ever heard in this country, the only justice ever thought of, is-Let him pay ten, twenty, thirty, purses-Give him five hundred strokes of the bastinado-Cut off his head. One act of injustice renders it necessary to commit a still greater. If one of these petty tyrants plunders a peasant, he is absolutely obliged to plunder his neighbour also; for, to escape the hypocritical integrity of the Pacha, he must procure by a second crime, sufficient to purchase impunity for the first.

It may perhaps be imagined that the Pacha, when he visits his government, corrects these evils and avenges the wrongs of the people. So far from this, however, the Pacha is himself the greatest scourge of the inhabitants of Jerusalem. His coming is dreaded like that of a hostile chief. The shops are shut up; the people conceal themselves in cel lars; they feign to be at the point of death on their mats, or withdraw to the mountains.

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The truth of these facts I am able to attest, since I happened to be at Jerusalem at the time of the Pacha's visit. Abdallah is sordidly avaricious, like almost all the Musselmans in the capacity of commander of the caravan of Mecca, and under the pretext of raising money for the better protection of the pilgrims, he thinks he has a right to multiply his extortions; and he is always devising new ways of fleecing the people. One of the methods which he most frequently employs is, to fix a very low maximum for all kinds of provisions. The people are delighted, but the dealers shut up their shops. A scarcity commences; the Pacha enters into a secret negociation with the shop-keepers, and, for a certain number of purses, grants them permission to sell at any price they please. These men are of course desirous to recover the sums which they have given the Pacha: they

raise the price of necessaries to an extraordinary height, and the people, dying a second time for want, are obliged to part with their last rag to keep themselves from starving

I have seen this same Abdallah practise a still more ingenious vexation. I have observed that he sent his cavalry to pillage the Arabian farmers beyond the Jordan. These poor people, who had paid the miri, and who knew that they were not at war, were surprised in the midst of their tents and of their flocks. They were robbed of two thousand two hundred sheep and goats, ninety-four calves, a thousand asses, and six mares of the purest blood; the camels alone escaped, having fol lowed a shiek who called them at a distance. These faithful children of the desert carried their milk to their masters in the mountains, as if they had known that these masters were bereft of every other species of nourishment.

An European could scarcely guess what the Pacha did with his booty. He put more than twice as high a price upon an animal as it was worth, rating each goat and sheep at twenty piastres, and each calf at eighty. The beasts, thus appraised, were sent to the butchers and different persons in Jerusalem, and to the chiefs of the neighbouring villages, who were obliged to take them and pay for them at the Pacha's price, upon pain of death.

must confess that, had I not been an-eye-witness of this double iniquity, I should have thought it absolutely incredible. As to the asses and horses, they became the property of the soldiers; for, according to a singular convention between these robbers, all the beasts with a cloven hoof taken in such expeditions belong to the Pacha, and all the other animals fall to the share of the troops.

Having

vernment, as if wishing to set in a stronger light the shame of this infraction of laws, ever sacred to a military man, immediately restored all the officers of his staff to liberty, and desired them to convey back to their general his servants, his effects, and his horses. In 1804 he was nominated commander in chief of all the forces stationed in the

the end of February, 1806, judgment had not yet been passed on him.

Biographical Sketch of the Count d'Artois.

(From the same.)

HARLES PHILIP (Count d'Ar

when he presented a new plan of discipline for the Austrian troops, which the archduke Charles adopted. In the month of September he obtained the command of the Bavarian army, but on the approach of the French troops he withdrew beyond the Danube, and shut himself up in the city of Ulm, with a numerous force. Then the emperor Napoleon crossed the river, and after making a shew of a design to penetrate into Bavaria, he on a sudden returned to Ulm, cut off the left wing of the Austrian army, seized Memmingen, which general Spangen surrendered without resistance, and came with a superior force to give battle to General Mack, who continued shut up in Ulm, while the archduke Ferdinand, after having vainly endeavoured to bring him to act courageously, was retreating into Bohemia, through Franconia, with a considerable body of cavalry. Mack then, closely pressed by the French army, after two or three attacks on the advanced guard, accepted the most ignominious capitulation recorded in military annals. His troops, to the number of 40,000 men, were made prisoners, and he and his staff alone had permission to retire on their parole to Austria; but no sooner was he arrived, than he was seized and confined in the fortress of. Therisenstadt, from which he was removed only to appear before a court-martial.

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XVI., born at Versailles the 9th of October 1757, married the 16th of November 1773, to Maria Theresa of Savoy, by whom he had two sons. This prince was, in his youth, devoted to every kind of pleasure, renowned for his amiable qualities, his gallantries, and his profusion, and was considered a patron of letters; he was, in particular, very kind to the Abbe Delille, who has celebrated him in various passages of his poems. At the beginning of the revolution, he declared against its principles, and was one of the most zealous defenders of the royal prerogatives. At the time of the assembly of notables, he declared in favour of M. de Calonne; and when the parliament was banished for having refused to register the edict concerning stamps and the land-tax, he, and Monsieur, his brother, were charged with having it registered. When he had reached the barrier of La Conference, the public discontent manifested itself in a manner so alarming for his person, that his guards made a movement as if to put themselves on the defensive. When he quitted the court of aids, his train was again assailed by new clamours. A line of troops, disposed on the Pont Neuf, closed the passage to the multitude, and facilitated the continuation of his way. The Count d'Artois was among the number of the princes of the blood who presented a memorial to the

distinguished reception from tire Emperor. At Pilnitz, he had an interview with the King of Prussia and the Emperor Leopold, and there the foundation of the first coalition against France was laid. The Count d'Artois hastened to communicate to Louis XVI., and even to declare loudly the resolution of these two monarchs; at which the court of Vienna expressed its dissatisfaction, and, from that time, it adopted a system of indecision with regard to the emigrants: it protected them secretly, and feared to engage itself too openly, for which reason it refused the Count d'Artois permission to establish a recruiting depot in the low countries. During this time, a decree of accusation against all the emigrant princes was demanded of the national assembly; and a legislative act was passed, importing, that all those who did not return by the 1st of January 1792, should be declared enemies of the nation. After the acceptation of the constitution of 1791, Louis XVI. invited the Count d'Artois to return to him, but in vain. This prince, who had then just reached Coblentz, where he had joined his brother, Monsieur, was preparing for war; he answered the letter of Louis XVI. by giving reasons for his refusal, and published a very violent proclamation against the assembly. On the 1st of January 1792, a decree of accusation was passed against hit by the first legislature, to whom a denunciation was made of the continuation of the payment of his appointment as colonel of the Swiss, and of the delivery of discharges signed by him to the soldiers of that nation. On the 19th of May following, another decree suppressed his constitutional appointment of a million, as brother to the king, and declared his creditors at liberty to seize the revenues of his apanuge.

king on the dangers to which the monarchy was exposed by the revolution which was then fermenting, and announcing itself in the pretensions of the tiers-etat. At the time of the convocation of the states-general, he, by order of the king, refused the place of deputy of the seneschalate of Tartas: the order of the noblesse caused their regret at his refusal to be testified to him. Witen the news of the events of the 14th of July reached Versailles, he appeared with the king in the assembly; but the alteration of his looks, and the disorder of his countenance, by revealing the sentiments which agitated him, afforded new subject for the accusations of which he was the object. At last, the Duke de Liancourt having informed him that the Parisians had set a price on his head, he withdrew himself during the night from the fury of his enemies, and first gave the signal for emigration by going to Turin, with his family, to the king of Sardinia, his father-inlaw. The Parisians laid aside the green cockade which they had assumed in the first days of the insurrection, as soon as they perceived that this colour was that of the Count d'Artois' livery. The national assembly received unfavourably the list of his debts, which Anson presented, classed among the public expences; the next year, M. Neeker denied having given him money. In 1790, the Count d'Artois had an interview at Mantua with the Em- peror Leopold; in 1791 he went to Worms, with Marshal Broglio and the Prince de Conde, which occasioned the enigration of a great number of officers. He remained for some time near Bonn, went to Brussels, where he was welcomed by the Archduchess Maria Christina, and afterwards set out for Vienna, where he met with the most

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