Bixteen words ..0 6 For every succeeding Eight Words It must be borne in mind that no Displayed advertisements can appear in the "Sixpenny Sale Column." All advertisements must be prepaid; no reduction is made on repeated insertions; and in cases where the amount sent exceeds One Shilling, the publisher would be grateful if a P.0.0. could be sent, and not atamps Stamps, however (preferably halfpenny stamps), may be sent where it is inconvenient to obtain P.0.0's. The address is included as part of the advertisement, and charged for. Advertisements must reach the office by 1 p.m. on Wednesday to insure insertion in the following Friday's number. OUR EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Exchange Notices is 8d. for the first 24 words and 3d. for every succeeding 8 words. Good Value Offered (cash or instruments) for all kinds of sound er repairable Scientific Appliances.-CAPLATZI, Science Depot, Chenies-street, near British Museum. Established 1863. Wanted, deep-well Pump Frame, with multiplying gear, double wrought iron crank, with or without flywheel and handles. Offers.-WALTER C. STUNT, Lorenden, Faversham. Horizontal Slide-Valve Engine, with brass boilers. in bore, 3in stroke. Will exchange for anything useful in drug shop -THOMAS BARKER, 20, Harriett-street, Hey brook, Rochdale, Lanc. Compound Microscope, in mahogany box. Wanted, Edison's Electric Pen.-T. F. Hosne, Canon's Marsh, Bristol. Powerful Intensity Coil, condenser, 7 10in. vacuum tubes, quart bichromate, 2 pint Smee's batteries, rotary machine, excellent Microscope, 6 object-glasses, objects, &c. change for good tricycle or offers.-Letter, Mr. Sixs, 75, Raherestreet, Goswell-road, London. Will ex Binocular Microscope, quarter-plate camera, Liverpool Astronomical Society.-Vol. II. of with two lenses for portraits and landscapes, condensers and the Abstract of Proceedings. with index and illustrations, 74pp Lenses for Biunial Lantern, offered in exchange for a good Tri-stitched. 3s. Transactions, No. 2, including Solar Observations cycle.-M. CUMNER, Heath Mount, Hampstead. for Amateurs by E. W. Maunder, F.R.A.8, Report of the Sections. &c., with index, 1s. Transactions, No. 3, Stellar Photography and the Actinic Magnitudes of 500 Stars, by the Rev. T. E. Espin. BA., &c.. 9d. post free, from the SECRETARY, 66, Great Newtonstreet, Liverpool. Electric Thermometer for fire alarm, by Dale. London Clamping Screws, Platinum Wire, &c.. complete, and cash, for Tourist Telescope.-POFFLEY, King-street, Acton, W. THE SIXPENNY SALE COLUMN. Advertisements are inserted in this column at the rate of 6d. for the first 16 words, and 6d, for every succeeding 8 words. Electrical Depot and Manufactory.-Handiest shop in the trade for amateurs.-MILLAR'S, 126, Chapel-street, Salford. Mackie's Patent wrought-iron Spring Pulley, best in the world.-Sole Manufacturers, J. and J. MACKIE and Co. Reading. Galvanometers.-A first-class tangent galvanometer (very sensitive), post free ls. 2d.-D. HAMMOND, Walworthroad, London, S.E. The Compo-Lithograph (Manufactured by License under Wilson's Patent, The Hektograph, 4,606, Nov. 13th, 1878), is the 'Graph that requires neither washing nor re melting. Full particulars may be had of any stationer, or post free from the COMPO-LITHOGRAPH Co., Skinner-street, Bishopsgate, London, E.C. Soldering Requisites.-The Amateur's Box, Fretwork. - Illustrated Catalogue of Machines, Send four Coins.-Engli-h Silver Coins (good) for disposal.Apply, W. TAYLOR, 37, Green-lane, Small Heath, Birmingham. Iron Planes, used by all cabinet, piano makers, joiners, &c. Established 44 years - SPinas, Ayr, Scotland. Powerful Binocular Field Glass. 20s. free; firstclass pedometer, 10s. 6d. free both 306.-BUNTING, Didsbury. Manchester. Steel Name Stamps, 3d. per letter. Figures (set), 2s. 4d. Letters, 6s. 4d. Post free -E. F. BALDWIN, Robinswoodhill, Gloucester. Sensitised Paper. 6 quarter sheets, 18.; 12 ditto, 18, 9d.-W. ROBINSON, jun., 40, Smithdown-road, Liverpool. Pipe Organ, nearly new, cost £80, for £25. Full particulars, I stamp.-J. H. B., 109, St. George's-road, Bolton. For sale, a very fine 4in. Achromatic Telescope, by Cooke, of York, mounted on a Universal equatorial stand, four eyepieces, solar and star diagonal, sun caps, Neilson's lunar micro meter, &c., heavy framed wooden pillars, with levelling screws. Also a first-rate Marine Chronometer, by Parkinson and Frods ham.-D. 81xxs, Parkmount, Banbridge, Ireland. A large number of Electrical and Galvanic APPARATUS, consisting of an 18-inch plate machine, double action property of a clergyman deceased to be sold to the best bidder.air pump, Leyden jars, batteries, magnets, retorts &c. (late the Particulars on application to the Postmaster, Sudbury, Suffolk. To Amateurs.-A comfortable home in a private moderate.-Apply, F. W., 128, Osborne-road, Forest Gate, E. family and the use of first-class tools and machinery. Terms "Fowne's Inorganic Chemistry," 68. "Manual of Assying for Iron," 4s. 6d. Five parts German Edition Fresenius Quantitative Analysis," Part II. (no more published,. 10s., clean, latest editions. "Faces we Meet, and How to Read Them," 258. Oertling's weights, 50 to 0001 grams, 25s. Six-chambered Platinum Crucible, cost 35s., price 1s. 84. post tree.-G. PICKLES, Dalry, Ayrshire. revolver and 40 cartridges, new, 68. 6d. ; 50 cc. Burette, with Lunt's is the noted House for tools. stopcock, 5s. 6d.-A. WILSON, Scunthorpe, Brigg. stamps, revised reduced illustrated catalogue, 80 pages. Parallel Bench Vioes, steel jaws, grip 31, 91lb., 10s; 4, 18lb, 15s.; 42, 28lb., 218.-LUNT'S. Planes-New London smoothing, finished or ready for fitting.-A. S. LUNT, Tool Maker, 297, Hackney-road, E. Glass Bottles of every description.-Wholesale prices on application to Davay, 51, High-street, Hull. Gas Engines. One h.-p., with governors, £39; jh.-p., £29, 3 man-power, £25; 1 m.-p., £19; Im-p, £16, cash. Quite new, shown working. Six months guarantee from maker. Numerous testimonials from purchasers.-SIMPLEX, Post-office, Constitution-hill, Birmingham. Violins, by Colin-Mezin may be had on approval wide, is per dozen, post free.-Address above. Electro Motor, cost 21s. Will exchange for any. thing useful-A. BUTTERWORTH, 48, Albion-road, Queen's-road, Tricycle, Humber pattern, fitted with ball bearings Dalston. throughout, patent double driving gear, dust shield to hind wheel, Quarter-inch spark Coil, battery, four 3 candle-height rider; best rubber tyres; will go through loin. doorway; adjustable head and handle bars, adjustable saddle; will suit any power lamps, 5 candle-power lamps, 9 or 16 Volts wanted, cash- complete with lamp, gong, valise, oilcan, wrench, &c.; cost £24; B. Ross, Regent House, Sydenham. will sell for £14 cash; can be seen any time, 9 to 7 p.m. Machine quite new and a great bargain.-Apply, BLENCOE, 75, Bishopsgate-street Without. British Shells, one of the most complete collections 48in. Bicycle, roller bearings, front brake, in ex-is cellent condition. Wants good lever watch or small harmonium. -B. WH.TAHEAD, Hope Works, Birstall, near Leeds. Offers for Exciseman's Slide-Rule, Dring and existing.-Mrs. GREEN, 133, Ledbury-road, Bayswater, London. Page's, perfect; also Stokes's Saccharometer, in makogany box. with book, cost 15s.-G. BUTTON, Needham Market, Suffolk. Several old Silver Coins; impressions for stamp. Plamber's 5ft. box rule, & dozen seedling pots, novelty, ljín. high, lin. dia. Offers as above. 7 by 4 portable Camera, by Meagher, rising front, swing back, screw focus, one single and three double backs, carriers for and 5 by 4 plates, in case. Offers-HawORTH, 56, Harrowby-street, Liverpool. Globes, pair of 12in. celestial and terrestrial, brass divided circles, table stands. Any useful exchange accepted -L 16, Addington-street, Ramsgate. Offer wanted for four-horse Slide Valve CYLINDER and 14in. Green Lawn Mower, warranted in perfect order. Back-geared Lathe wanted or offer. A. G. S., 16, Lesbourne-road, Reigate. Telephonic Instruments.-Complete set for two stations. Automatic Switches, Coils, Transmitters. Brass Fittings, in mahogany boxes, with Ebonised Phones. Exchange Jewellery or Piano to value £5.-WILLIAMSON, 61, Derby-street, Bolton. I have a half horse-power Engine, quite new. I will exchange it for good Bellows Camera and Slides.-C. H. HATCH. Alderley Edge. I will exchange a Siemens Armature, wound with wire, and fitted with spindle and commutator, for good Rolling Machine -C. H. HATCH, Alderley Edge. Cyclopædia of Machine and Hand Tools," with in Essa on Strength of Materials, illustrated, unbound: 25 24 parts. Exchange offer.-T. PALMER, Keston, Beckenham, Xent Lathe Wheel, 3-speed, 28in. diam., about 90lb., and -speed Cone for Headstock, each turned for gut; crank and treadle complete, exchange.-SMITE. Woodturner's Foot Lathe, 8 centre, 4ft. 10in. bed, aron wheels and treadle; 13 gallon tank, riveted; exchange. Wasted, Lever Watch-W. SMITs, Bilston-road, Wolverhampton. Exchange iron Boiler, will suit -horse engine, fin. Fables, Ting at 5abe, Also set of Castings, half-horse Vertical, Rear Saissed; for a 50m. Bicycle, in good condition, locktattet spoke preferred, or oders-Roasar, Butter MarketStrat Warmington, Stammering effectually Cured by corrrespond- Metallic Violin Strings.-Acknowledged success. list.-WINDEN and Sons, Birmingham. Piles cured. by using DR. FARQUHARSON's remedy, Bristol. "The Naturalists' World "-" Reple'e with instructive matter."-Leeds Mercury. "A capital little monthly." -Bradford Observer. "The Naturalists' World." Specimen copy free for 24d-Offices Ikley, Yorkshire, London: W. Sw SONNENSCHEIN, and Co. Mesmerism.-Inducing Discs, very powerful, six stamps. Send address for ist -9, Prospect-row, London, N. Inventions Patented under the new Act. Frovisional Protection for nine months, £, inclusive. Personal attendance unnecessary-Address, MANAGER, Inventors' Agency, 280, Strand, London, W.C. Aerated Water Plants. various bargains: taken in part exchange for larger. Particulars tree.-N. G. WIL COCKS, Bath. 5in. by 4in. Plate Camera, sliding body, dark slide, Manchester. and lens. complete, £1 10-M. F. J., in, Hyde-road, Ardwick, Fret Saw Machine, excellent order, lathe attachment. What cash offers ?-Sandal Magna, Hornsey Rise, N spring; sacrifice £15.-10, Pitlake Bridge Croydon. Builder's spring Tip Cart, new, patent axles and cross "English Mechanic," Vols. XXXI., XXXII, XXXIII., XXXIV., XXXV., XXXVI, clean and complete, with indexes, not bound. What offers ?-8. M., 67, Hyle-street Macclesfield. Sandwich Foreign Stamps.-100, Bermuda, Islands, Newfoundland, Chill, Brazil Ceylon, Guiana, Portuguese, 7d.-PHILATELIST, 140, Me.bourne road, Leicester. Lathe, 4 in. back-geared. 4ft. bed, slide-rest, treadle trough-RIGET D. Swita, Fazackerley, Chorley. RIGST D. SMITH Patentees' Models Constructed. Inventors' idess carried out and perfected.-W. J. Box. Motor Castings, materials for Electric Bells, Patented Articles and Machines manufactured. Insulated Wire Table, showing size, weight, resistance per foot, feet per ohm, &c., price 3d-Kise, MENDHAM, and Co., Bristol. Standard Ohm, in box, copper poles, guaranteed correct to ten thousandth of ohm, 21-KING, MYNDHAM, and Co., Bristol. Use Jones's Renovater for Furniture. Virgin Cork, 14s per cwt. First Crystal Oil, id. per gallon by the CASK Pure Methylated Spirit at H. Josie and Co.'s, Viaduct street, London, B. Marion's half-plate Camera, lens, stand, and one Double Dark Side 2 106. Also one Dal'meyer's Carte-de-viple Lens, new this year, a bargam, l-Gassos, 16, Whitefriar Hull Wimshurst Influence Machine.-Sole Manufac-sate. ordinary combined, țin., Is.; din., la 2d, post free-Kise. Lathes, single speed, back-geared and screw-cutting. materials-BELT. Models of Machinery and Mechanical Inventions accurately made to scale or sketch. Estimates free-SKILT. Price List of Lathes &c., 1d. stamp.-W. B SMELT, Engineer and Tool Maker, 7, Goldsmith's-row, Fetterane, E.C. Pottery Lathe, for engine, turning ovals, octagons, &c. nearly new, a bargain-. WaxSFIELD, Bedwarth, Nun ea tom. The English Mechanic detriment to the ordinary use of this hand, times, and the company has presumably AND WORLD OF SCIENCE AND ART. FRIDAY, AUGUST 1, 1884. ON THE PRODUCTION OF "TUNE By F. H. WENHAM. yet it has prohibited me from attempting to escaped from any pecuniary liability. We Fig.1 tion round the circumference, so that the music tongue of the reed. The first effect of the Fig.2 It is small consolation to those who have lost friends, or who have escaped with more or less serious injuries, to know that this disaster has had the effect of making those responsible for railway working review once more some of their practices, and if that review should be followed by some much-needed reforms, even the Penistone accident will not have been altogether unprofitable. It is difficult to ascertain whether fered down to meet the tongue of the reed, The first idea of employing bands of peralso sharp at the edges. At the end of the forated cardboard or paper seems to have groove where each tongue was riveted, a crank axle is thoroughly occurred early in the present century, the setting was cut down slightly below the sound or contains some incipient Haw and subsequently is curiously embodied level of the V-edges, so that a straight which may ultimately be the cause of an in a patent for a loom for figure- tongue would come in line with them. Reeds accident; but the question is whether it is weaving, the patentee stating that the made in this way were much more prompt in so difficult as to be altogether impossible. perforated card arrangement used in the speaking; but some other pursuit prevented We have had recently some notable disJacquard loom for producing an infinite me from finishing the instrument with an coveries by Prof. Hughes, of the induction variety of woven patterns might also, entirely new set of these reeds. balance and the magnetic balance, the latter by similar means, reproduce the figures of The material that I have used for tune-of which he believes is capable of disclosing bars of music; but the means by which this bands has been what is termed continuous the physical condition of any piece of iron is to be applied to musical instruments is so It is used for drawings and maps; the width state. It is safe to assume that nothing has cartridge-paper, to be had in any length. without destroying or changing its existing obscurely explained, that nothing practical is 54in., but will not make up six 9in. been done towards the application of Prof. can be effected from the description. This merely shows that we cannot claim the use which has to be cut off clean; the price of builders or by those who make crank and strips, as the width includes a rough margin Hughes's theory, either by locomotive of perforated paper as a recent invention. However perfectly music may be performed this paper is sixpence per yard. This, with propeller shafts for steam vessels; but until automatically by means of perforated bands, the last waster, makes the paper for the the magnetic balance has been brought into it must be expected that many accomplished music somewhat expensive; some of my requisition and found wanting, it must musicians will set their faces against it, on pieces have cost half a crown. Nor is the not be considered "'impossible " to the plea that it will be detrimental to material quite suitable; it is too highly detect incipient flaws in iron and musical education, and that students instead bleached, and consequently rather fragile steel. The advocates of single outside of taking years of practice to acquire and easily bruised. A thick kind of continu- cylinder engines will use the Penistone perhaps only an average degree of skill as ous whitey-brown paper is specially manu- disaster as an argument in favour of the musicians, will at once take the shorter road factured for music bands at a low price by type they prefer, and certainly if there were and become compositors on paper. I do not Messrs. Spalding and Hodge, Drury-lane, no means of preventing such results as folquite agree with this, for in order to be able nicely cut into exact widths ready for use. lowed the breaking of the crank axle in this to set out high-class music on paper bands It is tough and enduring, but as at present case, it would be time to consider the proa thorough knowledge of the rudiments is the demand is small, it is not kept in stock, priety of abandoning inside cylinders. It necessary, and a degree of precision in the but must be made in quantity to order. It may be put as a matter of opinion-but arrangement of time and position in both costs less than one-fourth of what I have many will consider it a fact-that although treble and bass, that even musicians some-been paying for the cartridge-paper. Having the primary cause of the accident was the times neglect to realise in actual the in rolls, I will describe in our next breaking of the crank, the results were due formance. The precise art of setting out the instruments for setting off the notes of mainly to the want of sufficient brake power, inusic might very well go hand in hand with the music. or as some would say to the absence of any brake at all at the moment the connections were broken. The engine kept to the road or the road-bed in consequence of its weight probably, and it seems evident that if the couplings had not snapped the coaches would at least have remained in some sort of line with the engine, even if it is assumed per its acquirement, and the skilled performer will always command an admiration which the mere paper one can never have. I am no performer myself, though partial to paper (To be continued.) THE PENISTONE ACCIDENT. music. In early youth, a cut in the back of THE coroner's jury has returned a verdict the left hand severed some of the muscles. of accidental death in connection with Though this accident has never been any the most serious railway accident of modern VOL. XXXIX.-NO. 1,010. MARKS'S LINE DIVIDER. treated are dissolved and held in suspension in N the is illustrated an in-the impregnating liquor, so that the pores of the wood or other fibre become opened for the recep tion of the protective substances carried by the liquor. MARK'S PATENT STANLEY LONDON Z 4 By the gradual cooling down of the bath and its contents, the material becomes very perfectly and rapidly saturated with the chemicals, owing to the fact that by the slow boiling the air is also in great part expelled from the pores of the material, so that, on cooling, the preservative fluid becomes forced into them by the atmospheric pressure. The above process is of practical value on account of the absence of all apparatus in carrying it out beyond the above-mentioned boiling vessel, thus rendering it of a very inexpensive nature, and also on account of the absence of all poisonous ingredients, Day of Month. that the latter had disturbed a portion was of half-mile radius, and it was proved PRESERVING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES. PROCESS preserving wood followed the breaking of the axle. In spite A ing textile and other fabrics rendron dens ASTRONOMICAL NOTES FOR Souths. h. m. s. p.m. 9 1 42-37 0 3 58-00 16 0 21 0 31 0 10 3 41 11 54 23 10 0 50.67 10 22 410 11 31 10 20 33-44 0 1.43 10 40 18 8 24 38 10 40 16-20 The Method of finding the Sidereal Time at Local Mean Noon at any other station will be found on p. 358 of Vol. XXXVIII. Solar activity still continues, and spots, isolated and in groups, appear frequently upon the Sun's disc. The Moon of the curve it may, therefore, be said that been recently patented in this country by J. A. an efficient automatic brake would have at Koch, of Galveston, Texas, and W. Herre, of least mitigated the disaster if it would not Berlin. The invention relates to the treatment have altogether prevented fatal injuries. of wood and textile fabrics with substances that Crank axles are not likly to be discarded on and against the action of fire, and will also prewill protect them against atmospheric influences account of this accident, any more than the practice of coupling wheels will be action of sea or other water. For this purpose, serve them from decay when exposed to the abolished because occasionally the snap- the material to be treated is first placed in a ping of the rod throws a train off vessel containing water at atmospheric temperathe metals; but besides the brake question, ture, which is then heated gradually to from 176° which does not need much argument to to 248° Fahr., either by direct fire-heat or by steam, arrive at an answer, there is another which whereupon the preservative substances are in- Is an Evening Star during the whole month, deserves some attention, and that is the troduced. To a quantity of about 50 gallons of attaining his greatest elongation east (27° 16') at 5 p.m. on the 23rd. Unfortunately, he is strength of the coupling on the horse-box boiling water are added about 2001b. of the preand the utility of the so-called safety-servative substance, consisting of from 50 to 90 travelling down towards the Equator, but still, chains. It would be important to learn, if parts of sulphate of iron, from 2 to 20 parts of he may quite possibly be picked up immediately we could, whether the coupling hook common salt or rock salt, and from 8 to 30 parts after sunset just on the western horizon about snapped with a direct pull, or by a side of common alum, either solid or in solution. In this time. His angular diameter increases from place of common salt clarified lime water may 5-5" on the 1st to 8" by the 31st. strain; but it is certain that it was not be used in equal proportion. The materials are strong enough for the work it was called treated with this boiling liquor for a further upon to perform; and, remembering that a period of from 6 to 10 hours for wood, and from good many couplings have been broken 1 to 2 hours for textile fabrics, after which the since the introduction of the inefficient con- bath, with the materials in it, is allowed to cool tinuous brakes which several companies down gradually. It is of importance that the still persist in using, it becomes a point for materials to be treated should be introduced in a serious inquiry whether the couplings now cold condition, and that the temperature should employed are of sufficient strength for the be gradually raised to from 176 to 248° Fahr. work they may be called upon to perform. Altogether this Penistone disaster is a severe criticism on railway engineering and railway management-the latter term referring to those who have the authority to say what shall and what shall not be adopted in the way of safety appliances. Venus. + Near approach. Is a Morning Star throughout August, and is at her greatest brilliancy on the 17th. About this time she is distinctly visible to the naked eye at the time of her passage over the meridian. Her angular diameter diminishes from 47.8" on August 1st to 30 6" on the 31st. She now 'presents a lovely crescent in the telescope. Souths. m. 16 24.5 10 Dark 294 253 various types, so fully, that I think it would be impossible to suggest any special piece of work to which those general principles of construction would not apply, I propose devoting a last page to the indication of the mental training which should proceed coincidently with the practical work of the shop. Now I am not going to frighten my ambitious fellow workmen, who are desirous of becoming first-class craftsmen, by marshalling before them a long array of studies. Book knowledge is not indeed really necessary, for I have known excellent workmen, who were comparatively illiterate men; but then they were incapable of ever becoming anything more than mere men at the bench. But the time has gone by, I think, when the majority of young men were content to labour without an aspiration beyond journeyman's wage and the coming Saturday night. And now, as ever, though one may not rise above the ranks, he is appreciated the more if he has learned the fundamental reasons of things, and so can proceed intelligently at his tasks. lent of that more advanced knowledge which I have striven to embody therein. I have therefore assumed that those who would read these papers were already in possession of a certain amount of elementary instruction in workshop practice. Hence I have written for the apprentice who has But no man knows how soon he may be thrown learned the first lessons of his craft, for the young upon his own resources for rough and ready workman whose experience has been limited, and design. There is many a comfortable shop where opportunities few, for the draughtsman who a pattern maker or two are kept for repairs, and finds himself sadly crippled in designing where there is no draughtsman or designer-no new work without a knowledge of pattern-one who can render him the least assistance. making and moulding, for the amateur who Yet if a man proves himself competent to cope has learned how to handle the tools, and has with emergencies as they arise, and can do a job a smattering of engineering construction, and quickly and substantially without extraneous also, I trust, for those workmen-a large class-assistance, he generally has employment so long 7.3 a.m. who, in these days of extreme specialisation have as he cares to keep it. So, too, in many pattern been accustomed to one kind of work only, with- shops a working foreman only is kept, and the out enjoying the opportunity of learning aught men have much more scope for the exercise of of any other. There are many men who, having their talents than in those larger establishments been trained in a shop where special work only where draughtsmen and foremen arrange everyis done, really cannot readily turn their hands to thing for them. In general shops again, the any class of work besides. In that groove they get workman will often have new and strange jobs along very well; at all else they prove incom- given him to do, unlike any that have been done and the praise a fitter once bestowed upon a prepared by a study of the principles bearing petent. This evil increases year by year, in the shop before, for which he should be fellow workman, to the effect that he was "a first-thereon. In repair and jobbing shops also, class slide-valve hand" bears testimony to the workmen, as well as foremen, are sometimes sent of the consumer indeed, but to the corresponding work, and proposed alterations. For these, manner in which work is cut up, to the advantage out to receive instructions relative to break-down intellectual disadvantage of the workman. and many more reasons, the pattern-maker's craft is not so easy of mastery as many others are, and it should be his aim to prepare himself for bench work, and for duties which, as foreman, he contingencies that may arise in the routine of will be called upon to perform every day. 48.6 33.7 21.9 9 13.1 64 9 1.8 The comparatively short arc indicated by the above ephemeris lies wholly in that void and uninteresting region in the southern part of the constellation Gemini. The night sky is, as far as the planets are concerned, a perfect blank during August. MARS is invisible. JUPITER comes into conjunction with the Sun at 7 p.m. on the 7th. SATURN is lost in the glare of his rays. URANUS has disappeared, and NEPTUNE, in quadrature with the Sun at 9 p.m. on the 15th, will not reappear for the observer's purpose for another two months. Take such a place as Woolwich Arsenal, for example. There, though one cannot help admirperfecting the numerous and valuable time-saving ing the ingenuity displayed in designing and machines in use throughout the factory, there is a mournful feeling that the workmen, unless It is of no use to think of becoming a good their intellectual character be developed in some pattern-maker without becoming also, to some way or another outside and independently of their extent, a good engineer. An ill-informed daily labour, must degenerate in time into mere man hesitates how to proceed with a new machines also. Think of the mental loss suffered job, or whether to proceed with it at all withby the man who has to cut the dovetails in the out calling in some extraneous assistance, simply ends of the cartridge boxes all the year round, because he does not know the elementary and who does not even cut them by hand, but principle on which his work is based. A knowledge merely presents those ends to the automatic of the elements of geometry or mensuration would machine, which takes them out. Or that often enable him to mark out and cut away his stuff mental ennui endured by the hand who glues at once, instead of working slowly and doubtfully these dovetailed corners together perpetually in the dark. A clear knowledge of the uses to Greenwich Mean Time of Southing of -pile after pile, hundreds of boxes in suc- which his work is to be put, will enable him to Ten of the Principal Fixed Stars on cession-from whose sense of responsibility bestow greater care on parts where the greater the Night of August 1st, 1884. even the risk of making a bad joint is accuracy is desired, and to bestow less labour on eliminated by the use of a parallel screw the unimportant portions, and a knowledge of the clamp of metal. This mental loss is one factor mechanical laws, on which his trade is based, will in the heavy price we have to pay for our give him a vast increase of interest in the details industrial superiority; hence the greater need for of the workshop. How delightful to the worker the cultivation of those technical, scientific, and who has also become a student, to see, for the literary aids and recreations which are now first time in books, those things with which he happily within the reach of every one. has been familiar in the workshop, without This is somewhat of a digression, but it illus-knowing the why and the wherefore, to see them trates in rather an extreme manner the injury which our modern subdivision of labour does to the workman by robbing him of a useful range of experience-injury, not only because it renders unnecessary the continual exercise of his faculties, but also by making him incapable of accepting any other situation, save one involving precisely the same routine of automatic labour as that to which he has been accustomed. Now, in the case of the pattern maker, this danger does not exist to anything approaching the like degree, because even in a shop where but one class of work is done, whether it be locomotive or marine engines, cranes, pumps, or anything else, there is much variation in the different patterns for the different parts. But still there are very few shops indeed in the kingdom where the range of work done is so extensive as that which these articles now concluded, have embraced. Consequently, there Draconis Vega Aquila Altair a* Capricorni 11 1 22-57 .. 11 27 48.11 a Cygni a Cephei 11 53 35-48 B Aquarii * Pegasi explained and illustrated, and to learn that the principles of his dull craft are founded on laws as immutable as those which guide the planets. Running through an enumeration of the studies by which he should qualify himself for his trade, first in the list of his requirements comes the statical portion of mechanics. Here he should well understand the Parallelogram of Forces, with its modifications, of the triangle and polygon; the principle of the lever, and the methods of calculating leverages, since these have their applications in screws, gearing, belting, girder calculations, weighbridges, and so on. He should also be conversant with the fundamental properties of fluids as bearing on liquid pressure, and the flow and efflux of water, also of atmospheric pressure as affecting the construction of pumps and of steam-engines. Heat, also, as bearing on the expansion and contraction of metals, the warming Twill have observed that I have not written are numbers of pattern makers and draughtsmen of buildings, the economy of the steam engine, them in order to teach lads how to manipulate their who have never had a practical knowledge of so and its equivalent in mechanical work should be tools and timber. Such instruction could only many classes of work. And now, having thus far studied. Mensuration of superficies and of solids have been imparted at the sacrifice of an equiva-treated of the general principles involved in those is also a necessary acquirement, as are likewise the commoner problems in plain geometry. And now that electrical engineering is coming to the front, he should understand the principles of dynamical and statical electricity and their application in the construction of the dynamo. All these will be studied best in the elementary and advanced classes held in all important provincial towns in connection with the South Kensington Department-supplemented, of course, by home reading. A knowledge of drawing is one of the chief equirements of the pattern-maker. And by this Ido not mean merely a skill in making drawings from copies. A mere tracer can do this in a few months' practice, without possessing any know ledge of what his drawing represents. But by drawing I mean the principles of projection as applied to geometric figures, in plans, elevations, sections at various angles, and so forth. Mere copying of the so-called mechanical drawings, provided in the Schools of Art, is of little or no value; but the student who has thoroughly mastered the principles of projection will never experience any serious difficulty, either in making or understanding an intricate drawing. The leisure of a few months devoted to this subject will be of invaluable service ever afterwards. Most of the drawing which the pattern maker has to do is done to full size upon a chalked board, and therefore minute proportion and finish are neither looked for nor are they necessary. But he will not the less be able to see through an intricate small-scaled general or detailed drawing rapidly and accurately, since he is thoroughly conversant with the principles by which its various views are projected. The scientific knowledge of the studious this, information of a more technical character worker has to be put to practical use, and for must be acquired. Knowing, for instance, how to calculate the strains due to the leverages in a certain piece of work, we also require to know something about the strength of the materials which enter into engineering construction-iron, gun-metal, copper, oak, red deal, pitch pine, &c., and how to combine these with our arithmetic in the shape of multipliers, coefficients, &c., for tensile, compressive, and shearing strains. A knowledge of how to read the simpler algebraic formula-that is, the meaning of signs, brackets, associations of quantities, &c., is necessary, though algebra and trigonometry themselves are not essential in the pattern shop. Common arithmetic will enable the workman to perform all his calculations, and by common arithmetic I mean the elementary rules, together with proportion, decimals, and evolution of the square and cube roots. Lastly, there is that experience which, in the course of time, almost bears the semblance of intuition-that experience which comes of close and long-continued observation, and is invaluable to its possessor. Such intuition is far superior to mere book learning-infinitely better than an exhaustive study of all the textbooks without it. Yet when the two are harmoniously combined, the result is a full and ready workman who keeps his job through slack as through busy times, because he has rendered himself so invaluable to his employers that they are loth to let him go. Such it should be the aim of every workman to become, and even though he may not perhaps rise above the rank and file, he can never receive that contempt which is awarded freely to the indolent and incompetent. of patterns whose types and dimensions are My task is done. From beginning to end, mine CLARK'S NEW INSULATING turning the slot in the thimble by the pin. When used for chucking it has the advantage of the feed rod for operating, or the tail stock spindle can be applied against the tool post. This tool post can DEVICE for transmitting motion from one A pulley to another, so that the driving pulley, LAIRD'S MOTION TRANSMITTER. moving at a uniform speed, will operate the driven pulley at a variable speed without stopping the Mr. Laird, of East Calais, Vermont, U.S.A. It is motion of the driver, has been recently patented by applicable to all kinds of machines which must run at a certain or different speeds without regard to the speed of the motor. It can be easily applied to saw mills as they are now built (says the Scientific American), and the advantages it possesses when so used will be apparent. The saw arbor, l, feed treatment of materials to be used for insuOME improvements in the manufacture and lating electrical wires have been recently patented by Mr. J. L. Clark, of Westminster, and, as the compound may be useful for other purposes, the following notes may be found of interest. The principal ingredient is the material known in commerce as "oxidised oil," and that kind is preferred which has been prepared by mixing linseed oil, castor oil, or other vegetable oils with a mixture of bi-sulphide of carbon and chloride of sulphur, the combination producing a spongy elastic compound well suited for the purpose. Sometimes, however, the patentee prefers to mix with the oxidised oil an equal proportion of another description of oil, which is also commer- be readily applied to an ordinary lathe, and is cially known as oxidised oil, but which is pre-highly recommended for brass work and the pared by oxidising the oil by the action of the duplication of parts and pieces. It is made by atmosphere without the use of the before-men- John Birkenhead, Mansfield, Mass.-American tioned chemicals. The oxidised oil is mixed with Machinist. asphalt, pitch, or bitumen, and with a small quantity of hydrocarbon oil or hydrocarbon spirit, benzine, or naphtha, to assist the mixture of the such as paraffin oil, paraffin spirit, kerosine, ingredients. The compound thus produced may be employed for covering or insulating telegraph wires in the usual way. Sometimes the compound is mixed with indiarubber or guttapercha, adding also, when preferred, a proportion of black wax (which is a waste material obtained in the purification of crude paraffin), ozokerite, or earth wax, paraffin wax, rosin, pitch, and the like, to cheapen the mixture, which may be further cheapened by adding earthy or mineral powders such as Kaolin or French chalk. In preparing the oxidised oil by the chemical process a portion of paraffin oil or other hydrocarbon oil or spirit may be mixed with the vegetable oil before subjecting it to the action of the chemicals. After the before-mentioned materials have been thoroughly mixed and incorporated, the compound may be then put upon the wire to be covered, and this may be effected by the ordinary wirecovering machine, such as is used for covering wires with guttapercha, and if during this process the materials be kept at a high temperature they will become partially vulcanised, especially if the nozzle of the machine in which the covering dies are placed be specially superheated. The wire so covered may then be passed along the water trough to be cooled, in the same manner as is now practised in covering wire with guttapercha. The proportions of about one part by weight of oxidised oil to about from one to one and a half parts by weight of asphalte or one or more of the above named materials will give good results. BIRKENHEAD'S ROTARY TOOL POST. B A belt, n, gig belt, m, feed arbors, a and b, and the pinion, o, are arranged like those in the machines I have ever loved the trade of my choice." I prefer it to any other with which I am acquainted, now built; but in place of the friction pulleys now in use, the parts, A, B, C, L, i, and k, are suband I like it mainly becaause of the variety of THIS tool post is a rotary or turret head applied stituted. These, in connection with the lever, P. Tto the carriage block, and is especially de- the upright handle of which is not shown, cause employment which it affords-embracing as it does, the whole range of the engineer's know- signed for use where more than one tool is required the shaft. a, to revolve in either direction, thereby ledge, designing, moulding, fitting, and the to be used on work before removing it from the moving the saw carriage forward or backward as centres or chuck. The head is secured to the tool- desired. The carrier, L, extends through the frame, application of many branches of science. It would not do for us all to think alike; but I bolt is covered by a sleeve nut, by turning which belt, C, to the right or left, increasing or decreasing post block by means of a square-headed bolt. This so that the operator may with his foot move the should not like to be making table tops all my the lower disc, which does not revolve, is made fast. the speed of the carriage as the log is carried up to life, nor framing chests of drawers together year The tools are made with round shanks to fit the the saw. The belt, C, is of somewhat greater after year, nor French polishing till my hair holes in turret, and are clamped by means of three length than is necessary to encircle the largest porturned gray. I love the trade because the con- bolts which draw the two discs together. Theretion of the pulley, B. and is of such a thickness tinual change of work requires a constant exercise are six holes for tools, but when only three of them that it is firmly gripped by the pulleys at its passage of the mental faculties at once pleasing and are used the projection of the tool takes up no between them. healthful, and invests subjects apparently dry extra room, longitudinally, since when one tool is with an ever-new interest. My pattern making in use the other two will stand in a direction is also of very high antiquity, since some Neolithic towards the operator. The tool in use, when the fellow-craftsman must have modelled the pattern position of the turret head is governed by the stop, of the metal mould, with its gate and runner and be desirable to change the angle the stop can be is held at right angles with the work, but should it dowels, from which the first bronze user made withdrawn and the sleeve nut used to hold the tool his first hatchet or chisel of metal. And it can in the position desired. The stop is wedge-shaped never be superseded, since no machine can ever to compensate for wear, and when drawn out can, take the place of intelligence in the construction if required, be held in that position by simply ATTITUDES AFTER DEATH. By C. E. BROWN-SEQUARD.* A MONG the phenomena sometimes noticed at peculiar interest, and which, up to recent times, has the hour of death there is one that offers a From La Nature. |