NOVODVAR, a town of Hungary 4 miles N. of Cfakathurn.

(1) NOVOGOROD, one of the most ancient cities in Ruffa; formerly called Novogorod Weliki, or the Great Novogorod, capital of the province, N° 6, now prelents to the intelligent traveller a ftriking inftance of fallen grandeur. According to Neftor, the earlieft of the Ruffian hiftorians, it was built at the fame time with Kiof, in the middle of the 5th century, by a Sclavonian horde, who according to Procopius, inued from the banks of the Volga. Its antiquity is clearly proved by a paffage in the Gothic hiftorian Jornandes, in which it is called Civitas Nova, or new town. In the 9th century, Ruric the first great duke of Ruffia re duced it, and made it the metropolis of his vaft dominion. On his death, in 880, or 879, the feat of government was removed, under his fon Igor, then an infant, to Kiof; and Novogorod continued, for above a century, under governors nominated by the great dukes, until in 970, when Svatoflaf, the fon of Igor, created his third fon Volodimir duke of Novogorod: the latter, fucceeding his father in the throne of Russia, ceded the town to his fon Yaroflaf, who in 1036 granted to the inhabitants very confiderable privileges, that laid the foundation of that extraordinary degree of liberty which they afterwards gradually obtained. From this period Novogorod was for a long time governed by its own dukes: these fovereigns were at firft fubordinate to the great dukes who refided at Kiof and Volodimir; but afterwards, as the town increased in population and wealth, they gradually ufurped an abfolute independency. It continued in a flourishing ftate until the middle of the 15th century: but the great dukes of Ruffia, who still retained the title of dukes of Novogorod, having transferred their refidence from Kiof to Volodimir, and afterwards to Mofcow, laid claim to its feudal sovereignty; a demand which the inhabitants fometimes put off by compofition, fometimes by refiftance, but were often compelled to acknowledge. At length, however, the great duke became abfolute fovereign of Novogorod, though the oftenfible forms of government were ftill preserved. It even then, however, continued to be the largest and most commercial city of Ruf fia. An idea of its population then, when compared with its prefent declined state, may be obtain ed from the fact, that in 1508 above 15,000 perfons died of an epidemical diforder; more than double the number of its prefent inhabitants. In its most flourishing condition it contained at least 400,000 fouls. Its ruin was brought on by John Bafiliowitz II. and completed by the foundation of Petersburg. It is furrounded by a rampart of earth, with a range of old towers at regular diftances, forming a circumference of fcarcely a mile and an half; and even this inconfiderable circle includes much open fpace, and many houfes not inhabited. As Novogorod was built after the manner of the ancient towns of this country in the Afiatic ftyle, this rampart, like that of the Semlainogorod at Mofcow, probably inclofed feveral interior circles. Without it was a vaft extenfive fuburb, which reached to the distance of fix miles, and included within its circuit all the convents and churches, the ancient ducal palace and other ftruc

tures, that now make a splendid but folitary appearance, as they lie fcattered in the adjacent plain. Novogorod ftretches on both fides of the Volkof, a beautiful river of confiderable depth and rapidity, and fomewhat broader than the Thames at Windfor. This river separates the town into two divifions, the trading part and the quarter of St Sophia, which are united by means of a bridge, partly wooden and parly brick.

(2, 3) NOVOGOROD NIZNEI; a city and province of Ruffia. (See NISHNEI, N° 1. and 2.) The city was built by the Grand Duke, George Ufewoloditz, and many of the Ruffian princes refided and were buried in it. It has a cathedrals, 28 churches, and convents. It has a caftle and ftone-walls, with a good trade, and the fhops are elegant and richly furnished. In 1715 great part of it was burnt, and feveral thousand perfons perifhed. It lies 220 miles E. of Moscow, and 492 ENE. of Petersburg. Lon. 61. 40. E. Ferro. Lat. 56. 18. N.

(4.) NOVOGOROD SERPSKOI, or SIVERSKOI, a province of Ruffia, in Siberia, bounded on the N. by thofe of Smolensk and Mogilev, on the NW. by Mogilev; SW. and S. by Tchernigoffkoi and E. by Orlof, Kursk, and Charkof. It is 160 miles long, and from 60 to 72 broad. Lon. 49. 10. to 52. 20. E. of Ferro. Lat. 50. 50. to 53. 25. N.

(5.) NOVOGOROD SERPSKOI, ora ftrong town (5.) NOVOGOROD SIEVERSKOI, of the Ruffian empire, and capital of the above province, seated on the Dubica. Lon. 33. 20. E. Lat. 52. 30. N. (6.) NOVOGOROD VELEKI, OF a province of (6.) NOVOGOROD WELICKI, S Moscow,bounded on the N. by Ingria; on the E. by part of the duchy of Belozero, and that of Tuera, which also bounds it on the S. with the province of Rzeva; and on the W. by Plefcow. It was formerly an independent republic, but was reduced by John Bafiliowitz II. It is full of lakes and forefts; however, there are fome places which produce corn, flax, hemp, honey, and wax.

NOVOGORODECK, a large town of Lithua nia, and capital of a palatinate of the fame name, fituated in a vaft plain. It was demolished in 1314 and 1390. It is now annexed to the Ruffian empire. It lies 68 miles E. of Grodno, 200 ESE. of Konigsberg, and 200 ENE. of Warsaw. Lon. 25. 30. E. Lat. 53. 45. N.

NOVOGORODSKOI, a province of Ruffia, bounded N. by that of Olenetz, NW. by Petersburg, SW. by Pikov, SE. by Tuer, and E. by Vo. logda; 360 miles long, and about 160 broad. Lon. 47 to 57. 30. E. of Ferro. Lat. 57. 10. to 61. 10. N. NOVOGRIGOREVSKOE, a town of Ruffia, in the province of Ekaterinoflaf, 72 miles NW. of Cherfon.

NOVOGRODECK. See NoVOGORODECK. NOVOI, an ifland in the Cafpian Sea. Lon. 69. 40. E. of Ferro. Lat. 44. 50. N.

NOVO-MIRGOROD, a town of Ruffia, in Ekaterinoflaf; 136 miles WNW. of Ekaterinoflaf. NOVOMOSKOUSK, a town of Ruffia in Ekaterinoflaf, on the Dnieper; 16 miles N. of Ehaterinoslaf.`

NOVOMST, a town of Ruffia, in Novogorod Sieverskoi; 16 miles NW. of Novogorod. NOVORZEV, a town of Ruffia in Pfkov. NOVOSEL,

nate

The cockle of rebellion. Shak. -Yet to nourish and advance the early virtue of young perfons was his more chofen defire. Fell.Gorgias hired foldiers, and nourished war continually with the Jews. 2. Mac. x. 14. 4. To train, or educate.-Thou shalt be a good minister of Jefus Chrift, nourished up in the words of faith. 1. Tim. iv. 6. I travel not, neither do I nourish up young men, nor bring up virgins. Ifaiah. xxiii. 4. 5. To promote growth or ftrength, as food.-In vegetables there is one part more nourishing than another; as grains and roots nourish more than their leaves. Bacon.

(2.) To NOURISH. v. n. To gain nourishment. Unufual. Fruit trees grow full of mois, which is caufed partly by the coldness of the ground, whereby the parts nourish lefs. Bacon.

*NOURISHABLE. adj. [from nourish.] Suf ceptive of nourishment.-The chyle is mixed herewith, partly for its more ready adhesion to all the nourishable parts. Grew.

* NOURISHER. ». f. [from nourish.] The perfon or thing that nourishes-

Sleep, chief nourisher in life's feast. Shak. -A reftorer of thy life, and a nourisher of thine old age. Ruth.-Milk warm from the cow is a great nourisher. Bacon.-Bran and fwine's dung laid up together to rot, is a very great nourisher and comforter to a fruit tree. Bacon.Please to tafte

These bounties which our nourisher hath caus'd The earth to yield. Milton.

(1.) NOURISHMENT. n. f. [hourisement, French.] That which is given or received, in order to the fupport or increase of growth or Brength; food; fuftenance; nutriment. When the nourishment grows unfit to be affimilated, or the central heat grows too feeble to affimilate it, the motion ends in confufion, putrefaction, and VOL. XVI. PART I.

death. Newfon. 2. Nutrition; fupport of strength. By temperance taught,

In what thou eat'ft and drink'ft; seeking from thence

Due nourishment, no gluttonous delight. Milt. The limbs are exhausted by what is called an atrophy, and grow lean and thin by a defect of nourishment, occafioned by an inordinate fcorbutic or erratic heat. Blackmore. 3. Suftentation; fupply of things needful.-He inftructed them, that as in the one place they ufe to refresh their bodies, fo they may in the other learn to feek the nourishment of their fouls. Hooker.

See

(2.) NOURISHMENT. See NUTRITION. (3.) NOURISHMENT OF VEGETABLES. COMPOST, PLANTS, and RURAL OECONOMY. * NOURITURE. n. f. [nourriture, French: this was afterwards contracted to nurture.] Education: inftitution.

Thither the great magician Merlin came, As was his ufe oftimes to vifit me;

For he had charge my discipline to frame, And tutor's nouriture to overfee. Spenfer. * NOURSLING. n. f. The creature nursed; nurfling. Spenfer.

*

(1.) To NOUSEL. v. a. [The fame I believe with nuzzle, and both in their original import, corrupted from nurfle.] To nurfe up.-Bald friars and knavish shavelings fought to nousel the common people in ignorance. Spenfer.

(2.) To NOUSEL. v. a. (nuzzle, noozle, noose, or nofel; from nofe.] To entrap; to enfnare; as in a noofe or trap. They nuzzle hogs to prevent their digging, that is, put a ring in their noses.

NOUS SHEHR, a town of Turkey, in Caramania, 40 miles SE. of Kir-Shenir.

NOUTRA, a town of Poland, in Cracow.. NOUVELLE EGLISE, (Fr. i. e. New Church.] a town of France, in the dep. of the Straits of Calais; 4 miles E. of Calais.

NOUVION, a town of France, in the dep. of Aifne; 13 miles NW. of Vervins.

(r.) * NOW. adv. [nu, Sax. nun, Germ.] 1. At this time; at the time prefent.-Thy fervants trade hath been about cattle, from our youth, even until now. Gen. xlvi. 34.This will approve itself to be wisdom at laft, whatever the world judge of it now. Tillotson.-Now that languages abound with words landing for fuch combinations, an ufual way of getting thefe complex ideas, is by the explication of thofe terms that ftand for them. Locke.-A patient of mine is now living, in an advanced age, that thirty years ago did, at several times, caft up from the lungs a large quantity of blood. Blackmore. 2. A little while ago; almoft at the present time.→

3.

Now the blood of twenty thousand men Did triumph in my face, and they are fled. Shak. They, that but now for honour and for plate, Made the sea blush with blood, refign their hate. Waller.

At one time; at another time.—

Now high or low, now mafter up, now mifs.

Pope. 4. It is fometimes a particle of connection, like the French or and Latin autem: as, If this be true, he is guilty; now this is true, therefore he is guilty.Now whatfoever he did on fuffered, the

U

end

Than when my name fill'd Afric with affrights. Dryden. (3.) Now, in geography, a river of Derbyshire, which runs into the Derwent, 9 miles N. of Bakewell.

* NOWADAYS adv. [This word, though common, and used by the best writers, is perhaps barbarous.] In the prefent age.-

end thereof was to open the doors of the kingdom of heaven. Hooker-Now to affect the malice of the people, is as bad as that which he dislikes, to flatter them. Shak.-Not this man but Barabbas; now Barabbas was a robber. St John.-Every one defires another fhould love him. Now it is a maxim of Nature, that one do to others, according as he would himself be done to. White. Pheasants which are granivorous birds, the young live moftly upon ants eggs. Now birds being of a hot nature, are very voracious. Ray-The other great and undoing mischief, which befails men, is by their being mifreprefented. Now by calling evil good, a man is misrepresented to others. South. -The first day of the full moon of the month Tizpa was near at hand. Now it is a received tradition among the Perfians, that the fouls of the royal family who are in a state of blifs, do, on the first full moon after their decease, pafs through the eastern gate of the black palace. Addifon.The praise of doing well

Is to the ear as ointment to the finell.
Now if fome flies, perchance, however small,
Into the alabafter urn thould fall,
The odours die.

Prior. -The only motives that can be imagined of obedience to laws, are either the value and certainty of rewards, or an apprehenfion of justice and feverity. Now neither of thefe, exclufive of the other, is the true principle of our obedience to God. Rogers.-There will be always fomething lighter beneath, and fomething heavier above. Now what can make the heavier particles of bone afcend above the lighter ones of flesh, or depress these below thofe, against the tendency of nature? Bentley. 5. After this; fince things are fo, in familiar fpeech. How thall any man diftinguish now betwixt a parafite and a man of honour, where hypocrify and intereft look fo like duty and affection? L'Eftrange. 6. Now and then; at one time and another, uncertainly. This word means, with regard to time, what is meant by here and there with refpect to place.-Now and then they ground themselves on human authority, even when they moft pretend divine. Hooker-Now and then fomething of extraordinary, that is any thing of your production, is requifite to refresh your character. Dryden.-A most effectual argument against fpontaneous generation is, that there is no new fpecies produced, which would now and then happen, were there any fuch thing. Ray. He who refolves to walk by the gospel-rule of forbearing all revenge, will have opportunities every now and then to exercise his forgiving temper. Atterbury. They now and then appear in the offices of religion, and avoid fome fcandalous enormities. Rogers. 7. Now and then are applied to places confidered as they rife to notice in fucceffion.-A mead here, there a heath, and now and then a wood. Drayton.

(2.)* Now. n. f. Present moment. A poetical

ufe.

It's nowadays, ne half fo ftrait and fore. Spenf. Reafon and love keep little company together nowadays. Shak. Midf. Night Dream.-It was a veftal and a virgin fire, and differed as much from that which paffes by this name nowadays, as the vital heat from the burning of a fever. South.Such are those principles, which, by reason of the bold cavi's of perverfe and unreaforable men, we are nowadays put to defend. Tillotson. What men of fpirit nowadays

Come to give fober judgment of new plays? Garrick. NOWAG, a town of Silefia, 41 m. NW. Neiffe. NOWECZEITLY, a town of Poland, in Lemberg: 28 miles E. of Lemberg.

NOWECZELKO, a town of Poland, in Podolia; 64 miles NW..of Haminiecz.

(1.) * NOWED. adj. [noué, Fr. Knotted inwreathed.-Reuben is conceived to bear three barres waved, Judah a lion rampant, Dan a ferpent nowed. Brown.

(2.) NOWED, in heraldry, is derived from the Latin nodatus, and applied to the tails of fuch creatures as are very long, and represented in coatarmour as tied up in a knot.

NOWEL, Alexander, dean of St Paul's in the reign of Q. Elizabeth. He wrote two Catechifms, one of them in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He died in 1602.

NOWELZACLO, a town of Poland, in Red Ruffia; 44 miles SSE. of Halicz.

* NOWES. n. f. [from nou, old French.] The marriage knot. Out of use.

Thousands of crown'd fouls throng to be Themselves thy crown, fons of thy notes. Crafbaw.

* NOWHERE. adv. [no and where.] Not in any place. Some men, of whom we think very reverently, have in their books and writings nowhere mentioned or taught that such things should be in the church. Hooker.-True pleasure and perfect freedom are nowhere to be found, but in the practice of virtue. Tillotson.

NOWIDWOR, a town of Lithuania, in No. vogrodeck, 68 miles SW. of Novogrodeck.

* NOWISE. adv. [no and wife: This is commonly spoken and written by ignorant barbarians, noways.] Not in any manner or degree.-A power of natural gravitation, without contact or impulfe, can in no wise be attributed to mere matter. Bentley.

NOWOGROD, a town of Poland, in Braclaw. NOWYTARG, a town of Poland, in Cracow. NOX, Night, in the Pagan mythology, one of the most ancient deities among the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From her union with her brother Erebus, fhe gave birth to the Day and the Light. She was alfo the mother of the Parca, Hefperides, Dreams, Difcord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is called by fome of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well as of

men;

men; and he was worshipped with great folem. nity by the ancients, She had a famous statue in Diana's temple at Ephefus. It was ufual to offer her a black fheep, as the was the mother of the Furies. The cock was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims the approach of day during the darkness of the night. She is reprefented as mounted on a chariot, and covered with a veil befpangled with stars. The conftellations generally went before her as her conftant meffengers. Sometimes fhe is feen holding two children under her arms; one of whom is black, representing Death; and the other white, representing Sleep. Some moderns describe her as a woman veiled in mourning, crowned with poppies, and carried in a chariot drawn by owls and bats. NOXAM, NOXONTON, OF NOXTOWN, a town NOXAN, of Delaware, in Newcaft le county; 21 miles N. of Dover, 22 SSW. of Wilmington, and so SW. of Philadelphia.

*NOXIUS. adj. [noxius, Lat.] 1. Hurtful; harmful; baneful; mischievous; deftru&tive; pernicious; unwholefome.-Preparation is not only by addition of other bodies, but feparation of noxious parts from their own. Brown's Vulg. Err. Kill noxious creatures, where 'tis fin to fave. Dryden. Arife, the pines a noxious fhade diffufe. Pope. -Noxious feeds of the disease are contained in a fmaller quantity in the blood. Blackm. 2. Guil ty; criminal.-Thofe, who are noxious in the eye of the law, are juftly punished. Bramhall against Hobbes. 3. Unfavourable; unkindly.-Too frequent an appearance in places of much refort, is Noxious to fpiritual promotions. Swift's Mifcel.

*NOXIOUSLY.adv. [from noxious.] Hurtful ly; perniciously.

NOXIOUSNESS. n. f. [from noxious.] Hurtfulness; infalubrity.-The writers of politics have warned us of the noxiousness of this doctrine to all civil governments. Hammond.

NOXONTON. See NoxAM.

NOY, William, attorney general under Charles I. was the fon of William Noy of St Burian, gent. In 1593, he was feat to Exeter college, thence to Lincoln's Inn, where he became eminent in juri. dical knowledge. He was twice elected M P. for Helfton, and in both parliaments zealously op. pofed king James's attempts to stretch the royal prerogative. In 1625, he was elected M. P. for St Ives, and in that and the following parliament continued to shine as a popular patriot; but in 1631, the court converted him by appointing him attorney-general; after which he pled for the extenfion of the royal prerogative as zealously as he had formerly oppofed it. He was a man of abilities, and wrote feveral treatifes; particularly, 1. The complete Lawyer; 2. Arguments of Law, and Speeches: 3. The Principal Grounds and Maxims of the Laws of England; 4to. He died at Tunbridge Wells, in Aug. 1634 whither he had gone for the benefit of the waters.

(1.) NOYA, an ancient town of Spain, in Galicia, on the mouth of the Tambro. Its chief trade is fhip-building. It is 19 miles WSW. of Compoftella. Lon. 7. 49. E. Teneriffe. Lat. 42. 49. N.

(2.) Noya, a river of Spain, in Catalonia.

NOYAL, three towns of France; viz.

1. NOYAL MUZILLAC, in the dep. of the Mors bihan, 6 miles NW. of Roche Bernard. 2. NOYAL PONTIVY, in the dep of Morbihan, 3 miles E. of Pontivy, and 5 W. of Rohan. 3. NOYAL SUR VILAINE, in the dep. of Ille and Vilaine, 6 m. E. of Rennes, and 12 W. of Vitré. NOYEL, a river of Indoftan, which rises in the mountains 10 miles W. of Coimbetore, and runs into the Cauvery, 10 miles NW. of Carroor.

NOYEN HOTUN, a town of Chinese Tartary; 560 miles ENE. of Peking.

NOYENT, a town of France, in the dep. of Sarte, 5 miles SW. of Mans, and 3 ENE of Sabié. NOYERS, three towns of France; viz. 1. In the dep. of the Lower Alps; 4 miles W. of Sifteron; 2. in that of the Meufe, 9 miles NW. of Bar Le Duc, and 13 E. of Clermont; 3. in that of Yonne, on the Serin, in a valley furrounded with mountains, abounding with vineyards, 10 miles S. of Tonnere, and 18 ESE. of Auxerre. Lon. 4. 2. E. Lat. 47. 39. N.

"

NOYON, a city of France, in the dep. of the Oife, fituated on the declivity of a hill of an easy afcent, on the rivulet Vorfe, which within a mile falls into the Oyfe. It is an ancient place, being the NoVIODUNUM Belgarum of the Latins. It is pretty large, and is well fituated for inland trade, which confists chiefly in wheat and oats fent to Paris. They have alfo manufactories of linen cloths, lawns, and tanned leather. The principal buildings are the epifcopal palace, and the townhoufe, which is regularly built in a large fquare, in the middle of which there is a fountain. It has feveral market-places, and two public gardens. Noyon is remarkable for being the birthplace of the famous John Calvin. See CALVIN.) It lies 22 miles NW. of Soiffons, and 66 NNE. of Paris. Lon. 3. 6. E. Lat. 49. 35. N.

NOZAY, a town of France, in the dep. of the Lower Loire, and diftr. of Blain; 9 m. NNE. Blain. NOZDRICE, a town of Poland, in Volhynia NOZERET, or a town of France, in the dep. NOZEROY, of Jura, and district of Arbois; 12 miles SE. of Salines, and 27 S. of Befançon, according to Mr Cruttwell; but Dr Brookes and J. Walker make it 20 miles SE. of Salines, and 30 S. of Befançon. Lon. 6. 13. E. Lat. 46. 47. N. * NOZLE. n. f. [from nofe.] The nose; the fnout; the end. It is nothing but a paltry old fconce, with the nozle broke off. Mart. Scrib.

NOZLI, a town of Turkey, in Natolia. NOZZA, an ancient town of Italy, in the dep. of the Mincio, and diftrict, late duchy, of Verona, feated in the vale of Sabbia.

NUABIA. See NUBIA, N° 2.

NUAYHAS, the AGUE TREE; a name given by the Indians to a fort of bamboo cane, the leaves of which, falling into the water, are said to impregnate it with fuch virtue, that the bathing in it afterwards cures the ague. They ufe aifo a decoction of the leaves to diffolve coagulated blood, giving it internally, and at the fame time rubbing the bruised part externally with it. This plant flowers only once in its life; it lives 60 years before the flowers appear, but withers away in about a month afterwards, as foon as it has ripened the feed. There feems to be fome fiction in U 2

the