Earth and Sun: An Hypothesis of Weather and Sunspots |
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anomaly appears atmos atmospheric electricity auroras average barometric gradients barometric pressure cause cent central meridian Climatic Changes cloudiness convection cooling correlation coefficients cyclonic storms disturbances earth's atmosphere earth's surface electrical conditions electrical hypothesis electrical potential equator fact gradients at Kew gravitational harmony heat Hence high pressure areas increase investigation Jupiter and Saturn Kullmer latitudes lower maxima and minima maximum means Mercury meteors minima minimum months negative North Atlantic Ocean number of storms number of sunspots opposite orbital period perihelion period of Jupiter phenomena planetary planets polarity positive potential gradient pressure at Kew probable error rainfall regions relation relationship Saturn seems solar activity solar constant solar hemisphere SOLAR QUADRANT solar radiation southern hemisphere spots Storm Tracks sun's disk sun's northern hemisphere sunspot curve sunspot cycle sunspot maxima sunspot numbers sunspot period Table temperature tidal tion umbræ variations varies Venus weather western margin
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Page 116 - ... b. During the period of potential-gradient minimum the fluctuations of the gradient were very much smaller than during the similar periods preceding and following, c. The positive and negative conductivities (and, therefore, the total conductivity also), each showed an increase of the order of 20%, beginning just after totality and continuing for about 15 minutes, d.
Page 117 - The y-ray radiation from the outer layers of the atmosphere will consequently be very ' hard,' and, in accordance with the known results of laboratory experiments, we must conclude that the negative corpuscles which it emits from the air molecules are emitted almost entirely in the direction of the radiation, and further, that they can have a range in air at least equal to that of the swiftest /3-rays from radium products, a range, for example, of 8 meters.
Page vii - The present volume is the third work published by the Yale University Press on the Theodore L. Glasgow Memorial Publication Fund. This Foundation was established September 17, 1918, by an anonymous gift to Yale University in memory of Flight Sub-Lieutenant Theodore L.
Page 111 - The diurnal range of the electric potential-gradient, as deduced from the observations on the electrically calm days made at the Observatorio del Ebro, Tortosa, Spain, 1910-1919, is found to increase with solar activity; the minimum occurred in 1911 and the maximum in 1917, whereas the sun-spot minimum occurred in 1912 and the maximum in 1917. The range between minimum and maximum diurnal range is about 25 per cent.
Page 57 - Figs. 17 and 18 are the averages of a number of flights, it may be approximately correct, in an effort to account for their differences, to start with something like average conditions and trace the consequences. Let these conditions be a moist atmosphere in the one case and a dry one in the other, each having the same temperature as the other at all levels. The moist atmosphere, because a better radiator than the dry, will, under the same conditions of exposure and at the end of the same interval...
Page 187 - Beal's discovery the same observation has been made and puzzled over at every station at which pressure records were kept and studied, but without success in finding for it any adequate physical explanation. In speaking of the diurnal and semidiurnal variations of the barometer, Lord Rayleigh...
Page 116 - The air-earth current density (product of simultaneous values of potential gradient and total conductivity) showed a greater constancy during the period in question than for any equal period throughout the forenoon of the day of the eclipse. The results for May 29, 1919, at Sobral, are in general agreement with those obtained at Lakin, during the eclipse of June 8, 1918,' notwithstanding the great difference between the two stations as regards latitude, elevation, general topography, and distance...
Page 145 - ... were of the bipolar type, while 33 per cent were unipolar. All but 11 per cent of the unipolar spots, however, showed a tendency toward the bipolar type, indicated by trains of calcium flocculi following (less often preceding) the single member.2 Frequently such groups oscillate between the unipolar and bipolar types, one or more small spots appearing or disappearing within the mass of calcium flocculi. This peculiarity has led to a search for invisible spots, regarded as vortices giving appreciable...
Page 187 - It has been known now for two and a half centuries that there are more or less regular daily variations in the height of the barometer, culminating in two maxima and two minima during the course of 24 hours. The phenomenon in question is well illustrated by Fig. 59, a direct copy of a barograph trace obtained April 1-5, 1912, on Grand Turk Island, latitude 21° 21' N., longitude 70° 7
Page 111 - Earth, increases with increased solar activity, the range in the variation between minimum and maximum solar activity being about 20 per cent. The electric conductivity of the atmosphere, on the other hand, shows but little, if any, systematic variation during the solar cycle. Accordingly, since the vertical conductioncurrent of atmospheric electricity is derived from the product of the...