according to the taste of the architect. The illustration is from the western end of the

Parthenon at Athens, pre

senting a portion of the Panatheiac frieze, It is one of the fine specimens of Grecian art of the Elgin collection in the British Museum. (Fig. 1407.) FRIEZE OF THE CAPITAL. The same as the HYPOTRACHE

FRONT. (Lat. Frons.) Any side or face of a building, but more commonly used to denote the entrance side.

FRONTAL. The cloth hung in front of the altar, also called antependium.

FRONTISPIECE. (Lat. Frons and Inspicio.) The face or fore-front of a house, but the term is more usually applied to the decorated entrance of a building. FRONTON. The French term for a pediment.

FROSTED. A species of rustic-work, imitative of ice, formed by irregular drops of water. FROWEY TIMBER. Such as works freely to the plane without tearing, whose grain therefore is in the same direction.

FRUSTUM. (Lat.) In geometry, the part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the top, or it is the part of any solid, as a cone, a pyramid, &c., between two planes, which may be either parallel or inclined to each other.

FULCRUM. (Lat.) In mechanics, the fixed point about which a lever moves.

FUNNEL (Lat. Infundibulum.) That part of a chimney contained between the fire-place and the summit of the shaft. See CHIMNEY.

FURNITURE. (Fr. Fournir, to furnish.) The visible brass work of locks, knobs to doors, window-shutters, and the like.

FURRING. (Fr. Fourrer, to thrust in.) The fixing of thin scantlings or laths upon the edges of any number of timbers in a range, when such timbers are out of the surface they were intended to form, either from their gravity, or in consequence of an original deficiency of the timbers in their depth. Thus the timbers of a floor, though level at first, oftentimes require to be furred; the same operation is frequently necessary in the reparation of old roofs, and the same work is required sometimes in new as well as old floors.

FURRINGS OF FIRRINGS. The pieces of timber so used.

FUSAROLE. (It.) A member whose section is that of a semicircle carved into beads. It is generally placed under the echinus, or quarter round of columns in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.

FUST. (Fr. Fût.) An old term for the shaft of a column or trunk of a pilaster. It is also a term used in Devonshire, and, perhaps, in some other counties, to signify the ridge of a house.

G

GABLE. (Brit. Gavel.) The vertical triangular piece of wall at the end of a roof, from the level of the eaves to the summit

GABLET. A small gable, or gable-shaped decoration, as introduced on buttresses, &c.
GAGE. See GAUGE.

GAIN. In carpentry, the bevelled shoulder of a binding joist, for the purpose of giving additional resistance to the tenon below.

GALILEE. A porch usually built near the west end of abbey churches. The galilees of Durham and Ely are found in the situation here described. The last mentioned is still used as the principal entrance to the church. The porch, south-west of the great transept, at Lincoln Cathedral is also sometimes called a galilee. The word has been frequently used, but improperly, to designate the nave of a church. Many conjectures

GLOSSARY.

have been made on the origin of this term, but the most commonly received opinion,
founded on a passage in the writings of St. Gervase of Canterbury, is, that when
a female applied to see a monk, she was directed to the porch of the church, and
answered in the words of Scripture, "He goeth before you into Galilee, there shall
you see him."

GALLERY. (Fr. allée couverte.) The name given to one of the structures called Celtic
and Megalithic, and formed of upright stones covered with flat ones.
GALLERY. (Fr. Galerie.) An apartment of a house, for different purposes. A common
passage to several rooms in any upper story is called a gallery. A long room for the
reception of pictures is called a picture gallery. A platform on piers, or projecting
from the wall of a church and open in front to the central space is also called a gallery.
The Whispering Gallery at St. Paul's is another example of the various uses of the
word. The whole or a portion of the uppermost story of a theatre is likewise called a
gallery.

GALLET. See GARRETING.

GAOL. A prison, or place of legal confinement.

GARDEN SHEDS. Erections for containing garden implements, flower-pots, hot-bed frames,
and glass sashes, &c.; also for working in during bad weather. They are best placed
on the back wall of the greenhouse, and thus hold the furnaces, fuel, and other articles.
GARGOUILLE, or GURGOYLE. The carved representations of men, monsters, &c., on the
exterior of a church, and especially at the angles of the tower, serving as waterspouts,
being connected with the gutters for the discharge of the water from the roof.
GARLANDS. (Fr.) Ornaments of flowers, fruit, and leaves anciently used at the gates of
temples where feasts or solemn rejoicings were held.

GARNETS, CROSS A species of hinge used in the most common works, formed in the
shape of the letter T turned thus, the vertical part being fastened to the style or jamb
of the doorcase, and the horizontal part to the door or shutter.

GARRET. The upper story of a house taken either partially or wholly from the space within the roof. It is also an epithet applied to rotten wood.

GARRETING, or GALLETING. Inserting small splinters or chips of stone or flint, called gallets, in the mortar joints of rubble work, after the walls are built.

GATE. (Sax. Lear). A large door, generally framed of wood. The width of gates
should be from eight and a half to nine feet, and the height from five to eight feet. The
materials of gates should be well seasoned previous to use, otherwise they will be soon
injured by the sun and wind. The parts should be also very correctly put together.
For durability, oak is the best; but some of the lighter woods, as deal, willow, and
alder, are, on account of their lightness, occasionally used. These, however, are more
for field-bar gates than close gates.

GATEWAY. A passage or opening formed through an enclosure wall or fence. It is also
given to a building placed at the entrance of a property, and through which access is
obtained, and guarded by a gate, or formerly by a portcullis drawbridge.
GATHERING OF THE WINGS. See CHIMNEY.

GAUGE, OF GAGE. In carpentry or joinery, an instrument for drawing one or more lines
on any side of a piece of stuff parallel to one of the arrisses of that side. Of this tool
there are four sorts; the common gauge and the flooring gauge (which are both applied
to the drawing of a line parallel to an arris), the internal gauge, and the mortise and
tenon gauge.

This term is also used to signify the length of a slate or tile below the lap; also the measure to which any substance is confined.

GAUGED ARCH. One having the bricks or stones formed radiating to a centre. The bricks
have to be cut, and, in very good work, they are also rubbed, to get a fine joint.
GAUGED STUFF. In plasterer's work, stuff composed of three parts of lime putty and one
part of plaster of Paris, to set quicker. In bricklayer's work, it is the same proportion
of mortar and Roman or Portland cement, used for filletings and in setting chimney-
pots.

GAVEL. The same as GABLE.

GEMMELS. A mediæval term for hinges. See GIMBALS.
GENERATING CURVE. See EVOLUTE.

GENERATING LINE or PLANE. In Geometry, a line or plane which moves according to a
given law, either round one of its extremities as a fixed point or axis, or parallel to
itself, in order to generate a plane figure, or solid, formed by the space it has gone

over.

GENESIS. (Gr.) In geometry, the formation of a line, plane, or solid, by the motion of a point, line, or plane. See GENERATING LINE.

GEOMETRIC PROPORTION. A building designed by geometrical figures, as the square, the triangle, &c.

GEOMETRICAL. That which has a relation to geometry.

GEOMETRICAL DECORATED. The period of medieval architecture in which the tracery and other ornamentation consisted entirely of distinct geometrical forms, and in which the principle of verticality and unity by a subordination of parts was fully developed. GEOMETRICAL STAIRCASE. That in which the flight of stone stairs is supported by the wall at only one end of the steps.

GEOMETRY. (Gr. гn, the earth, and Merpw, I measure.) That science which treats of the objects of figured space. Its etymology implies the object of measuring land. The invention of the science has been referred to a very remote period: by some, to the Babylonians and Chaldeans; by others to the Egyptians, who are said to have used it for determining the boundaries of their several lands after the inundations of the Nile. Cassiodorus says that the Egyptians either derived the art from the Babylonians, or invented it after it was known to them. It is supposed that Thales, who died 548 B.C., and Pythagoras of Samos, who flourished about 520 B.C., introduced it from Egypt into Greece. Whatever the origin, however, of the term, the occasions on which it is necessary to compare things with one another in respect of their forms and magnitudes are so numerous in every stage of society, that a geometry more or less perfect must have existed from the first periods of civilisation.

GEOMETRY, DESCRIPTIVE. The art of representing a definite body upon two planes at right angles with each other, by lines falling perpendicularly to the planes from all the points of concourse of every two contiguous sides of the body, and from all points of its contour, and, vice versâ, from a given representation to ascertain the parts of the original objects.

GEOMETRY, PRACTICAL. The method of working problems in geometry.

GHAUT. A Hindoo term for a landing place, steps on the banks of a river, a pass between mountains, and the mountains themselves, especially the eastern and western ranges, which cut off from the upper or table land the narrow strips of low coast that intervene between them and the sea.

GIBLEA CHEQUE, GIBLET CHEEK OF CHECK. A term used by Scotch masons to denote the cutting away of the right angle formed by the front and returns of the aperture of a stone door-case, in the form of a rebate or reveal, so as to make the outer side of the door or closure flush with the face of the wall.

GILDING. The practice of laying gold leaf on any surface.

GIMBALS, GIMBOLS, or GIMBLES. (Lat. Gemellus.) A piece of mechanism consisting of two brass hoops or rings which move within one another, each perpendicularly to its plane, about two axes at right angles to each other. A body suspended in this manner, having a free motion in two directions at right angles, assumes a constantly vertical position. See GEMMELS.

GIMLET, or perhaps more properly GIMBLET. (Fr. Guimbelet.) A piece of steel of a semi-cylindrical form, hollow on one side, having a cross handle at one end and a worm or screw at the other. Its use is to bore a hole in a piece of wood. The screw draws the instrument into the wood when turned by the handle, and the excavated part, forming a sharp angle with the exterior, cuts the fibres across, and contains the core of the wood cut out. It is used for boring holes larger than is effected by the bradawl. GIRDER. (Sax. Lyndan, to enclose.) The principal beam in a floor, for supporting the binding or other joists, whereby the bearing or length is lessened. Perhaps so called because the ends of the joists are enclosed by it. An iron or timber girder carries a wall or assists to carry a floor. See BRESSUMER.

GIRDLE. A circular band or fillet surrounding a part of a column.

GIRT. The length of the circumference of an object, whether rectilinear or curvilinear, on its horizontal section. In timber measuring, according to some, it is taken at one-fourth of the circumference of the tree, and is so taken for the side of a square equal in area to the section of the tree cut through, where the perimeter is taken in order to obtain the girt. GLASS. (Germ.) A transparent, impermeable, and brittle substance, of which there are different sorts used in building. The "Times" paper of February 6th, and others in May, 1875, stated that a Frenchman had discovered that glass heated to redness, and then cooled or annealed in oil, greatly increased its toughness, while its transparency remained the same. Thus a plate of glass supported at the ends would resist a weight falling two feet, but when treated as above it would resist the same weight falling six or eight feet. See CROWN GLASS, SHEET GLASS, PLATE GLASS.

GLASS PAINTING. A decoration frequently used in buildings. It is the method of painting on glass in such a manner as to produce the effect of the drawing, which has to be prepared by an artist for it. A French painter of Marseilles is said to have been the first who instructed the Italians in this art, during the pontificate of Julius II. It was, however, practised to a considerable extent by Lucas of Leyden and Albert Durer. See STAINED GLASS and POT METAL.

GLAZIER, An artisan whose employment is that of fitting and fixing glass.

GLUE. (from the Lat. Gluten.) A tenacious viscid matter made of the skins and hoofs of animals, for cementing two bodies together. Glue is bought in cakes, and is better the older the skin of the animal from which it is made. That which swells without dissolving when steeped in water is the best. To prepare glue it should be broken into small fragments and then steeped in water about twelve hours. It should be then heated in a leaden or copper vessel till the whole is dissolved, stirring it frequently with a stick. After this it is put into a wooden vessel and remains for use. Good glue for external work is made by grinding as much white lead with linseed oil as will just make the liquid of a whitish colour, and strong but not thick. Marine glue is a very strong liquid matter, the material often giving way before the joint.

GLYPH. (Gr. Fλupw, I carve.) A sunken channel, the term being usually employed in reference to a vertical one. From their number, those in the frieze of the Doric order are called triglyphs.

GLYPTOTHECA. (Gr. гλupw, and ŋên, deposit.) A building or room for the preservation of works of sculpture. See CYZICENUS.

GNEISS. A species of granite which, from excess of mica, is generally of a lamellar or slaty texture. It is a term used by the miners of Germany.

GNOMON. (Gr. Tvwuwv.) An instrument for measuring shadows, and thereby determining the sun's height. In dialling, it is the style of the dial, and its shadow marks the hour. It is placed so that its straight edge is parallel to the axis of the earth's rotation. In geometry, a gnomon is that part of a parallelogram which remains when one of the parallelograms about its diagonal is removed; or the portion of the parallelogram composed of the two complements and one of the parallelograms about the diagonal. The term is found in Euclid, but is now rarely used.

GOBBETS. Blocks of stone; and also squared blocks of stone.

GOCCIOLATOIO. (It.) The same as CORONA.

GODOWN. The Bengalese term for a warehouse or cellar.

GODROON, OF GADROON. An ornamented moulding, consisting of beadings or cablings. GOLA, or GULA. (It.) The same as CYMA.

GONIOMETER. (Gr. Tavia, an angle, and Merpw, I measure.) An instrument for measuring solid angles.

GOPURA. The Indian name for a gate-tower in the wall enclosing the space of ground in which are the cell and porch forming a temple in the south of Hindostan. In elevation it is pyramidal like a pagoda; but instead of being square like the temple in plan, the gopura is merely a pylon, sometimes 130 feet wide by 100 feet deep, pierced in the middle of the longer sides by a gateway which occupies a seventh or even a fourth of the width of the tower. The pile is covered by a crested roof, resembling a boat with the keel uppermost. Among the finest examples are those at Seringam, at Combaconum, and at Chillambaram, dating about 990-1004.

GORGE. The same as CAVETTO. The gorgerin is a diminutive of the term.
GORGONEIA. (Gr.) Key-stones carved with Gorgons' heads.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. The name given about the end of the seventeenth century to the
Pointed architecture of the mediaval period, and now called MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE.
GOUFING FOUNDATIONS. A Scotch term, signifying a mode of securing unsound walls by
driving wedges or pins under their footings.

GOUGE. A chisel whose section is of a semicircular form.

GRADETTI. (It.) The same as ANNULETS.

GRÆCOSTASIS. A hall or portico adjoining the Roman comitia, in which foreign ambassadors waited before entering the senate, and also whilst waiting the answer that was to be given to them.

GRAIN. The line of direction in which some materials can be split transversely.

GRAINING. The imitation of the grains or texture of certain ornamental woods, by means of paint worked over by a comb and other implements required to represent the various sorts. It is also called "combing."

GRANARY. (Lat. Granum.) A building for storing corn, especially that intended to be kept for a considerable time. Vitruvius calls those buildings intended for the preservation of grain granaria, those for hay fœnilia, and those for straw farraria. The term horreum was used by the Romans for denoting buildings not only for the preservation of corn, but for various other effects.

GRAND. A term used in the fine arts, generally to express that quality by which the highest degree of majesty and dignity is imparted to a work of art. Its source is, in form, freed from ordinary and common bounds, and to be properly appreciated requires an investigation of the different qualities by which great and extraordinary objects produce impressions on the mind.

GRANGE. A farm-yard or farmery, consisting of a farm-house and a court of offices for the different animals and implements used in farming, as also of barns, feeding houses, poultry houses, &c.

GRANITE. This word is apparently a corruption of the Latin word geranites, used by Pliny to denote a particular species of stone. Tournefort, in the account of his Voyage to the Levant in 1699, is the first of modern writers who uses the name. The constituent parts of true granite are concretions of felspar, quartz, and mica, intimately joined together, but without any basis or ground. They are variable in quantity. Granites vary in colour, as the white, red, pink, blue, &c. See GNEISS. GRASS TABLE. See EARTH TABLE.

GRATICULATION. The division of a design or draught into squares, for the purpose of reducing it to smaller dimensions.

GRAVEL. A term applied to a well-known material of small stones, varying in size from a pea to a walnut, or something larger. It is often intermixed with other substances, as sand, clay, loam, flints, pebbles, iron ore, &c. It is used for roads and for concrete. GRAVE-STONE. A flat stone placed over the grave of a deceased person, on which the name, dates, &c., are engraved.

GRAVITY. See SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. The refined works of the ancient Greeks, as exhibited in the buildings at Athens and numerous other cities of Greece, Asia Minor, Sicily, &c. The chief principle of construction was the entablature and columns.

GRECO-ROMAN STYLE. The style of architecture adopted by many architects in England at the end of the last century, in which the severity of the ancient Greek style is modified by the richness and elaborate details of that of the Roman, together with the introduction of features such as the arch, adapted to the requirements of the style and of the present era.

GREE, GREES, GRESE, OF GRYSE. An old word, signifying a step, steps, or degrees.
GREEK CROSS. See CROSS, fig. 1387.

The

GREEK MASONRY. The manner of bonding walls among the Grecians. See MASONRY. GREENHOUSE. A building for sheltering in pots plants which are too tender to endure the open air the greater part of the year. It is constructed with a roof and one or more sides of glass, and being erected for luxury should not be far away from the dwelling-house, so that the greatest enjoyment may be had from it. At the same time it should, if possible, be near the flower garden, as being of similar character in use. length and breadth can only be determined by the wealth and objects of the proprietor. The best aspects are south and south-east, but any aspect may, in case of necessity, be taken, if the roof be entirely of glass, and plenty of artificial heat be supplied. In those greenhouses, however, which face the north, the tender plants do not in winter succeed so well, and a greater quantity of artificial heat must then be supplied, and the plants should, in such case, be chiefly evergreens, and others that come into flower in the summer season, and grow and flower but little during the winter. The plants in greenhouses are kept in pots or boxes on stages or shelves, so as to be near and follow the slope of the roof, and thus made more susceptible of the action of the sun's rays immediately on passing through the glass.

An orangery, from being constructed with a ceiled roof, differs from a greenhouse; it is, moreover, chiefly devoted to plants producing their shoots and flowers in the summer season, and in the open air; the use of the orangery being merely to preserve them during the winter. The structure is more properly called a conservatory, though this term is now applied to buildings with glass roofs, wherein the plants are not kept in pots, but planted in the free soil, and wherein some are so reared as to grow and flower in the winter months.

GREY STOCKS. Bricks of the third quality of the best or malm bricks.

GRINDING. The act of taking off the redundant parts of a body, and forming it to its destined surface.

GRINDSTONE. A cylindrical stone, mounted on a spindle through its axis, with a winchhandle for turning it, to grind edge-tools.

GRIT STONE. One of various degrees of hardness; mostly of a grey, sometimes of a yellowish colour. It is composed of a siliceous and micaceous sand, closely compacted by an argillaceous cement. It gives some sparks with steel, is indissoluble, or nearly so, in acids, and vitrifiable in a strong fire. It is used for millstones more than for building. GROIN. (Sax. Lɲopen, to grow.) The line formed by the intersection of two arches, which cross each other at any angle. See CROSS VAULTING.

GROINED CEILING. One formed by three or more curved surfaces, so that every two may form a groin, all the groins terminating at one extremity in a common point. GROINED VAULTING. A vault which is formed by groins springing from various points and intersecting. The varieties are described in Book II. Chap. 1, p. 386; and Chap. 3, p. 590.

GROOVE. (Sax. Ľɲafan, to dig.) A sunken rectangular channel. It is usually employed to connect two pieces of wood together, the piece not grooved having on its edge a projection or tongue, whose section corresponds to and fits the groove.