great numbers, heads downward, with their breathing tube above the surface. If you make the least disturbance, they will scamper down into deep water. After wriggling about for two weeks, and changing their skins several times, the larva becomes a pupa. Most insects in the pupa state do not move, but take a sleep of greater or less length. Not so the lively little mosquito. In its pupa state it becomes a big-headed creature which does not eat. It moves about rapidly, but not with the same wriggling motion; it now has a pair of paddles at its tail end, and takes in air through tubes near the head. In five or ten days the mosquito ends its life in the water, and becomes a winged insect. The pupa comes to the surface, and the skin cracks open on the back, allowing first its head and chest to come forth, finally the legs, wings, and rest. This is a most trying moment in the life of the insect; if a slight puff of wind should upset it before the wings are dry, it will surely drown; only a small proportion of the whole number succeed in safely leaving the pupa case; the greater share become food for the fishes. If the wings once get fairly dry, then the insect can sail away, humming its tiny song of gladness. The most interesting part about the insect-the "business part," as some one has called it-is its sting, or sucker. This is not a simple, sharp-pointed tube, but consists of six parts, which lie together in a sheath, and are used as one. How sharp these must be to go through our skin so easily! After the puncture is made, it then acts as a sucker to draw up the blood. The insect which visits us is the female. We rarely see the male mosquito. Blood is not necessary to the existence of the mosquito, and probably but a small share of them ever taste it. The countries in which mosquitoes live in greatest numbers-actual clouds are not inhabited, and there are but few animals.

-A. SUGDEN.

[53267.]-Instantaneous Photography-It is an easy matter to take photos. in the most rapul trains with a single lens of the correct formula n of the first pictures taken with the Instantograph was a Cathedral City, taken out of the window of an express train; and another, really more wonder ful, was taken at Bridgwater, of the Flying Det man, travelling at some 65 miles an hour, and yet the bolts in cylinders of engine can be distinctly seen. This would have been a most severe test for any double lay extant. The only point not to be overlocked in taking photos out of the window is to take the either as the train is approaching or leaving the object; if an attempt is made when directly opposite there will be a lateral motion in nearest object With the Instantograph shutter a picture can be taken in 130th of a second, an express train travelling 60 miles an hour will move over a distance of 7in. only, so that in a very bright light an object could be taken directly at right angles to the tram but the average speed of working would be th a second, then the train would move through l this would produce a blurr in objects within yards, not appreciable beyond.-W. J. LANCASTE

[53174.]-Transposing Tunes..-I have not get three sets of lenses, a two lin. focus, both before had time to reply to "Progress's" query, plano, one in. the other in. diameter: B two but will now do so, and try to explain how trans- lenses both lin. focus, one gín. diameter, the other position is effected. There is no serious difficulty in. diameter; C, two lenses in. focus, one fin in this, nor need the shoemaker boast of his clever- the other in. diameter; and D, two lenses ho ness in performing what is but little more than a focus, one in., the other in. diameter. Meant mechanical operation. It is only necessary to raise them in separate tubes in each case both conver or lower the given notes as many notes as are equal surfaces together at the following distances apart to the difference between the keynotes, and to A lin., Bin., Cin., Din.; then a stop must be attend to the effect of any accidentals that may placed in front of each of the smallest lenses, the occur. Thus, suppose we have an air in two sharps, larger lens going towards object. The sizes of stope and we wish to put it into three sharps; then the and their distances from small lenses are a original key being D, and the proposed key A, the follows:-A, in. diameter, in. in front; B. in.. latter is evidently a fourth lower, and we must put in.; C, in., in.; D, in., in. Any further all the notes this same interval lower. Thus C will information with pleasure.-W. J. LANCASTER be lowered to G, B will be lowered to F, F to C, [53264.]-Incandescent Lamp.-There are a and so on. In fact, we might take a pair of compasses, and having set them to the required open-great many lamps called 21 candle power whic ing, might prick off by actual measurement the give 2 rushlights, beyond this the carbon will fuse different notes just so much lower. still, with eight cells you should obtain a fair light In dealing I do not know how you have charged the cells, but with accidentals, it is necessary to notice the effect if simply a modified Leclanche, you will not obtain only, whether the given note is raised or lowered, without minding whether it is, or becomes, a sharp any illumination. Better make them into bichro mate and use Trouvé's solution; then you wi or a flat. Thus, if we have in the above instance a obtain good results.-W. J. LANCASTER. C sharp made into a natural, it will evidently be lowered a semitone, and the corresponding transposed note, G sharp, will also become a natural. But if we have an accidental B flat in the original, it will not make the corresponding F sharp into a flat also, but will merely lower it the semitone, and change it into F natural. It may help "Progress if I add the following as to keys and sharps and flats:-C major and A minor have no sharp or flat: G major and E minor have one sharp, F; D major and B minor have two sharps, F and C: A major and its minor F sharp have three sharps, F, C, and G; E major and its minor C sharp have four sharps, F, C, G, and D; B major and its minor G sharp five sharps, F, C, G, D, and A; F sharp major and [52873.]-Cough Cure.-The following sensible its minor D sharp have six harps, F, C, G, D, A, remarks recently appeared in the columns of a and E. Similarly, the keys respectively correspondmedical paper, and as they may be useful to some ing to one flat, two flats, three flats, &c., up to six of your readers, you will perhaps be able to spare flats, are as follows:-F major and its relative space for them. "There is in the world a great minor D; B flat major and its minor G; E flat deal of what I am accustomed to call 'needless, major and its minor C: A flat major and F minor; useless coughing.' Where secretion takes place in D flat major and B flat minor; and G flat major the bronchial tubes, it must sooner or later be and its minor E flat. "Progress" can from this brought up; and for this purpose some necessary' quasi-tabular statement at once tell what key any coughing must take place, or the patient will air is in, or decide what flats or sharps are required choke. But, both in organic diseases and in slight for any key into which he wishes to transpose a [53272.]-Two Old Paintings.-The Bay inflammatory or irritative affections of the air-tune. For any of the automatic instruments, it is Castries is situated in the Gulf of Tartars passages, there is often an immense amount of necessary to remember that their scales do not about Lat. 51.30 N., and Long. 142 E. This useless coughing,-useless, that is, as regards contain a complete chromatic scale, so that it often place was visited by the expedition under La bringing up any laryngeal or bronchial secretion, happens that a tune cannot be accurately arranged Pérouse, in the year 1787, and in one of the and far worse than useless, because it wears out the for them except in certain keys, and not always volumes of the account of that voyage, copper patient, prevents sleep, and, moreover, increases then if accidentals happen to occur. P.S.-I think the condition which gives rise to it, inasmuch as it "Progress" would find useful a little book written engravings of the pictures described by Kapp are given. The first-mentioned picture represent lets the affected parts have no rest or peace. Now, by W. Bamford, of the Carmarthen Training Col- three inhabitants of the Bay de Langle (in Sagathe effects of opium are both local and general; and lege, and published by Heywood, of Manchester. lien), the second is described as "Orotchif in mucilage of acacia, or tragacanth, or in It only professes to teach the rudiments of music, inhabitants of the Bay de Castries.-J. R. D. glycerine, or with a thick solution of confection of but contains in a small compass an immense amount dog-rose or honey, you give frequently from the of information very clearly given. —A. S. L. [53273.]-Naphthol A and B.-On feng one-fortieth to the one-twentieth of a grain of [53185.]-Bank of England Clerkships.drate you obtain potassic sulphite, naphthol p plumbic naphthaline sulphonate with potassic morphia, you not only give a marvellous amount of believe this query was answered some time ago; sium, and a combination of potassium with plun peace and comfort to your patient, but, where it is but it is quite unnecessary, because, if the querist oxide, in which the latter acts like an acid and remediable, you tend also to cure the disease. A has a nomination, he will have no difficulty in which therefore may be termed potassic plumbate. favourite formula of mine, varied according to cir- finding out all about examinations, and if he has If you want to prepare either of the nar cumstances, is-Acetate of morphine, 1gr.; not, he stands no chance of obtaining a post which don't use the lead salt of naphthalene sulp nitric acid, dilute, 14dr.; oxymel of squill, 6dr.; he appears to think is open to public competition. salt, but rather transform it into the correspong mucilage of acacia, 24oz.; glycerine, 2dr.; syrup The Bank of England is not a Government Office. sodium salt, which is much more easily acted upo of red poppy, 2oz.; cinnamon or rosewater sufficient -NUN. DOR. to make the whole equal 6oz. To take one or two by fusing potassic hydrate.-ORGANIC CHEMIST teaspoonfuls five, six, or seven times in the 24 [53274.]-Resorcene.-This dissolves with the hours. The coughing in pertussis may be similarly greatest ease in water, ethylic and methylic alcobal as well as in ether. It is very sparingly soluble both benzene and carbon bisulphide, and a insoluble in petroleum.-ORGANIC CHEMIST.

relieved."-S. R.

[53159.]-Binding Screw.-Ordinary brass lacquer is the best thing to use; but you know, of course, that you must have metallic contact at the bearing surfaces.-T. M.

[53163.1-Restoring Gloss to Japanese Table.-If this is real Japanese work, it is doubtful whether you can do anything with it, except rub up with a soft leather. Any of our varnishes would about spoil it.-NUN DOR.

can

[53167.]-Lamp Burners.-If "Guido" refer to p. 445, Vol. XXX., he will find an article on petroleum, colza, and gas, in which the experiments of Prof. Redwood on several makes of paraffin lamps are referred to. The best results from a simple duplex were 25.4 candles (two wicks 1in. wide, broadside examined), average 22. The best circular wick (in. diameter) gave 19 candles, average, 16.5. That, it should be remembered, is all round, not on two sides only as with flat-wick lamps.-NUN. DOB.

[53174.]-Transposing Tunes.It is not quite clear what "Progress" wants to know. There is no difficulty in transposing tunes from one key to another, and if he knows the notes in an organette he can select which key is most suitable. If the querist means that he wants to know how to transpose music, he ought really to learn the rudiments; but it may be permissible to occupy sufficient space to point out that if he wants to change the key of Cinto that of D; all he has to do is to raise the notes one step and call all the F's sharp and all the C's sharp.-G. F. H.

I

[53186.] Prussian Blue.-Dyeing is the principal use; but no doubt a reduction in price, if considerable, would increase the demand. You might get useful information from those who make washing blue.-NUN. DOR.

[53207.]-Landscape Lenses.-You can tell Dallmeyer's wide-angle lenses by their being mounted in large bodies, the tubes being from 1țin. diameter upwards, and the lenses being much smaller than the mount. Each of the W. A. lenses has a plane front surface to leps, and consists of three lenses cemented together. Dallmeyer's view lenses have a meniscus front; both forms are now almost obsolete, the introduction of wide-angle doublets having taken their places. You could not tell the number of lenses in a cell without taking them out first. It would be an easy matter to put five cemented lenses into one cell, but it is possible to do with two, as in the Instantograph fens, all that has ever been done with any other form of lens.-W. J. LANCASTER.

[53226.]-Cobbler's Wax.-Take about equal portions of black pitch and American resin and melt and stir together in a suitable vessel placed in a hot-water bath. When melted, add a little tallow or oil; stir well, and when thoroughly mixed pour into a dish containing water. Work it well together with the hands till it attains proper consistency. Very inflammable.-WATCHMAKER.

[53254.]-Lantern Microscope.-You may

[53276.]-Gregorian.-If the telessope perfect specimen of Gregorian, you may use a power up to 100; beyond that you could do nothing You cannot photograph with it unless it is mounted a perfect equatorial stand with driving clock you have nothing of this kind, you must give ap any idea of photographing.-W. J. LANCASTER

[53291.]-Graphic Arithmetic.-Mr. Bennett will find some account of this in Angel's intest book on "Plane and Solid Geometry."-WM. JOES GREY, Gateshead-on-Tyne.

[53313.]-Induction Coil.-All you need da is to attach a wire to binding post, and to the post You then g carrying platinum tipped screw. rid of condenser, unless your condenser is fitte differently; then have two binding posts with the two wires going to condenser; then, when you want to use the coil for shocking, you have simp to put a piece of wire to these two posts, jong the one to the other. The 6in. water regulator ↳ plenty long enough.-W. J. LANCASTER.

[53319.]-Microscopical.-Don't wash the leas or do anything that may spoil it. Most likely the Canada balsam has begun to break up, and it want make a lantern microscope in half a dozen different re-cementing. This must be done by an opti ways, and the method to work upon will depend as the lens will have to be re-set, and this week 1 entirely upon the illumination you have prou have no doubt, be a task you could not accompa state in query that you have the limelight; you could not have anything better. Fit up your micro[53322.]—Colouring Lantern Photographs scope in any form you like, and for object lenses-Don't attempt to colour with aniline dyes; they

-W. J. LANCASTER.

80 soon fade. Better go to work at once, and learn of digestion have been made, and you will find full If these instructions are correctly followed, I think to put on the correct thing. All that you require accounts in the larger works on physiology. I" Blackwall" will be satisfied with the result. If is a box of specially-prepared colours, &c., plenty should recommend you to go to any reference instructions are required how to prepare it for the of time, and an abundance of patience. Then, if library you may be near, and run through the list table, I shall be glad to give them.-A LADY you persevere, you cannot fail; but don't attempt of special works, such as Carpenter's, Pringle's, READER. a makeshift. You can dissolve the dyes in collo-Wagner's, Foster's, Marshall's, &c., then from each dion, and make different tints for tinting only the of these you will obtain matter bearing on your whole picture; the collodion is simply poured on to question.-W. J. LANCASTER. the glass and run over, then collected again in bottle; the glass must then be mounted with another, and will do well for obtaining sunset, or sunrise, or moonlight effect.-W. J. LANCASTER.

66

there is no sort of reason whatever for saying that [53378.]-Frumenty.-So far as I can find, the correct word is "furmety," except such reason given last week (my own included) were not so asparagus [53353.]-Friction.-The replies to this query, as can be found in the fact that costers" call 66 sparrowgrass." clear as they might have been, and as the subject is tionaries, English and foreign, I have examined Most of the dican important one, I hope you will be able to find give furmenty, with the direction see "Frumenty," [53329.] Flute.- Will "Another Fellow" space for the following amended reply. The and Walker says "this word is almost universally kindly say by what extraordinary means D can be amount of friction per square inch of bearing area corrupted into furmenty, if not sometimes into produced on the Carte-Boehm flute with either of will not vary with any alteration of the diameter of furmete." Dr. Latham quotes as instances the fingerings that he mentions? Is it that he has the journal, but varies inversely as the length of of its use, Dr. Gower, "Materials for a not read all my query; or can it be that a "first the bearing. The total amount of friction will not History of Cheshire," 'Frumenty makes the flute in an orchestra" has never heard of the vary with any alteration of the length of the bear- principal entertainment of all our country wakes. Carte - Boehm system of fingering? Perhaps ing, but varies directly in the same ratio as the dia- Our country people call it firmity." I submit that "Another Fellow" numbers the fingers in a way meter of the journal. Therefore, if the diameter is it does not matter what country or other people peculiar to himself. I blow exactly as "Another altered the tendency to heat will remain the same; call it, the correct word is "frumenty" (obviously Fellow" directs; but as all the breath cannot enter but if the length of the bearing is increased, the derived from the Latin "frumentum "), and I doubt the embouchure, part must escape over it, and in tendency of the bearing to heat will be diminished, whether any authority whatever can be found for my case, and under the circumstances referred to, and also if the diameter of the journal be reduced, "furmety." Now for the practical part. There this portion that escapes makes a hissing noise that whilst the tendency to heat remains the same, the is no necessity to soak the wheat overnight. I wish to avoid. In home practice I have tried to total amount of power lost in friction will be re- Simply put it on in cold water; let it come slowly remedy it by keeping back the breath to a degree;duced in the same ratio. It will be seen from the to a boil, and then simmer until done to taste. But but I found that this would put me out of tune. above that in dimensioning the journals of shafts, it is much better to crush the wheat by passing it Since I wrote my query I heard a flute solo played &c., the diameter should be as small as possible, between two little steel rollers. By the way, by one who occupies a place in the foremost rank consistent with strength, and the length of the which kind of wheat do the vegetarians swear by? of flute-players, and, at the distance of 20ft. could bearing should be sufficient to prevent heating.-I find one sort (white) for instance, contains hear the noise of his breath escaping over the tube. A. SUGDEN. approximately only 10 per cent. of nitrogenous Could not this be avoided?-PRIMO. matter, while Polish wheat contains as much as 20 per cent.-S. R.

[53354.]-G.W.R.-Particulars of 2002 (class [53339.]-Opaque Dry Plate Negatives.2001-2003), appeared in No. 970, p. 180, of the Although I cannot speak positively, my impression longed to the B. and E. Railway, have 8ft. driving E. M." These engines, which originally beis that the lead process of intensification is not ap-wheels, cylinders 15 by 24, single frames, and I do plicable to gelatine plates. Try the following:See that the plates used have a good thick coat of emulsion, give a full exposure, and keep the developer well restrained, avoiding anything in the shape of forcing, and allow it to have plenty of time

to act.-W. ROBINSON, JUN.

not think they have bogies. I have only seen Nos.
2001, 2002. The latter differs slightly in appear-
ance from the former in having smaller leading
wheels, &c. I am unable to give particulars of the
new mail car, but would remark there are several
coaches and brake vans built on the same principle.

[53342.]-Singing Noises in the Ears.-If-T. M. R. Mr. T. R. Allinson thinks I intended to abuse

to do anything to it but keep it dry and under
cover when not in use, and it will last some years;
From the top of net to about 1ft. down the mesh
but fishermen dip them in linseed-oil and salt. 3.
should be and the rest ĝin.-HEREWARD.

you,

some experiments, with an attempt at a simple [53379 and 53366.]-Voltmeter.-After making form of voltmeter, I am of opinion that one constructed in a simple manner like the ammeter I described a few weeks since, would not succeed practically, and I would not, therefore, like to advise the construction of one.-ELECTRICIAN, Dublin.

C1H,CLO2+ 2HNO3 + 20 =
C&HoO+CCI,(NO2)2 + CO2
Phthalic acid. Marignacs
oil.

[53380.]-Phthalic Acid.-Naphthalene and naphthoquinone are both oxidised to phthalic acid by nitric acid, and the nature of the change is easily understood. The structural formula of the latter is

H-C

H

H

H(a)

[53380.]-Phthalic Acid.-The compound you obtained is by no means chloropicrin, but a subeither him personally or the theory he advocates, he To G. D. GOOLD.-You have offered to give full its physiological action-viz., dichloro-dinitro[53367.]-Electric Lighting by Batteries.stance very similar in its outward appearance and is labouring under a great error. I am as great an opponent of excessive flesh-meat consumption as particulars about the above. I and many other methane, or Marignac's oil. It is a regular byanyone who has given the matter serious considera-readers would be very much interested to see them, product of the reaction you name, and which may tion can be. I practised for years in a district and will you kindly answer the following queries? be represented by the following equation where the use of large quantities of flesh meat was 1. What batteries you use, size, &c., of ditto? 2. the rule-I mean where it was out of due propor- them continuously?—J. A. JECKYLL. What lamps you use? 3. How long can you light tion to the consumption of vegetables. There gout and all the diseases that follow in its train pre- [53367.]-Electric Lighting by Batteries.vailed. Where I now practise the reverse is the Many thanks for replies by Mr. Bottone and Mr.-ORGANIC CHEMIST. case; the people eat too much vegetable food, G. D. Gould. I am more puzzled than before. My too little meat, and here poverty of blood and pul- twelve cells, Bunsens, give in a 3 c.p. lamp-well, a monary disease in the young and dyspepsia in the mark-I can scarcely call it a light. Mr. Bottone has old ta ke the place of gout. In medio tutissimus ibis.it: 240 cells for 100 c.p., and cost 2s. 6d. per hour; Mr. Mr. Allinson considers I have abused him. I had Gould, 24 cells for 90 c.p., and cost 6d. per hour. no intention of doing so; but I did intend to give Which is the more correct estimate? It would be him a hint that the course he is pursuing useful to many if Mr. Gould will kindly send inis not in consonance with the ethics of the formation (from experience), and I will reconstruct honourable profession to which he belongs. my battery to work one 20 c.p. Swan's lamp from As he has not taken it, I must state the case his instructions, and give result of cost and mainplainly, and leave our readers to judge between us. tenance in the "E. M."-LIVERPOOL TRADESMAN. Mr. Allinson holds a high diploma, the License [53375.]-Shrimping Net.-1. Cotton. 2. If of the College of Physicians, and he must know that the ethics of our profession forbid the discus-you do not use your net much, it will not be requisite sion of matters relating to treatment of disease in lay papers by its members, unless under the shelter of a nom de plume, as being of the nature of an advertisement on the part of the writer. And the reason why we abhor advertising in any form is this: nine-tenths of the profession all over the world are ready instantly to communicate to all their brethren, through the medium of the medical journals, any discovery they may make for the cure or alleviation of human suffering. The man who discovered a cure for cancer, and retained the secret for his own private gain, would be scouted by his professional brethren, and rightly so. Now, such and the reaction doubtless consists in the removal being the case, it is obviously unfair that any one of the two right-hand carbon atoms as CO2, and individual should appropriate knowledge and enthe addition of O. to the adjacent atoms, thus deavour to gain the ear of the public, and make making two semi-molecules of oxatyl; or it may be capital out of information derived wholly or that the hydrogen already attached to these atoms partially from the labours of others who have is removed and fresh hydrogen substituted, and communicated it freely and gratuitously for the this is perhaps a more probable view. In the case general good of mankind. I have thought it [53378.J-Frumenty.-Those who say "fur- of the dichlor derivative the atoms of hydrogen better to state thus broadly, and for the informamety "do so in the complacent belief that the marked a and b are replaced by chlorine, which of tion of our readers, the reason why respectable other form is a vulgar corruption, but the reverse course must be removed during the conversion into practitioners never advertise. It is because to do is the fact. Frumenty is from the Latin-frumen-phthalic acid. I cannot find an equation for the so would be dishonourable. I do not, for a moment, tum: corn, which is allied to frux: fruit.-Res change, and so cannot say whether the chlorine is wish to attribute such motives to Mr. Allinson. I frumentaria: a supply of corn, is very familiar to converted into trichlor-nitro-methane or not; but the am willing to believe that his enthusiasm has got those who have gone through Cassar's "Gallic formation of this compound during the reaction the better of his discretion. I am no rival in prac- War." For similar variations in placing the seems very improbable. Assuming, however, that tice, for I live 400 miles from him; but I should before or after its nearest vowel, compare frith and it is formed, and that all the chlorine in the dichlorhave gladly entered the lists with him, and broken firth, Bridlington and Burlington.-JOHN N. naphtho-quinone is thus disposed of, the equation a lance or two harmoniously and pleasantly for DUFTY. might be flesh versus vegetables had he been content to fight [53378.]-Frumenty.-Let "Blackwall" take 3C10H,Cl2O2 + 10HNO, = 3C,HO4 + 2C (NO2) with his vizor down; but if he wants the audience a good earthenware stewpot, and place sufficient Cl+4CO2 + 6NO + 2NO2 + 2H2O to see who is fighting, I can only decline the combat purl'd wheat in it to fill it to about one-third of its It is, however, probable that the actual reaction is with regret, for the rules of my order forbid. capacity, and then nearly fill it up with water; place it in the oven and allow it to simmer, not more complex, and I merely give the above as a [53351.]-Digestion of Foods.-You, of course, boil, until the wheat has become thoroughly creed, suggestion.-WM. JOHN GREY, Elswick Science School. know that the stomach has very little to do with and at the same time become pretty stiff; take it the digestion of starches: its special function is to from the oven and turn into moulds (cups or basins digest proteids. Elaborate experiments as to time will do), keep in a cool place until required for use.

M. D.

[53375.]-Shrimping Net.-I thank
"Scarboro'," for prompt reply to query and kind
offer; but as I am desirous of making the net
myself, and trouble is of no consequence, I prefer
to make rather than buy one, particularly as the
latter would probably be large and cumbrous, and
I want as small a one as possible. As "Scarboro'"
appears to have a practical knowledge, will he
kindly tell me what would be the smallest size,
compatible with utility, he would advise me to
make the net, also if they are made to open at the
narrow end for emptying, or are they netted from a
point and gradually enlarged ?-W. W., 133,
Oxford-street, Brooks Bar, Manchester.

H

H

[53382.]-Hydrogen Lamp.-The cut shows a simple way of making this, where a is a wide

ENGLISH MECHANIC AND WORLD OF SCIENCE: No. 995.

mouthed bottle with wooden cover, in which is fixed a lamp glass b, fitted with cork, stopcock, and jet c, and containing a piece of zinc suspended by a wire from the cork. A brass tube d contains the pellet of spongy platinum, supported on thin platinum wires. Any larger mass of metal in contact with it conducts away the heat and prevents the hydrogen

position, and press the pad tightly on the hole, so
as to give it a proper bed. I have occasionally used
glue to fasten pads. When the pad is thin, it is
sometimes necessary to put a piece of paper in the
bowl of the key, so as to raise it sufficiently.-J. D.
ammeter is hardly suitable for very small currents,
[53405.]-To "Electrician," Dublin.-The
though by making the needle light and bringing it
very close to the strip of copper through which the
current passes, it is fairly sensitive, and ought to
register currents of four or five ampères and up-
wards. The instrument is capable of practically
absolute calibration between 3 and 50.-ELEC-
TRICIAN, Dublin.

[53407.]-Photo. Prints without Glaze.Plain salted paper may be purchased, or it can be easily prepared by floating any suitable paper on a 10gr. solution of common salt, drying, and sensitising in the usual way. Prints on such paper, however, usually have a very dead sunk-in appearance, and are commonly only used as a basis for colouring upon. Possibly the prints you have seen were platinotypes.-W. ROBINSON, JUN.

igniting. The jar is partially filled with dilute not think you will succeed in producing prints on the
sulphuric acid, which acts on the zinc, evolving Take the white of two eggs, and stir in about three
[53407.]-Photo. Prints without Glaze.-I do
hydrogen. This escaping from the jet impinges on
wrong side of albumenised paper. Try this method:
the spongy platinum, where its combination with grains of common salt, pour this into a flat dish,
oxygen from the air' evolves sufficient heat to in-float on this a piece of porous unglazed paper, and
flame the jet. When the cock is closed, the let it dry. Sensitise by floating on a solution of
evolution of hydrogen stops after the water has nitrate of silver (60gr.); when dry, place it in a
been forced below the level of the zinc, and the printing frame. The paper I prepared would not
lamp is thus always charged with gas without print deep, but gave unglazed reddish-brown prints.
waste of zinc.-J. BROWN, Belfast.
-H. S. C.

[53384.]-Chemical.-(1) The precipitate con-
sists of sodic fluo-silicide, a very insoluble salt.
(2)
The clear liquid contains hydrochloric
acid and the excess of any of the ingredients used.
(3) Not poisonous in the strict sense of the word,
but unpleasant.-ORGANIC CHEMIST.

[53390.]-Engraving Maker's Name
Watch Plates.-Certainly a "Country Wateh-
on
maker" is right in looking with admiration at this
engraving. I always think a good watch is spoiled
unless the engraving is done well.
engravers of this work (in which I have always felt
an interest) were Childs, who died about 50 years
The best
ago, and Dixon, who has been dead perhaps 30
years. Both lived in Clerkenwell. The work is
done with a "lozenge
clean oilstone; if the graver is too hard the point
graver, sharpened on a
breaks off, when it must be let down, say, to a straw
colour. The engraving is done very finely, and
looks before it is gilt as if it was too faint to show

You will find

at all, but the heat used in the gilding makes all
the lines open and look quite coarse.
for the last hundred years, more than one or two
it extremely difficult to do; there has never been
men living at the same time who could do it well.
Certainly, some of them were wonderfully clever,
and their work is worthy to be had in remembrance.

-J SNELL.

APRIL 18, 1984

at back of finger were thus exposed, and are very sensitive, needing the enwrapping rag. In about five months I could use the hand pretty freely, and discontinue the wet rag. In about six months the new nails looked all right; however, as I had so ing it half shut, the hurt fingers got used to the long used the hand but little, and generally keepcurved position, and, to my dismay, on stretching the arm out square from the shoulder, I could not open my hand fully, or stretch the hurt fingers out straight. So I again kept the wet rag to each finger, using or exercising the hand and fingers, that I could stretch my fingers at arm's length, and and in about a month I found with thankfulness but the wet rag: when the finger feels hot or the that my nails and hand were in both appearance and rag dry, it should be dipped in water and not bound strength fully as good as ever. I applied nothing too tightly on the finger. cause my case may help "Sufferer" to understand his own. support the hand in a sling, or at least not to let it I have said so much behang so as to get swollen or hot.-J. L., Passage While the fingers are tender it is well to West.

women are the same as for men, but they are only London in England, and the King's and Queen's admitted to the examinations of the University of [53431.]-Lady Doctors.-The regulations for College of Physicians in Ireland at present. They can only study in London at the School of Medicine for Women, clinical instruction being given at the Royal Free Hospital, being thas entirely separate from male students. To enter at above school they must be over 18 years, and no the candidate is aspiring to. If at the London liminary examination will depend upon what degree diploma can be given till age of 21. The preat the Irish College, one of the ordinary preUniversity, the matriculation must be passed. If can be obtained by writing to above colleges; but liminaries will suffice. Fees and other particulars for the Irish license is £15 15s. The London Uni roughly they will amount to about £120 for the versity would come to more, and there are, of course, extra expenses for books, instruments, &c. instruction expenses for the four years, and the fee Medical Bill now before the House should pass this session.-H. F. L. The regulations, however, will be altered if the

OR

reply to H. J. Morris, I noticed an account in [53409.]-Driving Lathe by Spring. In the nature of his query. It is the invention of Mr. "Chambers's Journal" of Dec. last, of a motor in tended as a motor for the sewing machine. It Watkins, a North London manufacturer, and inment; its chief merit, I believe, being a compenspring, with the usual ratchet and click arrangeconsists of a length of steel tape wound as a coiled sating contrivance which causes the tape as it is unwound to form itself into a "parabolic spiral," is regulated by a screw, the regulator, when set, determining the rate the machine is to run at; and so as to give a uniform rate of speed. The speed by means of a brake it can be stopped instantaneously. perhaps he will kindly send a description to then see practically, his view being limited to a cone Should the inventor notice this query, vertically down from a balloon on a town, he would by many of us.-DAVID HENDERSON, Strathtay. [53434.]-Bird's-eye View.-If a person looked ours," which I am sure would be gladly welcomed whose apex is 60°, only a ground plan of the buildof the body would be 2,000 foot-pounds; but the of a house, he would have what may be called a [53417.1-Force of Blow.-The kinetic energy perspective view of a street from the second floor ings and streets; but this, though a bird's-eye view, is not that to which "Vita " alludes. If he makes a querist may with advantage study letter 22561.-rules of perspective apply equally to a bird's-eye distance through which such pressure acts. The bird's-eye view of the doorsteps, footways, and t exact pressure exerted would depend upon the WM. JOHN GREY, Gateshead-on-Tyne. 100lb. weight fall 20ft. on to a hard substance, with zontal line, is much higher than usual. I may add He will now readily understand that the [53417.]-Force of Blow.-"F." asks, if a in the former, the eye, and consequently the hori view as to any other. The only difference is that question cannot be answered without further data. "False Perspective," in the ENGLISH MECHANIC of the If the weight and said substance be both indefinitely 4th inst., which may assist "Vita."-EYE-WITNESS. what force will it strike that substance? This that I gave some suggestions under the heading hard, the required force will be indefinitely great. If the compression of the weight and of said sub-be clear, of a light brown colour, and break with stance, added together, be one-nth of 20ft., the force a sharp clean fracture. The colour is not of much will be n times 100lb. Thus, if the two compres- moment, because it depends on the kind of gelasions amount to a quarter of an inch, the force will tinous matter from which the glue is made and a [53435.]-Strongest Glue.-Good glue should be 1001b. x 960, or 42-85 tons, nearly,, If "F." very pale sample may be excellent. The querist supplies the necessary data, "C.L.C.'s" letter on had not seen the "test" given on p. 98, which MECHANIC, will enable him to answer his question appears to answer his purpose.-NUN. DOR. "The Force of Hammers," in current ENGLISH for himself.-DUBLINIENSIS.

roads.

Vol. XXVI.—S. R.
ton" will find this instrument illustrated on p. 4,
[53445.]-Watkin's Range-Finder.-" Glat-

phur by means of CS, distil off your CS, dry, and weigh the sulphur. If "Gasworks" address, I will send him a sketch of the apparatus potatoes, onions, and meat into small pieces and [53418.]-Spent Oxide.-Dissolve out your sulI use, as it would be too large for "ours."-NON-putting them when well seasoned into a kettle (this MATRIC. gives his [53450.]-Sea Pie.-This is made by cutting up that is two layers of crust. handle, but no spout); it is then covered over with is a large oval pot, made of tin, with a cover and filled up with the ingredients, a crust is then placed a thick crust. Sometimes a two-decker is made, done to enable the men to have a good supply of duff, one thickness not being sufficient when there whole covered by a very thick crust; this being over, and this again covered up to the top, and the The kettle is half are a good many men in a mess. either boiled or baked.-ETNA. Sea pies can be

[53396.1-Horology.-For drilling small holes down pinions, I have a hollow centre fitted in the turn. If the hole in the centre is too large, I put screws in each end of the centre with smaller holes through them. I put a drill in the centre and push it through to the work which is at the other end. I turn the work and force the drill. A peg turnscrew, similar to such as are in most boxes of mathematical instruments that are used for regulating the joints of compasses, will enable querist to unscrew the inside boss of mainspring barrel of the Geneva watch. I find a small pair of spring dividers very handy for this purpose. There are two holes in the boss which receive the points of the dividers. Then using a moderate force upon the arbor with the watch key, the boss will unscrew. The arbor, I suppose, obstructs the insertion of the mainspring by the mainspring winder; but this may easily be converted into a help in place of a hindrance. Place the mainspring on the hook of the boss and turn the arbor with the key, ago the nails of the second and third fingers of my keeping the thumb on the spring, and you will right hand got jammed and broken across in a [53421.]-Crushed Finger-nail.-Some years insert it in the barrel quicker and easier than by door, so perhaps my experience may be of use to [53402.1-Putting Pads on Flute Keys.-finger, across the middle. I was directed to put Flute pads are generally fastened on with shellac my fingers immediately into hot water; the water broken across close to the root, that of the third The nail of my second finger was or sealing-wax. If "W. J. I.'s" flute be an was, I think, too hot; it caused great pain, but 8-keyed one, let him first choose a pad to fit the probably prevented swelling, and there was not key, then deposit a little melted sealing-wax much pain after the first few hours. in the bowl of the key, and place on the using the hand, even writing, caused heat and pain pad. If the position of the pad be not alto- in the finger tops, so I took to writing with the gether correct, it is easily altered by heating left hand, which is not difficult after a little However, the back of the key over not use the key until the fastening has a thorough kept a calico or linen rag, wet in cold water, a gas-flame. Do practice, though rather slow to one unused to it. I grip, lest the pad lose its proper position. Great wrapped round each finger top; this protected, care is necessary to put on the pad so that it may while the water soothed and healed. In a day or suit the hole. If "W. J. I.'s" flute be a modern two the nails became dark blue or black. one, with keys to cover all the holes, let him fasten broken parts advanced faster than the new growon the pad with a very little sealing-wax, and when ing nails followed, and at last got loose and came it is thoroughly hardened, put on the screw-plate. off, leaving no nail on my second finger (except a The body of the pads for the modern flute is of felt, very little new growing nail pushing forward from The and as felt is hard to impress when cold, it is neces- the base), while the unbroken half on the third sary to heat the back of the key slightly when in finger pushed forward. The nail roots or nerves

the winder.-A. P. M.

"Sufferer."

vary on board different ships; but practically it may be said to consist of everything savoury placed between decks of dough or duff. Thus, take one [53450.]-Sea Pie.-The recipes for sea pie will fectly clean; put in some slices of fresh beef, of those two-handled, oblong cooking pots, per mutton chops, &c., with onions, potatoes, carrots, Jerusalem artichokes, yams, and so on, with salt without any hatchways; but if you make it a very close fit, put a little water in first. dose until you have nearly filled the pot, making a two, three, or four-decker, according to the size of and pepper, and lay over them a deck of dough the pot, and the number of mouths waiting to go into action. N.B.-This is very good tack for Then repeat the

[53460.]-Gas-Engine.- We have two sets of valves and faces to our engine, and with one of these, although made apparently exactly like other one, we used to have a difficulty in starting, until we tried following plan:-We fill gas-bag, then turn off at meter; then, after setting flywheel to place ready to take in gas, we turn gascock about three parts on, and give wheel a turn or two, when the explosion follows. With gas at meter on at full, we have a difficulty to get an explosion at all-BESSEMER. sometimes. Try this, and turn ignition and cross lights on full.-J. I. 'S.

[53484.]-Pianoforte.-I shall be glad if some of
your readers will endeavour to answer my questions. II should think 90 jets would give a good heat-at any
have a new pianoforte, and the case is (what is called)
sweating." On some parts there is a dulness shown.
On others it seems as if the veneering were cracking;
but with a good rubbing it disappears, and in the course
of a day appears again. It also looks mottled: this also
disappears for a time with rubbing. If I constantly (that
is) rub a little every day, shall I get the master of it, so
that the polish will remain 1-SUBSCRIBER.

for some time to come. Living in a Russian village in the midst of the Steppes, am cut off from all means of obtaining books or information, my only resource is your journal, which is a godsend to inquirer: upon every subject under the sun. The moon is on the Equator on April 22nd, at 7 p.m., and at this hour she is 142, or nearly so, west of Greenwich, or vertical to the Equator nearly over the middle of the Pacific. She is in extreme northern declination on April 28th, at 8 p.m., and vertical over the West India Islands, near Jamaica, at that time. Will "F.R.A.S." tell me if these positions are pretty accurate or not? If they are, then my deductions are right, and one difficulty is overcome.GEORGS.

&c., with amounts of their salaries, is strictly legal, and
if an answer to it is compulsory by law? It seems very
arbitrary.-Aci.

[58510.]-White Lead-Will some practical corre-
spondent kindly say the best means of detecting adultera-
tion in white lead 1-Aci.

[53511.]-Equatorial Mounting.-Will Mr. W. J. Lancaster, or other practical correspondent, be good enough to direct me to what they consider the most simple, and yet efficient, form of equatorial mounting that has been described in back numbers? I have a 3in. achromatic on ordinary Altazimuth stand, with a pillar. I want, if possible, to construct an equatorial. As I have not all the back volumes, an exact reference would oblige; as if in print, I can get them from the office.H..L.

[53496.1-Telegraph Line.-I should be very much
obliged if any of your readers could tell me whether a
telegraph wire can be erected between two houses (for
experiment only) if experienced men are employed to do [53512.]-Cotton Bands for Turning Spindles.
the work! The two houses almost face each other. Must-Would any of your numerous contributors engaged in
a license be obtained from the Postmaster-General? An the textile trades give any information about the cotton
answer would oblige.-TELEGRAPHIST.
bands used for turning spindles, say the best kinds to use
for the various spindles, the best methods of putting
them on, and of treating them, generally, to insure
durability and protect them from atmospheric influences?
Is there a cheap and really useful composition for the
purpose? They form a considerable item of expense in
a spinning mill, and often from varied circumstances
wear very badly. Thus any information would be
widely interesting.-S. L. K.

[53497.)-Fish Scrap.-Which is the most economical method of drying fish scrap, by means of kiln, or some patent apparatus !-if there is a patent apparatus more suitable than a kiln, who is the patentee ?-P. Q.

[53498.]-Measuring Timber.-Will any of your readers give me the rule to find how many superficial feet of lin. plank, there are in a piece of timber, 20ft. long, Sin. by 8in. at one end, and 6in. by 6in. at the other The timber is square, with a gradual taper on the four sides from Sin. to 6in.-E. U.

[53499.]-Orguinette Tune Connections.Can any brother kindly give me an idea how I can connect the ends of linen faced paper tunes for orguinette, so as to disconnect easily when the tune is done with, so as to roll up easily? Gumming completely prevents this. -A.BC.

153500.]-Compound Engine.-I have been trying to find the horse-power of a compound-engine, 8in. and 18in. dia., 18in. stroke, steam 80lb., cut off in small

cylinder of stroke, 70 revs. per min., but I am puzzled
about the back pressure. Speaking about it to an
engineer recently, he said there was no occasion to take
it into account; but I cannot believe this, as there must
evidently be a considerable loss of power, and then what
advantage has the compound.engine over the ordinary
kind! Will a
I any of your readers kindly enlighten me
on the subject? I should also like to know how to
calculate the size of the cylinders to produce a given
power 1-H. HARDY.

[53501.]-Hydraulic.-In a field which I rent, there
is a very swift stream of water which runs at 180ft. per
minute, or nine miles per hour, and discharges itself
horizontally over a precipice or dyke 25ft. wide. I have
a pipe 3in. diameter through which I wish to convey a
portion of this water, at as great a speed as possible, to a
feld on the other side of the precipice. Will any of your
readers kindly tell me what quantity of water will pass
through the pipe per minute, and how to calculate its
velocity-the pipe to be placed horizontally and in a direct
line with the course of the stream. Suppose I laid down a
smaller or larger pipe, what difference would that make
in the amount of friction and the quantity delivered
F. BOBERTS.

[53502.)-Reversing Engine.-I have a vertical engine (same design as a yacht engine) winding in a quarry. It only goes one way (winding up), the cage, &c., going back of its own weight. Through an alteration, the cage will not be required, so I wish to fit a link motion to enable the engine to go backwards by steam, and having a knowledge of engineering and a fitting shop, think I could do it myself, so would be glad if any of your readers would kindly tell me how to find the proper length and centres for the link and levers, &c. ? I do not wish the reversing lever to project beyond the frame of the engine when winding up. The engine is in diameter, 16in. stroke, travel of valve, 24in.-F.

Поката.

[5081-Solution Wanted. What is the area of an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle, whose diameter is 24, the angle included by the equal sides of the triangle being 214-grees 1 Is this a fair question for a boy who has gone through the ordinary course of arithmetic and as far as p. 1 in Nesbit's" Mensuration," where it appears among miscellaneous questions ?-JOHN N. DUFTY. (2504)--Marking Caps and Boots-How can caps and boots be marked with initials or numbers on all metal plates, or otherwise, for identifying the owners in a boarding school? Will some fellow reader a stray cap or boot can at once be ascertained 1-JOHN N. say how this is done in large schools, so that the owner of DOPTY, Tuxford, Notta,

[05]-Transmitter-Suppose I put up a homemade Blake transmitter in a chapel and connect it with a house for the purpose of hearing the sermon, can I in any way be taken up for doing such a thing? It would be connected in the house through an ordinary home

made Hell receiver. Phono.

(Base) True Meridian.- Will any of ours be so kind as to inform me how to find the above-any simple method. I have a dial, din, needle, and I wish to find

ita declination. Poso.

dimensions of goods engine 2309, narrow gauge! Is this
[53518.]-G.W.R.-Can anyone give me the chief
one of their new goods, or has it been rebuilt? Does it
work the traffic between London and Didcot, or between
Didcot and Oxford ? What is the object of the G.W.R.
in running no domes? Has this any advantage or dis-
advantage over domes ?-DELPHOS.

[53514.]-Paeumatic Shutter.-Will some reader
describe the arrangement of a photographic shutter,
which remains open while an indiarubber ball is squeezed,
and shuts directly the ball is released ?-W. CLARK.
Could any one inform me the dates of opposition for
[53515.]-Opposition of Minor Planets.-
Ceres, Juno, Vesta, and Pallas ?-ROLE.

Solid Carbonic Acid.-At a recent meeting of the Berlin Physical Society, Porf. Landolt produced a cylinder of solid carbonic acid he had prepared about an hour before the sitting, and described the mode of its foundation. From a Natterer compressing vessel a stream of liquid carbonic acid was made to penetrate into a conical cloth bag. The bag speedily got filled with a loose snow of carbonic acid, which was then, by means of a stamper, hammered together in a cylindrical vessel into a solid cylinder. Compact carbonic acid cylinders of this kind could be touched gently with the hand, and possessed the hardness of chalk, which, too, they resembled in appearance, and on account of their brittleness did not readily admit of being cut with a knife. The specific gravity of solid hammered carbonic acid was found to be 1.2.

J. E. FEARN and R. T. H. WALKER.-We regret to say
that the problems are too simple. The first has duals,
and there seems to be no reason for the R: the second
lacks point. Try again.

J. H. BLAKE.-Thanks for game with notes.
H. BRISTOW.-The problems are very acceptable.
J. WALLIS BYDE.-You should always send the solution
with a problem. We presume your first move is Q Kt
to K B7. The problem is a little too easy, though not
without constructive merit.

GAME in Mr. Nash's Tourney between Messrs. Rebbeck (White) and Nash (Black).

(Petroff defence.)

IN the lead production of different countries Spain still holds the first place, the amount reaching some 120,000 tons in one year, or one-sixth more than America, which comes next on the list, while Germany follows with 90,000. Of Spain's total production some 67,000 tons are derived from one district, that of Linares, in which more than 800 1. P-K 4, P-K 4/2. Kt K B 3, Kt-K B 8/3. Kt takes mines are registered. Of this large number, how- P, P-Q3/4. Kt-K B 3, Kt takes P/5. P-Q4, P-Q4/6. ever, only a comparatively small proportion are B-Q3, Kt-Q B3/7. Castles, B-K 2/8. P-Q B4, B-K actually worked on a large scale, and there are Kt5/9. B-K 3, Castles/10. Kt-B3, Kt-B3/11. Ptakes only about fifty in which steam power is used. The. Kt Kt 5/12. B-K 2, Q Kt takes QP/18. Kt-K 5, B-K 8/14, B-K B 3 (a), P-B3/15. P-Q R 3, P-K R3/ total number of steam-engines employed is stated 16. Q-Q 2, B-Q 3/17. Kt takes Kt (b), Kt takes Kt/18. to be 130, nearly one-half of the number belonging P-K R 3, B-B2/19. B takes Kt, Q takes B/20. P-KB to English companies; in fact, most of the mining 4, P-B 3/21. Kt-K B 3, P-Q R 4/22. Kt-K R4, P-K K machinery and pumping engines in all the mines / 23. Q-Q 3,R-B2 (c)/ 24. P takes P, RP takes P25. Kt-B 5, R-KR 2/26. R-B 2, K-R 8q (d) 27. R-QB are of English make. (e), B B 5/28. R-QB 5(1), B takes Kt/29. Q-B BQ Q-K 5/30. B takes B, P takes B/31. KR takes P, Q-K 6 (ch)/32. Q-B 2 (best), Q takes Q (ch)/33. E takes (9), B-K 3/34. KR takes P, B-Q4/35. Q-RB 2, BR 5/36. R-Q 2, R-K sq/37. K-R 2, QR-K 5/38. P-K K B-B5/41. Resigns. 3 takes QP/39. R takes R, R takes R / 40. R-K B 2,

NOTES.

(a) Perhaps Q to Q 2 would be better.

(d)

(e)

(ƒ)

How would Q R to Q sq or K 8q be here!
He dare not take the Kt.
This is necessary before B.B 5, on account of

B takes B

P takes B

Q-Kt 3.

He ought to have retired the B.

B takes B Q-B sq R takes P
Btakes Kt P takes B
little better.

would have been a

The People who do not Eat Bread.-The Gartenlaube has an article on those civilised nations a large proportion of whose peasantry eat little or no bread. Baked loaves of bread are unknown in throughout the agricultural districts of Roumania. many parts of South Austria and of Italy and In the villages of the Obersteiermark, not very many miles from Vienna, bread is never seen, the staple food of the people being sterz, a kind of porridge made from ground beech-nuts, which is taken at breakfast with fresh or curdled' milk, at dinner with broth or fried lard, and with milk again for supper. This sterz is also known as heiden, and takes the place of bread not only in the Steiermark, but in Carinthia and in many parts of the Tyrol. In the north of Italy the peasantry live chiefly on polenta, a porridge made of boiled maize. The polenta, however, is not allowed to (9) K takes Q, better. granulate like Scotch porridge, or like the Austrian sterz, but is boiled into a solid pudding, which is Anti-corrosion Paint.-An anti-corrosion cut up and portioned out with a string. It is eaten cold as often as it is hot, and is in every sense the paint for iron is described by the Neueste (A) Ferrous Oxalate Developer-Would Italian peasant's daily bread. The modern Rou-Erfinderung. It states that if 10 per cent. of burnt some correspondent kindly give a forraula for the above? manians are held by many scholars to be descended magnesia-or even baryta or strontia-is mixed I know the method of developing with a mixture of from a Roman colony, in other words to be the cold with ordinary linseed-oil paint, and then enough saturated solution of oxalate of potassium and sulphate cousins of the Italians; and, curiously enough, a mineral oil to envelop the alkaline earth, the free of iron, but I want a developer which can be kept in a variation of the polenta called mamaliga is the acid of the plant will be neutralised, while the iron stock bottle, poured out into a developing diab for use, national dish of Roumania. The mamaliga is like will be protected by the permanent alkaline action and when done with poured back again into the stock the polenta in that it is made of boiled maize, but of the plant. Iron to be buried in damp earth may it is unlike the latter in one important respect, as be painted with a mixture of 100 parts of resin(60000) Income tax. Will your legal correspond. on kindly way, if among the food of Income-tax forms the grains are not allowed to settle into a solid colophony, 25 parts of guttapercha, and 50 parts which have been let loose upon me just now, the one romans, but are kept distinct, after the fashion of oat- of paraffin, to which 20 parts of magnesia and quiring employers to make a return of their managers, meal porridge.

[58] Single Stroke Electric (Mining) Bell Will any of ours be so kind as to give me length and diameter of iron cores for an in. bell 1-also size of wire and amount? Distance through which bell will have to ring will be 600 yards. I'lease also give size of armaLure Уново

some mineral oil have been added.