66

a Justice of the Peace) being free to run up | of Ardea, lived to the age of eighty-eight fines and costs to such an extent in a cause in which he was himself a party. This, it appears, was only a sample of several documents of the same nature. Tenants were forbidden to build houses for their labourers; the consequence is that men and women servants, no matter how great the number, must live under one roof. Did this take place in any other country, the injury to morality would be dreadful, and even here grave consequences have arisen, that cannot be too much deplored." The rules of the estate, of which this is one, were stringently carried out. Thus a marriage took place between the children of tenants, and the bridegroom and bride came to live at the house of the former's father. A mandate was sent to this tenant when the fact became known, directing him to turn them out. The young married pair sought shelter in the bride's father's home; the mandate followed them. They had to go to America, where the young man died. But this was not all. "The two fathers-inlaw were not merely warned, they were punished for harbouring their son and daughter, by a fine of a gale of rent." It was a rule of the estate that there should be no hospitality, "that no stranger is to be lodged or harboured in any house upon the estate, lest he become sick or idle, or in some way chargeable upon the poor-rates of the town-land. I have the names of several tenants who were warned and punished in a similar way for giving lodgings to a brother-in-law, a daughter, a stranger,"

etc.

An

No weakness for the ties of blood, or feelings of affection, or kindness to others, was to be tolerated. Hospitality was barred out. Marriages could not take place without permission from the agent. This was another rule of the estate. "A poor widow whose cabin I entered had the temerity to get her daughter married without the necessary permission from the office.' ejectment notice was the immediate consequence, withdrawn only on the payment of three gales of rent, raised by a sacrifice of the little produce at her disposal." The Times Commissioner was charged by an Irish landlord with slander, when he stated that in a midland county an ecclesiastical dispensation for a clandestine marriage was given because of the ban of "the office." Apparently some landlords know little how the estates of their neighbours are managed.

A number of cases similar to that quoted, and of a yet more serious character, are given in this Cork publication. Take the following :—" An old man, Peter Shea,

years as a tenant on the estate. He was one of those persons whom philosophers would call benefactors to mankind, for he made many a blade of grass grow where none ever grew before. In his young days he entered upon a barren waste, built a house with two out-houses, subsoiled a great part of the land, erected a thousand perches of double fence, and made such other improvements as his skill enabled him on that patch of mountain. During his lifetime he did well, but he lived too long. For at the advanced age I have mentioned he violated the matrimonial regulations by allowing his son to marry a widow possessed of some means. The obnoxious couple were satisfied to emigrate to America, and did in fact go, like the rest of the expatriated, at the expense of the estate. But the poor old man of eightyeight, with his wife, eighty years of age, was ejected from his little holding." Another case of a peculiar nature follows. A tenant, Timothy Sullivan, of Derry nabrack, occasionally gave lodging to his sister-inlaw, whilst her husband was seeking for work. He was afraid to lodge both or either; "but the poor woman was in low fever, and approaching her confinement. Even under such circumstances his terror was so great that he removed her to a temporary shed on Jeremiah Sullivan's land, where she gave birth to a child. She remained there for some time. When the officer' heard of it, Jeremiah Sullivan was sent for and compelled to pay a gale of rent (as fine), and to throw down the shed. Thus driven out, and with every tenant on the estate afraid to afford her refuge, the miserable woman went about two miles up the mountain, and, sick as she was, and so situated, took shelter in a dry cavern, in which she lived for several days. But her presence even there was a crime, and a mulct of another gale of rent was levied off Jeremiah Sullivan. Thus, within three weeks he was compelled to pay two gales of £3, 2s. 6d. each. It was declared also that the mountain being the joint property of Jeremiah Sullivan, Timothy Sullivan, and Thady Sullivan, Timothy Sullivan was a participator in the crime, and should be fined a gale of rent. The third, it appears, escaped." Such a case as this would ap pear utterly improbable were it not that an instance came before the law courts, in which a servile adherence to the rule of the estate resulted in manslaughter. S. G. 0. narrated the case in the Times, at the period of its occurrence, in 1851. Abridged, it runs thus :- An order had gone forth on the

66

ever,

estate (a common order in Ireland) that no | gives corroborative instances. "Uncertain tenant is to admit any lodger into his house. rents," which Sir John Davis denounced, This was a general order. It appears, how- were never better exemplified than here. that sometimes special orders are giv- Tenants would be under the impression that en; and one was promulgated that Denis they held their farms at a stipulated rent, Shea should not be harboured. This boy the same as they had been paying, and had no father living. He had lived with a would prepare for the next payment under grandmother, who had been turned out of that belief. But that would turn out to be her holding for harbouring him. He had a mistake. Notice of an increase of rent stolen a shilling, a hen, done such things as would be given a few days previous to renta neglected twelve-year-old famishing child day, and the tenants informed that they will do. One night he came to his aunt were to pay this increased rent, not merely Donoghue, who lodged with Casey. The for the time to come, but for the time latter told the aunt and uncle not to allow elapsed since last pay-day. Fines were him into the house, as the agent's drivers always inflicted for unpunctuality; yet the had given orders about him. The aunt beat exact increase was not always known behim away with a pitchfork, the uncle tied forehand. "The notice was exceedingly his hands with cord behind his back. The simple." The local "driver" told such of poor child crawls to the door of a neigh- the tenants as he saw that they had better bour, and tries to get in. The uncle is bring a good deal of money, as he thought called to take him away, and he does so. it likely there would be a rise in the rent. He yet returns with hands still tied behind, Those who heard the intimation told their having been severely beaten. The child neighbours; and accordingly-knowing the seeks refuge in other cabins; but all were penalties-most of them were prepared. forbidden to shelter him. He is brought Some from a remote district had not a back by some neighbours in the night, who sufficient amount with them. They were try to force the sinking child in upon his obliged to return with the balance next day, relation. There is a struggle at the door. although they had a journey of sixteen The child was heard asking some one to put miles to make between their houses and the him upright. In the morning there is blood office. The sca-weed and sand of the strand upon the threshold. The child is stiff dead are used for manure. The former agent a corpse, with its arms tied; around it allowed the tenants to take them at a valuaevery mark of a last fearful struggle for tion; under Mr. Trench they were given to shelter-food-the common rights of hu- the highest bidder. Other proprietors, manity. The rule of the estate was plead- whose estates were bounded by longer lines ed on behalf of the Donoghues; and the of strand, left it free to their tenantry. judge in sentencing them characterized it in severe terms. But seven years after, it is found in existence still; and at the present moment it possibly yet stands between the Irish peasant and the promptings of his higher nature. It is unnecessary to do more than indicate the usual complaints of rent being raised on the tenant who made improvements in land or house. The rule against labourers' houses told against progress also.

On the western estate, that of Cahirciveen, there was some difference in the rules. If a son or daughter married, the father was obliged to retire with an allowance of "a cow's grass "9 or grazing for his support. Only the newly married person will be left on the land, or any portion of it, even though the farm should contain 100 acres, or even though there should be two farms. This arbitrary regulation operates injurious ly in point of morality, and keeps the land uncultivated. The people have to go to Nedeen, a distance of some forty or fifty miles, to get leave to marry." So wrote the parish clergymen; and Mr. Crosbie

66

case will

66

On the Drummond estates certain circumstances occurred in connection with the granting of leases, which teach us why leases are not in every instance very welcome. The narration of one suffice to show the nature of the stumblingblock: My farm," said a tenant, is between fourteen and fifteen acres, and my rent is £14 a year. I gave Mr. Quill, the agent, three pounds to pay for my lease, and he gave me back two shillings. I then went to Mrs. Quill, his wife, and I gave her three pounds for pin-money. She told me that was not enough; that I should give two pounds more. The six pounds I had borrowed, so I had to sell my cow to raise the other two pounds, and I gave it to the lady." Thus a sum equivalent to a halfyear's rent went in costs and pin-money. There was considerable stir made on this occasion, and the "pin-money" was returned by the agent, who declared himself unaware of its exaction. However, it was asserted by his friends that it was a general custom throughout the country for the agent's wife to receive a present of pin-money on the

tenant's obtaining a lease. Both Mr. Trench | 9. Geschichte Roms. Von Carl Peter. Vol.

and Mr. Quill were magistrates. During the past few weeks a Wexford newspaper, The People, has published a series of letters dealing with the management of Lord Ely's Wexford estate, and adducing a number of cases illustrative of the irresponsible power of the agent, the insecurity of the tenure, and the uncertainty of the rents.

Thus it appears that the complaints in every province are essentially identical, although the details of the cases present characteristic differences. Opinions may vary as to points of policy suggested by the popular writers, and as to the gravity or bearing of particular statements; but it is clear that a thorough understanding of the Irish question cannot be obtained without a knowledge of the existence of this literature, and a careful study of it. To co-operate with others perfectly, it is necessary to enter into their minds, recognise their feelings, and perceive the direction of their thoughts. The case of "improving" landlords has been so frequently and so favourably put forward, that many have been disposed to accept it as an exact and complete statement, and to wonder that such labours have not succeeded in pacifying Ireland. The work of the really good landlords is less heard of. Enjoying popularity at home, they have not needed to seek sympathy elsewhere.

ART. VIII.-CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE.

1. Chrestomatie Egyptienne. Par M. le Vicomte de Rouge. Abrégé grammatical. Deuxième fascicule. (Paris: Imprimerie Impériale.)

2. Traduction comparée des Hymnes au Soleil composant le XV chapitre du Rituel Funéraire Egyptien. Par Eugène Lefébure. (Paris: Franck.)

Par

3. Hymne au Nil publié et traduit d'après les
Deux Textes du Musée Britannique.
G. Maspero. (Paris: Franck.)
4. Assyrian Dictionary; intended to further
the Study of the Cuneiform Inscriptions of
Assyria and Babylonia. By Edwin Norris.
Part I. (London: Williams and Norgate.)
5. The Origin and History of Irish Names of
Places. By P. W. Joyce, A.M., M.R.I.A.
(Dublin: M'Glashan and Gill.)

6. Sokrates. Ein Versuch über ihn nach den
Quellen. Von Dr. E. Alberti. (Göttingen:
Dieterich.)

7. Le Poëme de Lucrèce: Morale, Religion, Science. Par G. Martha. (Paris: Hachette.) 8. Saint Paul. Par Ernest Renan, Membre de l'Institut. (Paris: Michel Levy frères.)

III. Part 2. (Halle: Waisenhaus.) 10. Liber Diurnus ou Recueil des Formules usitées par la Chancellerie Pontificale du Vau XI' Siècle, publié d'après le Manuscrit des Archives du Vatican avec les Notes et Dissertations du P. Garnier et le Commen taire inédit de Baluze. Par Eugène de Rozière, Inspecteur-Général des Archives. (Paris: Durand et Pedone-Lauriel.) 11. Die Politik der Päpste von Gregor I. bis Gregor VII. Dargestellt von Rudolf Baxmann. (Elberfeld: Friderichs.)

12. Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Edited by A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs. (Oxford: Clarendon Press.)

13.

Officium et Miracula Sancti Willigisi.

Nach einer Handschrift des XII. Jahrhunderts
herausgegeben von W. Guerrier, Prof. der
Geschichte an der Universität Moskau.
(Moscow: Deubner.)

14. Anno II. der Heilige, Erzbischof von Köln,
1056-1075. Von Dr. Theodor Lindner,
Docent der Geschichte an der Universität zu
Breslau. (Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot.)
15. Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum. Edidit
Philippus Jaffé. Tomus Quintus, Monumenta
Bambergensia. (Berlin: Weidmann.)
16. Matthæi Parisiensis Historia Anglorum.
Vols. I. II. III. Edited by Sir F. Madden.
(London: Longman and Co.)

17. Annales Monastici. Vols. IV. V. Edited by
H. R. Luard, M.A. (London: Longman and
Co.)

18. The History of the Life and Times of Edward III. By William Longman. (London: Longmans and Co.)

19. Chronica Monasterii de Melsá. Vol. III.
Edited by E. A. Bond. (London: Long-
man and Co.)

20. Etude sur les rapports de l'Amérique et de
l'ancien continent avant Christophe Colomb.
Par Paul Gaffarel. (Paris: Thorin.)
21. Les Dépêches de Giovanni Michiel, Ambassa-
deur de Venise en Angleterre, pendant les
années de 1554 à 1557. Déchiffrées et pu-
bliées, d'après les documents conservés aux
Archives Nationales de Venise. Par Paul
Friedmann. (Venise: Imprimerie du Com-
merce.)

22. The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon.
By James Spedding. Vols. III. and IV.
(London: Longman and Co.)

1602-1615.

23. Les Mariages Espagnols.
Par F. P. Perrens. (Paris: Didier.)
24. The Life of Fra Paolo Sarpi. By Arabel-
la Georgina Campbell. From Original Mss.
(London: Molini and Green.)

25. Zur Deutschen Geschichte vom Religions-
frieden bis zum dreissigjährigen Krieg. Von
L. von Ranke. (Leipzig: Duncker und
Humblot.)

26. Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, 1617-1623 a Chapter of English History. By Samuel Rawson Gardiner. (London: Hurst and Blackett.)

27. Adrian ran Ostade. Sein Leben und seine Kunst. Von Theodor Gaedertz. (Lübeck: Rohden.)

28. Memoirs and Correspondence of Bishop | 54. Italian Sculptors: being a History of Atterbury. By Folkestone Williams. (Lon

1. THE second part of M. de Rougé's Chrestomathie Egyptienne treats of the substantive, the adjective, and the pronoun, and ends with a valuable summary of the elements of metrology and the notation of time. In completeness and accuracy, in severity of method and soberness of speculation, M. de Rougé is surpassed by no philologist. And, considering the very recent growth of a branch of philology cultivated by men differing in so many respects as the Egyptologists of France, England, Germany, and other countries, the slow and often tentative process by which alone true results can be obtained, and the fresh and important discoveries which are made from time to time, it is in the highest degree satisfactory to think that in the present book there is probably not a single grammatical form described about which scholars can be said to differ practically. There may be, as among classical scholars, a speculative difference of opinion with regard to the origin and history of this or that particular form; but when the form is found in a text there are not two ways of translating it. A different theory, for instance, is perhaps preferable to that of M. de Rougé about the forms ; but both theories

lead to exactly the same result when an Egyptian text has to be rendered into a modern language.

One of the principal points upon which M. de Rouge's view is open to objection concerns the feminine termination. His doubts as to the phonetic nature of this ending seem hardly necessary. The loss of the ending in Coptic appears to be the result of phonetic decay and there are traces of both the masculine and feminine in the final C, to which M. de

Rougé gives another origin. IIUT

chaibet,

The pronominal form■ peten, seems to be not only plural but feminine. The only known instance which appears to

view is

oppose this

www

www.

www www

wand

are

It seems probable that They are identical in meaning; but the former two completely distinct pronominal forms. is an inseparable affix at the end of a word, whereas the latter is separable, and may come identifies them absolutely. He says that the either before or after a verb. M. de Rongé former "peut remplacer seul un substantif et servir de sujet à un verbe." Are there any examples of this? The examples given by M. de Rougé are only available for the latter. The ideographic is surely identical with in the sense of countenance. The ana

O Y

t'et, may be recognised under logy of the Hebrew b will most exactly ex-
plain the pronominal use of the Egyptian
The Greek transcriptions of royal names are in
general so very unlike the Egyptian spelling
that it is quite illusory to appeal to such evi-
dence on a question like the present. There
does not seem to be any reason why those who
made Mendes out of Ba neb Tattu should not
also have made Mencheres out of Men cheft Rd,
especially if it is remembered that a sound like
cheft would be sure to lose its last two letters
on being Hellenized. As important evidence
upon the nature of the group in question, re-
ference may be made to those innumerable
monuments on which the royal effigy is sur-
mounted by the explanation

ww

www

(in the inscription of Una), which M. de Rougé translates ces soldats. This translation is no doubt sufficient for the sense of the passage; but the word for a body of soldiers may have been feminine. Collective nouns in Egyptian, as in Hebrew, are feminine. In Hebrew the idea of collectives is expressed by the feminine ending. From, a fish, we have, piscium genus. It would appear that in the oldest Egyptian

A E
Awwww

The

identification of this group, in the "base period," with the notion of name may have arisen from a confusion between and the half of a royal ring or cartouche, which was used ideographically for name.

As regards the transcription of Egyptian

+-715. In like manner, a dis- signs or groups, there are but one or two other

points upon which M. de Rougé's view is ques