The Elements of Morality: Including Polity, Band 1

William Whewell

J. W. Parker, 1845

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THE REASON	1

Thoughts and Things Sensation and Reflection	2

General and Abstract Conceptions	3

Names of Conceptions	4

Truth and Errour General Relations	5

Ideas of Space Time c Reasoning	6

Axioms	7

Laws of Nature Certain and probable events	8

Mutuum and Commodatum	166

Repairs and Expenses	167

Debt	168

Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange	169

The Sense of Duty 278 Duty is determined by social relations 279 Duty gives Moral Significance to Obligations 280 Classification of Duties	171

Bailment	172

Equality Bonâ Fide	173

Stricti Juris Interpretation	174

Theories 10 The Reason Speculative	9

26	10

The Understanding	11

The Intellect	12

Action	13

Intention	14

Will	15

Rules of Action	16

Means and Ends	17

Rules with Reasons	18

Chains of Rules	19

The Reason Practical	20

The Speculative and Practical Reason	21

Development of Mind	22

Instincts	23

Springs of Action Motives	24

Tend to Persons	28

Love	29

Kinds of Love	30

Anger	31

Gratitude Resentment Malice	32

Man in Society	33

Intercourse of	34

Tend to Abstractions	35

Memory and Imagination	36

Good Hope and Fear	37

Separation of Mental Desires Instincts	38

The Desire of Safety	39

Instinct of Selfpreservation	40

Desire of Security	41

Desire of Liberty	42

Men at Enmity	43

The Desire of Having	44

Things and Persons	45

Property is necessary	46

The Desire of Family Society	47

The Desire of Civil Society	48

Mental Desires include Affections The Need of a Mutual Understanding	50

Promises are necessary	51

The Desire of Superiority	52

Desire of Equal Rules	53

The Desire of Knowledge	54

Knowledge and Reason	55

Approbation and Disapprobation	56

RIGHTS IN GENERAL	57

THE RIGHTS OF THE PERSON	64

Excusable Homicide 116 Dangerous Games 117 Selfdefense 118 Manslaughter 119 Murder 120 Justifiable Homicide 121 Nocturnal Thief 122 Prov...	68

Right relatively used 71 Refers to a superior	71

Right absolutely used	72

The Supreme Good	73

Ought Duty	74

Why Ought	76

Man a Moral Being	77

Rights must exist	78

Rights separately proved	79

Five Primary kinds of Rights	80

Wrong Injury	81

Rights are Realities	82

Punishment	83

Rights and right	84

Obligation	85

Obligation and Duty	86

Obliged and Ought	87

Obligation and Moral Claim	88

Perfect and Imperfect Obligation	89

THE RIGHTS OF CONTRACT Art 157 Contracts to be enforced 158 Promises and Contracts	90

Nude Pacts 160 Consideration	91

Duress	92

Contracts of Minors	93

PAGE	95

Will English 193 Entail 194 Legacies 195 Dowry Jointure 196 Tutor Curator 197 Guardian	111

Lawful Marriage 199 Roman Forms of Marriage 200 English Forms of Marriage	113

Religious Ceremony of Marriage 202 Divorce in Roman Law 203 Divorce in English Law 204 Concubinage	116

THE RIGHTS OF GOVERNMENT OR STATE RIGHTS	117

Patriarchal Government 208 National Government 209 The Supreme Authority	118

OF VIRTUES AND DUTIES PAGE	129

Money	131

Property in Land	132

Real and Personal Property	133

Owner and Tenant	134

Ryots Serfs Métayers Farmers	135

Feudal System	136

Its present influence	137

Quiritarian Ownership	138

Equity not properly defined the judgment of a good	141

Title Conveyance Remedies	142

Trespass	143

Dominium Eminens	144

Public Property	145

Res Nullius	146

Incorporeal Property	147

Feudal Services	148

Animalia feræ naturæ	149

Treasure Trove	151

Intellectual Virtues	156

Contracts void by Fraud	163

Formulæ of Contracts	164

Nominate Contracts	165

Breach of Contract	175

Reverence for Superiors is a Duty	176

THE RIGHTS OF MARRIAGE Art 176 Institution of Marriage to be upheld 177 National Sentiment respecting Marriage	177

The Family	178

Jewish Marriage	179

Greek Marriage	180

Roman Marriage	181

English Marriage	182

Husband and Wife	183

Adultery	184

Rights over Children Roman	185

English	186

Rape and Seduction Roman Law PAGE	187

We are approved or condemned for our Affec tions	188

DUTIES RESPECTING PROPERTY AND OTHER	192

DUTIES CONNECTED WITH PURITY	201

Constitution The Executive Function	210

The Judicial Function	211

Rebellion Treason	213

International	214

Government de Jure and de Facto	215

Legislative Body	216

Fact of Law and Idea of Justice to be brought together	217

Law and Justice cannot exist separately	218

Law is a means of Moral Education	219

Jural Discipline of the Romans	220

Influence of Justice on	221

Law leads to Morality	222

Other Classes of Rights	223

Defamation in Roman and English	224

OF TRANSGRESSION	226

Conscience not an Ultimate Authority 369 May be erroneous	239

CASES OF CONSCIENCE RESPECTING TRUTH	242

Interpretation of Promises 378 Erroneous Promises	244

Promises released by the Promisee 380 Unlawful Promises	245

but the Relative Duty is violated	247

Promises which become unlawful 383 Which Promisee does not think unlawful 384 Electors Promise 385 Promise to a Representative 386 Promise t...	251

Should the Promise be given? 392 Analogy of the Law 393 Lies	253

Falsehoods under Convention 395 To be carefully limited 396 Lie to conceal a Secret 397 Lie to preserve a Mans Life 398 Lies of Necessity	256

Heroic Lies 400 Advocates Assertions	257

The unlawful Promise of Marriage 406 Implied Promise of Marriage	264

OF CASES OF NECESSITY	265

Trusts	272

408 First to ones Self 409 Necessity to be rigorously understood 410 Constraint is not Necessity 411 Fear of certain Death is Necessity 412 Necessity ...	275

Strong Moral Principles decide such Conflicts 423 Heroic Acts 424	277

Resistance to Government	278

OF THINGS ALLOWABLE Art 425 The notion of Allowable belongs to Cases of Necessity	279

Is not lightly to be extended 427 Some things are Indifferent 428 But many of these only at first sight 429 The selection is to be directed by Moral C...	283

Hence Acts are a Discipline 432 Mortification Askesis 433 Not ascetic but spontaneous Virtue is required 434 Discipline of the Intellect PAGE	286

Advocates Profession to be Moral 402 Sellers Concealments 403 The Alexandrian Merchant	290

May be unavoidable	291

but care is needed 441 Their consequences to be redressed 442 If they arise from Negligence are defects 443 But they may palliate actions 444 Ignor...	293

We can cultivate our Affections by thoughts of Duty	294

By unfolding conceptions of Virtues	295

By unfolding the notion of doing Good	296

By acts of Duty	297

We have never done all that is possible	298

Our Moral Culture is a Duty	299

Our Moral Progress never terminates	300

It is our Duty to cultivate Gratitude	303

The greatest interruptions are the greatest transgressions	304

The Duty of Moral Culture adds to other Duties	305

Moral Perfection is our greatest Good	306

JUSTICE	315

90	318

Individual Thought is a part of Moral Edu	319

EQUITY	327

The Prætors power did not disregard the Law 500 Equity not properly defined as abating the rigour of the Law 501 Equity does supply some defects...	331

Equitas sequitur legem	333

In equali jure melior est conditio possidentis 506 Qui sentit onus sentire debet et commodum 507 Other Maxims	334

The Natural Rights of	335

Whether all men are born equal 510 All men are moral beings	336

HUMANITY	337

SLAVERY	344

Slavery ancient and modern 521 Definitions of Slavery 522 It is contrary to Morality 523 May be excusable in early stages of progress 524 Is conde...	345

Of ourselves and others	346

Such progress is possible	347

Can never terminate	348

Transgression	349

Temptation	350

Resistance	351

Degrees of Guilt	352

Measure of Guilt	353

Interruption of Moral Progress	354

Repentance	355

Amendment	356

Not necessarily sufficient	357

Amendment must be immediate	358

OF CONSCIENCE 234	360

Conscience the	361

Conscience the Witness	362

Conscience the Punisher	363

To act against Conscience is wrong	364

Is to act according to Conscience always right?	365

Conscience to be enlightened and instructed	366

Aid of Religion needed	367

MORAL EDUCATION	369

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Häufige Begriffe und Wortgruppen

abstract Appetites Benevolent Affections Bodily Desires Cardinal Virtues character Classes of Rights common conceive Conceptions Concubinage condition conform Conscience consider Contract cultivation Desires and Affections determined direct Disposition English Law Errour established exist expressed external faculties Family fear feel free agency give Government gratification habits Hence Human Action husband Idea immoral implies intention Jurists Justice kind labour land Latrocinium Love man's Mancipatio mankind manner Marriage means Men's Rights Mental Desires mind Moral Culture Moral Principles moral progress Moral Rules Moral Sentiments Moralist nation Obedience offense operation ourselves person Polygamy Positive Law possess promise Purity purpose racter Reason regard requisite Res Nullius Right of Property Rights and Obligations Roman Law Rule of Human Rules of Action Rules of Duty Society speak spoken Springs of Action Supreme Law Supreme Rule tend term things thought tions transgression Truth Twelve Tables Usucapio various Vices violation Virtues virtuous wife wrong

Bibliografische Informationen

Titel	The Elements of Morality: Including Polity, Band 1 The Elements of Morality: Including Polity, William Whewell
Autor/in	William Whewell
Verlag	J. W. Parker, 1845
Original von	University of California
Digitalisiert	17. März 2010

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