that are done in heaven: notwithstanding, this much we know even of faints in heaven, that they pray. Hooker. He hath a tear for pity, and a hand Yet notwithstanding, being incens'd, he's flint; (2.) NOVAGLIA, OLD, or ZASCHA, a valley in the ifle of Pago. NOVAIA, a town of Ruffia, in Tobolsk. (1.) NOVALESE, a town of France, in the dep. of Mont Blanc, (ci-devant Savoy,) 6 miles WNW. of Chambery. (2.) NOVALESE, a town of France, in the dep. of the Doria, late principality of Piedmont and marquifate of Sufa, feated on the Doria, 5 miles N. of Sufa. NOVALLE, a small, rich, and populous town between Padua and Trevifo; 10 miles S. of Trevigio. Lon. 12. 5. E. Lat. 45. 35. N. NOVALLERA. See NOVELLARA, NOVANIUM, an ancient municipal town of Dalmatia, built by the Romans, in the territory now called IMOSCHI. (1.) NOVARA, an ancient and ftrong city of Italy, capital of the ci-devant NOVARESE, now annexed to the French empire, and included in the depart. of the Sefia. Some fay, that this city was built by the Trojans, and called NovA ARA, i. e. the New Altar, because they had erected there a temple to Venus. Tacitus mentions its being made a municipal city by the Romans; and there are many infcriptions extant, which prove its ancient fplendor. It is now a fmall but well-built town, fituated on a little eminence, in a fine country, betwixt two rivers, very well fortified. It is remarkable for the feveral fieges fuf. tained in paft times, and for being the birth-place of Peter Lombard. (See LOMBARD). It was taken by the French republicans under Ġen. Victor, on the 6th Dec. 1798, previous to the erection of the short-lived PIEDMONTESE REPUBLIC. After the overthrow of that democracy, it was again taken by the French under Gen. Murat, on the 30th May, 1800. It has a cathedral and 17 churches, and had 18 convents before. It lies 8 miles NE. of Vercelli, and 23 WSW. of Milau. Lon. 8. 35. E. Lat. 45. 25. N. (2.) NOVARA, or a ci-devant prov. of Italy; The NOVARESE, formerly included in the duchy of Milan, and ftill placed by Dr Brookes, J. Walker, the Rev. C. Cruttwell, and, moft nodern geographers, in that duchy; which is a miftake, as previous to the late revolutions in Italy, it was long held, with its capital, (N° 1.) as an imperial fief, by the king of Sardinia, and confti. tuted part of his dominions in the Piedmontefe. It is now included in the French empire, and dep. of the Sefia. NOUART, a town of France, in the dep. of the Ardennes; 9 miles NNE. of Grandpré. NOVA SCOTIA. See SCOTIA, No 3. NOVATIAN, a herefiarch of the 3d century, who made much noife, was first a Pagan philofo pher. He was baptized in bed when dangerously ill recovering, he was afterwards ordained prieft of the church of Rome, his bishop having obtained this favour for him, which the clergy and people' were not disposed to grant. By his wit, knowledge, and eloquence, he might have been peculiarly serviceable to the church, had he not with cowardice fhrunk from perfecution. His ambition to be made a bishop likewife misled him. On the death of Fabian Bp. of Rome, he wrote a letter to St Cyprian; but the promotion of Cornelius to that dignity excited his envy and jealoufy to fuch a pitch, that he feparated from the new bishop, and from all who profeffed to believe, what' Novatian ftrenuously denied, that the church could receive thofe again who had been guilty of idolatry. He foon got a number of followers among the laity, and fome even among the clergy. NOVATUS, a priest of Carthage joined him, with his adherents. He got himself confecrated bishop of Rome in a moft infamous and clandeftine manner, by three weak men whom he had impofed. upon, and one of whom did penance for his concern in the bufinefs. But he never was acknow. ledged as bishop of Rome, Cornelius being con. firmed, whilft he was condemned and excommunicated. He ftill, however, taught his doctrine, and at length became the head of the party which bears his name. Befides the letter mentioned above, St Jerome fays he wrote on the Paffover, on the Sabbath, on Circumcifion, on the High Priests, on Prayer, on Jewish meals, and on Firmness of mind, &c. with a large treatise on the Trinity. None of them appear under his own name, and fome are thought fpurious. NOVATIANI, a fect of ancient heretics, that NOVATIANS, arose in the end of the 3d century, fo called from NOVATIAN. (See the laft article.) They were called alfo Cathari, from xabaç, pure, q. d. PURITANS. Novatian first feparated from the communion of pope Cornelius, on pretence of his being too eafy in admitting to repentance those who had fallen off in times of periecution. Novatus coming to Rome, joined Novatian; and both maintained, that there was no other admiflion into the church but by repentance in baptifm; grounding their opinion on that of St Paul: "It is impoffible for those once enlightened, and who have tafted the heavenly gift, if they fall away, to renew themselves by repentance.' Not that they denied but a person, fallen into any fin, might obtain pardon by repentance; for they themselves recommend repentance in the frongest terms; but their doctrine was, that the church had it not in its power to receive finners into its communion, as having no way of remitting fins but by baptifm; which once received could not be repeated. In process of time the Novatians moderated the rigour of their mafter's doctrine, and only refused absolution to very great finners. The two leaders were profcribed, and declared heretics, not for excluding penitents from communion, but for denying that the church had a power of remitting fins. See NOVATUS. (1.) * NOVATION. n. S. [novatio, Lat.] The introduction of something new. T 2 (2.) NOVATION, (2.) NOVATION, or INNOVATION, in civil law, denotes the change of one kind of obligation for another; as when a promise is accepted instead of a written obligation. * NOVATOŘ. n.. [Lat.] The introducer of fomething new. NOVATUS, a priest of Carthage, in the 3d century, who, to avoid being punished for a crime, joined with the deacon, named Feliciffimus, against St Cyprian. He went to Rome in 251, and there found NOVATIAN, with whom he contracted a friendship; and afterwards promoted his confecration to the fee of Rome. This produced a very great schism, See NOVATIANS. NOVAVOL, a town of Samogitia, 40 miles S. of Rofienne. NOVA ZEMBLA. See ZEMBLA. NOUE, Francis DE LA, a brave foldier under Henry IV. of France, who gained great reputation in that monarch's wars. He was killed before Lamballe, but left a volume of Political and Military Effays, which have been often printed. NOVE, a village of Maritime Auftria, on the Brenta, in Vicentino, famous for porcelain wares. NOUEE, a town of France, in the dep. of Morbihan, 3 miles NNW. of Joffelin. NOVEGRADE. See NOVIGRAD. (1.)* NOVEL. adj. [novellus, Lat. novelle, Fr.] , New; not ancient; not used of old; unufual. The Prefbyterians are exacters of fubmiflion to their novel injunctions, before they are ftamped with the authority of laws. King Charles.-It is no novel ufurpation, but though void of other title, has the prefcription of many ages. Decay of Piety. Such is the conftant ftrain of this bleffed faint, who everywhere brands the Arian doctrine, as a new, novel, upftart herefy, folly and madnefs, Waterland. 2. [In the civil law.] Appendant to the code, and of later enaction.-By the novel conftitutions, burial may not be denied to any one. Ayliffe's Parergon. (2.) NOVEL. n. f. [nouvelle, Fr.] 1. A fmall tale, generally of love.-Nothing of a foreign nature, like the trifling novels which Ariofto inferted in his poems, Dryden.— Her mangled fame in barb'rous paftime loft, The coxcomb's novel, and the drunkard's toast. Prior. 2. A law annexed to the code,-By the civil law, no one was to be ordained a prefbyter till he was thirty-five years of age; though by a later novel it was fufficient if he was above thirty, Ayliffe. (3.) A NOVEL is a fictitious narrative in profe, which profeffes to exhibit the natural workings of the human heart, the happiness and mifery of private life, and, above all, the nature of the affection called Love, and the confequences of indulging it in certain circumftances. The novel fprung out of the old romance, and has been cenfured for infipidity, as its parent was for extravagance. (See ROMANCE.) That the most of thofe abfurd things, which, under this title, are daily iffuing from the prefs, deserve all the contempt with which they can be treated, is a position which we are not inclined to controvert; but we cannot admit that any species of writing is in itself infipid, merely becaufe numbers have attempted it without fuccefs. The heroic poems of Blackmore are univerfally known to be contemptible perform. ances; and if we had before us all the heroic poetry that has ever been written, how many thousands of volumes fhould we have as mean as either Prince Arthur, King Arthur, Elize, or Alfred? Yet no critic has hitherto dared to maintain that heroic poetry is an infipid fpecies of writing. But to the novel objections have been urged of more importance than its infipidity. It has been often affirmed, with learned folemnity, that the perufal of novels tends to corrupt the youth of both fexes; to produce effeminacy in men, and extravagant notions of the happiness of love in women; that it diverts the minds of the former from more ferious and useful ftudies, and exposes the latter to the arts of feduction. (See EDUCATION.) That there are too many novels to which this objection is applicable in its full force, is a fact which cannot be denied; but when it is admitted, let not thefe performances be again accused of infipidity; for were they infipid they could have no fuch confequences. It is by laying faft hold of the heart that they lead it aftray. That a novel might be written fo as to intereft the heart in behalf of virtue, as much as any one has ever warped it to the fide of vice, is a truth which no man will call in question who has any knowledge of human nature; and therefore we are decidedly of opinion, that there may be novels worthy at once of the perufal of inexperienced youth and hoary wifdom. A critic, by no means too indulgent to works of fancy, and among whofe failings laxity of morals has never been numbered, thus expreffes himself on the subject of novel writing: These familiar hiftories may perhaps be of greater ufe than the folemnities of profeffed morality, and convey the know. ledge of vice and virtue with more efficacy than axioms and definitions. But if the power of example is fo great as to take poffeffion of the memory by a kind of violence, and produce effects almost without the intervention of the will, care ought to be taken, that, when the choice is unreftrained, the best examples only should be exhibited; and that what is likely to operate so ftrongly fhould not be mifchievous or uncertain in its effects." (Johnson.) We have faid, that the novel profeffes above all things to exhibit the nature of love, and its confequences. Whether this be essential to fuch performances, may per. haps be reasonably queftioned; but it has been made an important part of the drama in moft novels, and, we think, with great propriety. It is the object of the novelift to give a true picture of life, diverfified only by accidents that daily happen in the world, and influenced by paffions and qualities which are really to be found in converfing with mankind. To accomplish this object, he conceives a hero or heroine, whom he places in a certain rank of life, endues with certain qualities of body and mind, and conducts through many viciffitudes of fortune, either to the fummit of happiness or to the abyss of mifery, according to the paffion which he wishes to excite in his readers. In the modern novel, this hero or heroine is never placed on a throne, or buried in a cottage; can reach; which, exercifed in fuch trials as the various revolutions of things fhall bring upon it, may, by conquering fome calamities and enduring others, teach us what we may hope, and what we can perform. Vice (for vice is neceffary to be shown) fhould always difguft; nor fhould the graces of gaiety, or the dignity of courage, be fo united with it as to reconcile it to the mind. Wherever it appears, it should raife hatred by the malignity of its practices, and contempt by the meannefs of its fratagems; for while it is fupported by either parts or spirit, it will feldom be heartily abhorred." A well compofed novel is entitled to the appellation of a poem, though it be written in profe, and in a ftyle not remarkable for elevation. The bufinefs of the novelift is to intereft the heart by a difplay of the incidents of common life. In doing this, he muft exhibit fcenes that are probable, and record speeches that are natural. He is not at liberty to invent, but only to felect, objects, and to cull from the mafs of mankind thofe individuals upon which the attention ought moft to be employed. The more clofely he adheres to this rule, the more deeply does he intereft us in his narrative; because every reader fees at once, that it is poffible he may at fome time or other be in circumstances nearly refembling thofe of the hero of the tale. (4.) NOVEL, in the civiNaw (§ 2. def. 2.), a term ufed for the conftitutions of several emperors, more particularly thofe of Juftinian. They were called novels, either from their producing a great alteration in the face of the ancient law, or because they were made on new cafes, and after the revifal of the ancient code. cottage; because to the monarch and the cottager NOVELDA, a town of Spain, in Valencia. * NOVELIST. n. f. [from novel.] 1. Innovator; affertor of novelty.-Telefius, who hath renewed the philofophy of Parmenides, is the best of novelifts. Bacon.-The fathers of this fynod were not fchifmatical, or novelifts in the matter of the fabbath. White.- Ariftotie rofe, Who nature's fecrets to the world did teach, Denham. The fooleries of fome affected novelist have difcredited new discoveries. Glanville.-The abettors and favourers of them he ranks with the Abonites, Argemonites, and Samofaterians, condemn'd hereticks, and brands them as novelifts of late appear2. A writer of novels. ing. Waterland. (1.) NOVELLARA, or NoVALLERA, a ci-devant principality of Italy, in the duchy of Reggio, held as an imperial fief by the D. of Modena, till the late revolutions of Italy. It is now included in the kingdom of Italy, and department of Croftolo; and contains one town and feveral villages. (2.) NOVELLÁRA, a town of Italy, with a castle, in the dep. of Croftolo, diftrict and late duchy of Reggio, ci-devant capital of the above principality; feated on a river, 9 miles N. of Reggio. Lon. II. 4. E. Lat. 44. 48. N. (1.) * NOVELTY. n. f. [nouveaute, French.] 1. Newnefs; ftate of being unknown to former times.-Doing well, their actions are freed from 2. Freshness; reprejudice or novelty. Hooker. centnefs; newness with refpect to a particular perfon. perfon.-Novelty is only in requeft; and it is dangerous to be aged in any kind of courfe. Shak.As religion entertains our speculations with great objects, so it entertains them with new; and novelty is the great parent of pleasure. South. (2.) NOVELTY, or NEWNESS. Of all the cir cumftances that raise emotions, not excepting beauty, nor even greatness (fays Lord Kames, in his Elem. of Criticifm), novelty hath the moft powerful influence. A new object produces in ftantaneously an emotion termed WONDER, which totally occupies the mind, and for a time excludes all other objects. Converfation among the vulgar never is more interesting than when it turns upon ftrange objects and extraordinary events. Men tear themselves from their native country in fearch of things rare and new; and novelty converts into a pleasure the fatigues and even perils of travelling. To what caufe fhall we afcribe thefe fingular ap. pearances? To curiofity undoubtedly; a principle implanted in human nature for a purpose extremely beneficial, that of acquiring knowledge; and the emotion of wonder, raised by new and ftrange objects, inflames our curiofity to know more of fuch objects. During infancy, every new object is probably the occafion of wonder, in fome degree; because, during infancy, every object at first fight is ftrange as well as new: but as ob. jects are rendered familiar by custom, we ceafe by degrees to wonder at new appearances, if they have any refemblance to what we are acquainted with; for a thing must be fingular as well as new, to raise our wonder. In explaining the effects of novelty, the place a being occupies in the fcale of exiftence is a material circum ftance. Novelty in the individuals of a low clafs is perceived with indifference, or with a very flight emotion: thus a pebble, however fingular in its appearance, scarce moves our wonder. The emotion rifes with the rank of the object; and, other circumstances being equal, is ftrongest in the highest order of exiftence: a ftrange infect affects us more than a ftrange vegetable; and a ftrange quadruped more than a ftrange infect. However natural novelty may be, it is a matter of experience, that thote who relifh it the most are careful to conceal its influence. Love of novelty, it is true, prevails in children, in idlers, and in men of fhallow understanding; and yet, after all, why fhould one be athamed of indulging a natural propenfity? A diftinction will afford a fatisfactory anfwer. No man is athamed of curiofity when it is indulged to acquire knowledge. But to prefer any thing merely because it is new, fhows a mean talte which one ought to be ashamed of: vanity is commonly at the bottom, which leads thofe who are deficient in tafte to prefer things odd, rare, or fingular, to diftinguish themfelves from others. And in fact, that appetite reigns chiefly among perfons of a mean tafte, who are ignorant of refined and elegant pleafures.-On the whole, defigning wifdom is nowhere more visible than in this part of the human frame. If new objects did not affect us in a very peculiar manner, their impreffions would be fo flight as fcarce to be of any ufe in life: on the other hand, did objects continue to affect us as deeply as at first, the mind would be totally engroffed with them, and have no room left either for action or reflection. NOVEMASTO, a town of Poland, in Lemberg; 40 miles WSW. of Lemberg. NOVEMBER. n. f. [Latin.]~~The eleventh month of the year, or the ninth reckoned from March, which was, when the Romans named the months, accounted the first.-November is drawn in a garment of changeable green, and black upon his head. Peacham. NOVEMIASECZKO, a town of Samogitia, 26 miles NE. of Medniki. NOVEMVIRI, nine magistrates of Athens, whofe government lafted but for one year; the firft of whom was called archon, or prince; the fecond bafileus, or king; the third polemarchus, or general of the army: the other fix were called thefmotheta, or lawgivers. They took an oath to obferve the laws; and, in cafe of failure, obliged themselves to beftow upon the commonwealth a ftatue of gold as big as themselves. Those who difcharged their office with honour were received into the number of the fenators of Areopagus. *NOVENARY.n.f.\novenarius, Lat.] Number of nine; nine collectively.-Ptolemy by parts and numbers implieth climacterical years; that is, feptenaries and novenaries. Brown.-Looking upon them as in their original differences and combinations, and as felected out of a neutral stock of nine quaternions, or four novenaries, their nature and differences lie moft obvious to be understood. NOVENTO, a village of Maritime Auftria, near Padua. *NOVERCAL. adj. [novercalis, from noverca, Latin.] Having the manner of a stepmother; befeeming a ftepmother.-When the whole tribe of birds, by incubation, produce their young, it is a wonderful deviation, that fome few families should do it in a more novercal way. Derham. (1.) NOVES, a town of France, in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, on the Durance; 6 miles SE. of Avignon. (2.) Noves, a town of Spain, in New Caftile. *NOUGHT. n. f. [ne aught, not any thing, Saxon; as therefore we write aught, not ought, for any thing, we should, according to analogy, write naught, not nought, for nothing; but a custom has irreverfibly prevailed of uling naught for bad, and nought for nothing.] 1. Not any thing; nothing.— Bad is the world, and it will come to nought. -Ye are of nothing, and your work of nought. If. xli. 23. Be fruftrate all ye ftratagems of hell, And devilish machinations come to nought. Milt. 2. In no degree. A kind of adverbial signification, which nothing has fometimes. To wealth or fovereign power he nought apply'd. Fairfax. 3. To fet at NOUGHT. Not to value; to flight; to fcorn; to difregard.-Ye have fet at nought all my counfel, and would none of my reproof. Prov. i. 25. NOVGOROD. See NOVOGOROD, N° 1—4. NOUHAVEND. See NEHAVEND. (1.) NOVI, a town of Italy, in Liguria, on the confines confines of the Milanefe. It was taken by the Piedmontefe in 1746. Lon. 8. 48. E. Lat. 44. 45. N. (2.) Novi, a fortified town of Croatia, on the left bank of the Unna; 45 miles SE. of Carlstadt, and 70 NW. of Seraja. (3) Novi ALT, a town of Croatia on the right bank of the Unna, oppofite Novi. (4) Novi BAZAR, a confiderable town of European Turkey in Servia, near the Qrefco. Lon. 20. 24. E. Lat. 43. 25. N.. (1.)* NOVICE. n. f. [novice, Fr. novitius, Lat.] 1. One not acquainted, with any thing; a fresh man; one in the rudiments of any knowledge. Triple-twin'd whore! 'tis thou Haft fold me to this novice.. Bring me to the fight of Ifabella, A novice of this place. Shak. Shak. You are novices; 'tis a world to fee. Shak. -We have novices and apprentices, that the fucceffion of the former employed men do not fail. Bacon. If any unexperienced young novice hap pens into the fatal neighbourhood of fuch pefts, prefently they are plying his full purfe and his empty pate. South. I am young, a novice in the trade, The fool of love, unpractis'd to perfuade. Dryd. -In thefe experiments I have fet down fuch circumftances, by which either the phenomenon might be rendered more confpicuous, or a novice might more eafily try them. Newton. 2. One who has entered a religious houfe, but not yet taken the vow; a probationer. (2.) NOVICES, (§ 1. def. 2.) in nunneries, wear white veils: the reft black. In fome convents, the fub-prior has the direction of the novices." (3.) NOVICES, or clerks in arms, in the ancient order of knighthood, went through a kind of apprenticeship ere they were admitted knights.-See KNIGHT. NOVICIATE. See NOVITIATE. NOVICII, or NOVITI, in the ancient Roman militia, young raw foldiers, diftinguished by this appellation from the veterans. 2 (1, 2.) NOVIGRAD, a small but firong town of Dalmatia, with a caftle fubject to the Turks; feated on a lake of the fame name, near the gulph of Venice. Lon. 16. 45. E. Lat. 44. 30. N. (3, 4-) NOVIGRAD, a small but ftrong town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name, with a good caftle, feated on a mountain tear the Danube. Lon. 18. 10. E. Lat. 40 50, N. (5.) NOVIGRAD, a very frong place of Servia, fubject to the Turks; feated near the Danube. Loa. 26.5. E. Lat. 45. 5. N. (6.) NOVIGRAD, a town of Sclavonia. NOVIGRADT, a town in the ci-devant Venetian Dalmatia. In 1646 it was taken by the Turks; bit retaken, and its caftle razed in 1647, by the Venetians. Lon. 17. 32. E. Lat. 44, 28. N. NOVIODUNUM, in ancient geography, the came of 7 towns, moftly in Gaul; viz. 1. A town of the dui, commodiously feated on the Liguris, (Cafar), the NIVERNUN of Antonine; now called N-VERS, on the Loire: 2. A town of the Aulerci Diablintes, in Gallia Celtica, (Antonine, Ptolemy:) called Noningentum Rotrudum by the moderns, and NOGENTE LE ROTROU, late capital of Perche; 3. A town of the Bituriges, (Čafar): now called Nueve fur Baranion: 15 miles N. of Bourges. 4. A town of Mafia Inferior, (Ptolemy), fituated on the Ifter: now NIVORZ. 5. A town of Pannonia Superior, (Antonine); now GURKFELD in Carinthia. 6. Noviodunum Saeffionum, the fame with Augufta Sueffionum. 7. A town of the Veromandui in Gallia Belgica, (Cæfar): now called NOYON. NOVIOMAGUS, a name given, on Antonine's pillar, to 4 ancient towns of Britain and Gaul called Neomagus by Ptolemy. See NEOMAGU 3, No 1—4. NOVION, a town of France, in the dep. of the Ardennes; 6 miles N. of Rethel. NOVISELLO, a town of Hungary, on the Danube; 4 miles SW. of Bacs. NOVITA, a mountainous diftrict of Peru, abounding with platina. (1.)* NOVITIATE. n. f. [novitiat, French.] The state of a novice; the time in which the rudiments are learned. This is fo great a masterpiece in fin, that he muft have paffed his tyrocinium or novitiate in finning, before he come to this, be he never fo quick a proficient. South. The time fpent in a religious house, by way of trial, before the vow is taken. (2.) NOVITIATE, or NOVICIATE, (§ 1, Def. 2.) is a year of probation appointed for the trial of novices, whether they have a vocation, and the neceffary qualities for living up to the rule; the obfervation whereof they are to bind themselves to by vow. The noviciate lafts more than a year in fome houses. It is efteemed the bed of the civil death of a novice, who expires to the world by profeffion. NOVITO, a river of Naples which runs into the fea, 16 miles E. of Girace. * NOVITY. n... [novitas, Latin.] Newnefs; novelty.-Some conceive fhe might not yet be certain that only man was privileged with speech, and being in the novity of the creation and unexperience of all things, might not be affrighted to hear a ferpent fpeak. Brown. NOU-KIANG, the Chinese name of the river Ava. *NOUL. The crown of the head. *NOULD. Ne would. Would not. Spenser. NOULENSKOI, a town of Ruffia, in Vologda; 34 miles NW. of Vologda. NOUMENIA. See NEOMENIA, N° 1. (1.) * NOUN. n. f. [noun, old French; nomen, Latin.] The name of any thing in grammar.-A. noun is the name of a thing, whether fubftance, mode or relation, which in fpeech is used to, fignify the fame when there is occafion to affirm or, deny any thing about it, or to express any relation it has to any other thing. Clarke. Thou haft, men about thee, that ufually talk of a noun and a verb, and fuch abominable words as no chriftian ear can endure to hear. Shak. Henry VI. The boy who scarce had paid his entrance down, To his proud pedant had declined a noun. Dryd. (2.) Nous. See ADJECTIVE, ENGLISH LAN GUAGE, LANGUAGE Sea. IV, and SUBSTANTIVE. NOVOCOMENSES.) Sce COMO, N° 2, and NOVOCOMUM. S COMUM. NOVODVAR. |