange, Birmingham, Ala. Florida School Exponent, Tallahassee, Fla. Journal of Education, Boston, Mass. Kindergarten Primary Magazine, New York Manual Training Magazine, Peoria, Ill. Missouri School Journal, Jefferson City, Mo. New Mexico Journal of Education, Santa Fe, North Carolina Journal of Education, Raleigh, N. C. Ohio Educational Monthly, Columbus, Ohio. Oklahoma School Herald, Oklahoma, Okla. School and Home Education, Bloomington, School Bulletin, Syracuse, N. Y. Ill. Sierra Educational Calif. Chicago, News, San Francisco, Southern School Journal, Lexington, Ky. Western School Journal, Topeka, Kan. Wisconsin Journal of Education, Madison, State Board Questions for January with Answers. ARITHMETIC. 1. Explain the difference between common fractions and decimal fractions. 2. Find the cost of a macadam road 2 mi. long and 15 ft. wide at 27 cents per square yard. 3. A city has an assessed valuation of $90,000,000 and wishes to levy a tax of $35,000.00 for improvements. What is the rate of taxation? 4. Find the proceeds of a sight draft for $30,000.00, exchange and collection together being %%. 5. A farm is 76 rods long and 45 rods wide. How much corn will it produce in a crop if the yield is 60 bushels to the acre? 6. A cylindrical cistern holds 210 barrels. What is its depth if its diameter is 8 ft.? 7. A's tax is $415.00. What is the value of his property if the assessment is 50 cents on each $100.00 valuation? 8. A broker buys $12,000.00 of 6% interest bearing bonds at 80% of their face value. What per cent. does he realize on his investment if the bonds together with the interest are paid off in one year? Primary. 9. Explain how you would teach a beginner to divide by 3. 10. Write a problem in subtraction for a third grade pupil and give the analysis for it. 11. To what extent would you teach the multiplication table as pure memory work? Answers. 1. A common fraction is expressed by two numbers, one above and one below, a horizontal line. A decimal fraction is one whose denominator is some power of 10. They differ in the mode of expression and in the nature of the denominator. 2. 2 miles = 10,560 ft.; 10,560 × 15 158,400, number of sq. ft. 158,400-9=17,600, number of sq. yds. 4. % per cent. of 30,000 = $37.50. 5. 76 X 45 3,420, number of sq. rods. 6,615 gal. = 6,615 times 231 cu. in. = 1,528,065 cu. in. Diameter = 96 in.; radius = 48 in. 48 X 48 X 3.1416-7238.2464, number of sq. in. in the base. Area of base X depth = volume. 7. 4152830; therefore he pays on 830 hundreds, or $83,000. 8. 80 per cent. of $12,000 $9,600, cost of bonds. 6 per cent. of $12,000 = $720; $12,000 + $3,1209.600.321⁄2 321⁄2 per cent. gain. 9. To teach a beginner to divide by 3, illustrate the division concretely by separating a number of objects, say 8, into groups of three. Change the number of objects and let the pupil arrange the groups. Do this repeatedly. 10. See any elementary arithmetic. 11. To a very considerable extent, for finding all the products, concretely, with the use of objects, would be both tedious and unnecessary. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 1. State the time, motive, and leading men in the early settlement of (a) Virginia, (b) Maryland, (c) Massachusetts. 1. (a) Settlement at Jamestown, 1607; to get rich rapidly by finding gold mines, rubies and diamonds. Christopher Newport, Gosnold, Wingfield and John Smith were among the leading men. (b) Settlement at St. Mary's, 1634; to make religion the basis of the government. George Calvert, Cecil Calvert and Leonard Calvert were prominent in the work of this settlement. (c) Settle ment at Plymouth, 1620; to provide for religious freedom and religious toleration. John Carver. William Bradford, William Brewster and Miles Standish were among the leading men. 2. The acts of Parliament levying duties and taxes on the colonies were the cause of the meeting. It was known as the Stamp Act Congress. Complaint that taxes were levied without consulting the colonists. Clear, accurate and calm statements of the position of the colonies were presented in "A Declaration of Rights and Grievances," "An Address to the King," and "A Memorial to Both Houses of Parliament." 3. In 1767, Parliament resumed the taxing policy, passing the Townshend Acts; in 1774, the meeting of the First Continental Congress at Philadelphia; in 1778, the evacuation of Philadelphia and the battle of Monmouth; in 1781, the British surrender at Yorktown. "Conway Cabal," an agreement among some army officers to displace Washington from the command; Baron von Steuben came to the assistance of the colonists in 1777; Thomas Paine's pamphlet, "Common Sense," was the first open argument for independence; Jefferson, an active worker in the early movements for independence, later constitutional governor, and still later president of the United States. 4. The defects were lack of executive power, lack of a judiciary, a single House of Congress and lack of revenue power. 5. A political creed, first officially stated by President Monroe in his message to Congress in 1823. It came about because of a claim of Russia to territory along the coast of the North Pacific. It was in connection with the discussion of the settlement of this claim that the principle was stated "that the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." 6. The tariff, the United States Bank, the Indians, internal improvements, and the slav ery question were the absorbing matters before the nation during Jackson's administration. The "spoils system" and the doctrine of nullification came to the front, all live political questions. 7. The Louisiana Purchase, 1803; Oregon Territory by exploration, settlement and cession, 1792-1848; Florida, 1819; Texas annexation, 1845; Mexican cession, 1848; Gadsden Purchase, 1853. 8. Reconstruction involved fixing the conditions on which the Southern States were again to govern themselves and be represented in Congress. Two classes of people were to be considered: (a) those who had borne arms against the Union, and (b) the slaves who had been freed by the war. 1. The school is an institution whose function it is to organize the conscious experience for the child for his future profit. This work is divided between the family and the school. 2. The aim is important because it holds up the ideal and fixes the direction of endeavor. 3. Our interests, in the first place, determine our needs. These interests are largely made up of past experiences and natural tendencies. In the light of these past experiences we interpret the objective world. 4. Habit is a tendency toward behavior that has been acquired by repetition. Memory is the recall of conscious experience. Attention is the fixation of one thing in consciousness to the exclusion of all else. 5. Comenius was the great sense realist. In his educational work, "The Great Didactic," he set forth twelve principles, the sum of which is that learning comes from things and not from formal words. 6. The factors of recall are primacy, recency, vividness, repetition, and association. 7. The advantages of imitation are economy, directness, definiteness. Its limitations are want of invention and neglect of the reflective powers. 8. The question-and-answer method encourages attention, makes the work definite, and assures some response from the pupil. Narrowness is its chief weakness. The topical method provides for a more extended response, and encourages a wider outlook. Its weakness is that the teacher gets most of the benefit in its preparation. 9. Learning by the use of the hand as a sense and motor organ is the central thought. 10. The blackboard helps to unify the class, it fixates attention, it makes the lesson alive by including the teacher, and it helps the pupil in his expression. It may discourage individual work and encourage carelessness. 11. The psychological meaning of dramatization is that it makes motor the child's sensory impressions and ideas and thereby increases consciousness by enlarging the gap between sensory and motor centers. PHYSIOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC TEMPER ANCE. 1. Give the functions of the liver, the spleen, and the kidneys. 2. What foods are digested in the stomach? 3. What proofs have we that oxidation takes place in the body? 4. Describe a movable joint. 5. Define tissue, organ, system. 6. Describe the structure of a long bone such as the humerus or femur and explain the economy of its plan. 7. What are the dangers of impure milk? Be explicit in your answer. 8. Write a discussion of not less than 200 words on Home Sanitation. Primary. 9. Is it necessary or advisable for children to have so-called children's diseases? 10. What would you do to teach children the proper care of their teeth? 11. Name three or more evil effects of adenoids. Answers. 1. The liver-The secretion of bile for the digestion of fats, lubrication of the intestine and probably an aid to excretion. The spleen -one of the ductless glands. Function not clearly known, aside from the fact that it originates the blood cells. The kidneys-Excretion. 2. The proteids. The digestion of carbohydrates is also continued here. 3. The maintenance of a constant high temperature, and the proof afforded by comparison of the analyses of food and of waste products. 4. The hip joint is composed of a ball on the femur and a socket in the pelvis. The former rotates in the latter, friction being minimized by the smooth Synovial membrane which covers both surfaces. The whole is enclosed in a capsule of fibrous tissue which serves at the same time to bind the parts firmly together and to retain the liquid which acts as a lubricant. Strong ligaments passing over the joint serve to bind them more firmly together. 5. Tissue The structural material of an organ. Organ-A group of cells set apart for the performance of a special function. System-A group of organs working together as a living organism. 6. The femur consists of a shaft or ventral portion and ends. The shaft is slender and hollow; it thus occupies a minimum of space for the strength, and its hollow structure gives a combination of lightness and strength, while affording a cavity for the nourishing marrow within. The ends are enlarged, thus securing greater bearing surface and affording room for the attachment of ligaments and muscles, at the same time, lightness and strength are secured in the ends by an arrangement of cells and plates, giving a spongy appearance to the interior. The whole is covered by the periosteum, a nourishing membrane which serves as a feeder of the bony tissue within. The surface is provided with processes which afford attachment for muscles. 7. Milk is an excellent culture medium for bacteria. A very little dirt will carry in with it a number of these organisms which at ordinary room temperatures will multiply rapidly into thousands. Among these are apt to be many varieties that are injurious to the human system, and some that are directly pathogenic. Among these latter are bacillus typhosis (typhoid) and coli communis. The latter is common and often productive of intestinal disorders. If the bacteria do not directly interfere with the digestive function, they are apt at least to promote degenerative action in the milk itself, causing it to spoil more quickly than it otherwise would. 8. Discussion should cover the following points: Ventilation, reasons for and means of securing effectively: heating, proper temperature, stove and furnace systems; lighting, reasons for, and means of securing sufficient light; drainage, relation to health and means. of securing; cleaning, frequency and thoroughness. 9. A few diseases which produce immunity may be borne more easily in childhood than later life. These are measles and mumps, and advisable. Other supposedly necessary ones, as whooping cough, chicken pox, colic, cholera infantum, croup, etc., are the result of improper care and feeding, or of undue exposure, and may and should be avoided. 10. Teach them the gross anatomy of the teeth and the causes of decay. Point familiar examples of the result of improper care. By frequent talks, with commendation and inquiry, inculcate a spirit of pride in the teeth and an emulation in their care. 11. Insufficient oxidation of the blood, with resultant lowering of the efficiency of every organ. Defective hearing. Exposure of the throat to infection through mouth breathing. Dullness of the mental faculties. 1. Tennyson, Browning, Dickens, Thackeray, Eliot, Macaulay, Carlyle, Ruskin, Arnold Stevenson. 2. John Greenleaf Whittier, the Quaker poet, was born at Haverhill, Mass., in December, 1807. His parents were sturdy New England stock, and he learned from them certain high ideals of honor, honesty, justice and industry that greatly influenced his life work. His youth was spent on the farm, a few months being spent in attendance at Haverhill Academy. This constituted practically all his schooling. He early showed a knack for verse making, and through the kindness of William Lloyd Garrison was encouraged to write more. Later the same benefactor assisted him to the editorship of the Philanthropist, an anti-slavery paper of Boston. He was a great reader of good literature, followed good models and till his death employed his pen in the defense of right and the He contest of wrong wherever it appeared. wrote much against slavery. He also wrote simply and beautifully of nature and of home life in the country. He died in September, 1892. Among his poems are: Snow Bound, The Barefoot Boy, Barbara Freitchie, The Huskers, The Corn Song, Maud Muller, The Eternal Goodness, and In School Days. 3. Cosette, Les Miserables; Becky Sharpe, Vanity Fair; Sancho Panza, Don Quixote. 4. Scotch, English and French history from the time of the Crusaders to the fall of the Stuarts. 5. II Kings, 20:1. Hezekiah's prayer for an extension of life was granted, and as a token of the compact the Lord caused the shadow on the dial to turn backward ten degrees. 6. Whittier's work is characterized by a sincerity but is lacking in the spontaneity of Bryant. Whittier's work is a means to an end, while that of Bryant is rather an end in itself. The latter is the greater artistry. 7. Middlemarch, George Eliot; War and Peace, Tolstoi; Biglow Papers, Lowell. 8. On the principle of interest. Natural self-expression comes best from dealing with a subject in which the pupil already has some first-hand knowledge and some degree of interest. Subjects may be found in the environment of each pupil. Farm, street, school, winter and summer sports, school and civic -conditions, all offer good possibilities. If the class has developed good interest in any books read in the course, these furnish good composition material. 9. "Posy Ring, and Pinafore Palace," by Kate Douglass Wiggin; "Child's Garden of Verses," by Stevenson; "Winken, Blinken and Nod," by Field; "The Bluebird," Miller; "The Sandpiper," Thaxter; "The Children's Hour" and "Clock on the Stair," Longfellow. 10. "Adam Bede," Midland England in the eighteenth century; "The Scarlet Letter," New England in the colonial period; "Leather Stocking Tales," colonial and frontier life in the Eastern and Middle States, and early Indian history. 11. "The Birds' Christmas Carol," Wiggin; "In the Days of the Giants," Brown; "Stories of Rome," Haaren and Poland; "American Heroes," Mowry; "Robin Hood," Perkins; Rollo," Abbott. Answers. 1. Both are located in the central part of the country, in rich and extensive agricultural regions, conveniently to minerals, timber and other materials for manufacture. Natural water communication for long distances is enjoyed by both cities and the rich resources and smooth country have encouraged the extensive building of railways centering in these cities. 2. Conservation would insure a continuous supply of timber, regulate the runoff of rainfall so as to lessen the danger of floods and prevent the erosion of land surfaces and the consequent injury to fields and the silting up and obstruction of streams. 3. The native Australians belong to the oceanic division of the black race. Great Britain colonized this country. The divisions of Australia are governed by governors appointed by the British Crown. Legislative assemblies of an upper and lower house are elected in each colony and laws passed by them must have the sanction of the home government (i. e., the British government). Attempts have been made to unite the colonies under a single federal government or union for defense and mutual advantage, but not with complete success. 4. The temperature of large bodies of water changes very slowly and countries lying in the path of the winds from over these bodies of water have an uniform climate. Large land areas absorb heat more rapidly and so become much warmer in summer and much colder in winter than the ocean or coast lands in the same latitude. Coasts lying in the path of land winds have great ranges of temperature and rainfall. A familiar example of contrasted oceanic and continental climates are London and some interior Americal city as St. Paul or Winnipeg. The mean annual temperature in each of these cities is the same, 50 degrees Fahr. The winter (average of January) temperature of London is 40 degrees, of St. Paul and Winnipeg 25 degrees. The summer (July) temperature of London is 60 degrees and of St. Paul and Winnipeg 75 degrees, making the mean annual range at London 20 degrees and of the other cities 50 degrees. 5. Korea, on the mainland of Asia. 6. Mexico lies between 15 degrees and 33 degrees north latitude and 87 degrees and 120 degrees west longitude, or in the southwestern part of the continent of North America. Its climate may be described as tropical in general but varied by altitude so as to give variations from equatorial to arctic temperature. Rainfall varies greatly with wind direction and position of mountains and plateaus. Mexico has mountains near both the east and west coasts with narrow strips of low coast lands. A high plateau occupies the whole region between the east and west mountain ranges. Many volcanoes follow an east-west fault across the southern part. The Yucatan Peninsula is less rough and elevated than the mainland. Mexico is rich in minerals, among which are silver, quicksilver, copper, sulphur and petroleum. Many cattle are produced in the plateau and mountain pastures. The low coast lands are densely forested. Wheat, corn, sissal fiber and tropical fruits are among the agricultural products. 7. Plant distribution is most largely controlled by temperature and moisture conditions, but also by relief and distribution of land and water areas. Animal distribution is affected in much the same way. Birds have a much more general range than other animals except perhaps man. Man goes anywhere on earth where love of adventure or possibilities of gain may lead him. His distribution in numbers is controlled by the natural resources that determine his opportunities for getting a living. |