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vantages of a good education (and they are very numerous), are genteel, eafy, and agreeable in their manners, and are sprightly and fenfible in converfation. They are early taught to manage domeftic concerns with neatnefs and economy. Ladies of the firft fortune make it a part of their daily business to superintend the affairs of the family. Employment at the needle, in cookery, and at the spinning-wheel, with them is honourable. Idlenefs, even in those of independent fortunes, is univerfally difreputable. The women in the country manufacture the greateft part of the clothing of their families. Their linen and woollen cloths are ftrong and decent. Their butter and cheese is not inferior to any in the world. Dancing is the principal and favourite amusement in New England. Gaming is practised by none but those who cannot or will not find a reputable employment. The gamefter, the horse-jockey, and the knave, are equally defpifed, and their company is avoided by all who would fuftain fair characters. The odious and inhuman practices of duelling, gouging, cock-fighting, and horferacing, are fcarcely known. The athletic and healthy diverfions of cricket, football, quoits, wreftling, jumping, foot races, &c. are univerfally practifed in the country, and fome of them in the most populous places, and by people of almoft all ranks. Squirrel-hunting is a noted diverfion in country places, where this kind of game is plenty. Some divert themfelves with fox hunting, and others with the more profitable fports of fishing and duck-hunting; and in the frontier fettlements where deer and fur game abound, the inhabitants make a lucrative sport of hunting them. In winter, while the ground is covered with fnow, which is commonly two or three months, fleighing is the general diverfion. A great part of the families throughout the country are furnished with horses and sleighs.

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tains, paffing nearly from NE. to SW. through
New England. Thefe confift of a multitude of
parallel ridges, each having many Spurs, deviating
from the courfe of the general range; which
fpurs are again broken into irregular hilly land.
The main ridges terminate, fometimes in high
bluff heads, near the fea-coaft, and fometimes by
a gradual descent in the interior part of the coun-
try. One of the main ranges runs between Con-
necticut and Hudson's rivers. This range branch.
es and bounds the vales through which flows the
Housatonick river. The most eastern ridge of
this range terminates in a bluff head at Meriden;
a fecond ends in like manner at Willingford, and
a third at New Haven. In Lyme, on the E. fide of
the Connecticut, another range commences, form-
ing the E. boundary of Connecticut vale. This
range trends northerly, at the distance, generally,
of about 10 or 12 miles E. from the river, and
passes through Maffachusetts, where the range
takes the name of Chickabee Mountain; thence
croffing into New Hampshire, at the distance of
about 20 miles from the Maffachusetts line, it runs
up into a very high peak, called Monadnick, which
terminates this ridge of the range. (See MONAD-
NICK.) A western ridge continues, and in about
lat. 43° 20' runs up into the Sunipee mountains.
About 50 miles further, in the fame ridge, is
Moofcoog mountain. A third range begins near
Stonington in Connecticut. It takes its courfe
NE. and is fometimes broken and difcontinued,
it then rifes again, and ranges in the fame direc.
tion into New Hampshire, where, in lat. 43° 25',
it runs up into a high peak called Cowfawaskog.
The fourth range has a humble beginning about
Hopkinton in Massachusetts. The eastern ridge of
this range runs N. by Watertown and Concord,
and croffes the Merrimack at Pantucket Falls.
In New Hampshire, it rifes into several high peaks,
of which the White mountains are the principal.
From these White mountains a range continues
NE. croffing the E. boundary of New Hampshire,
in lat. 44° 30', and forms the height of land be-
tween the Kennebeck and Chaudiere. These ranges
of mountains are full of lakes, ponds, and fprings,
that give rife to numberlefs ftreams of various
fizes, which, interlocking each other in every di-
rection, and falling over the rocks in romantic
cafcades, flow meandering into the river below.
No country on the globe is better watered. The
chief river is the Connecticut. See CONNECTI-
CUT, N° I.

(7.) NEW ENGLAND, METHOD OF SETTLING LANDS IN. The clearing of the lands in thefe ftates is not directed by chance as in others. This matter from the firft was fubjected to laws which are ftill religiously obferved. No citizen whatever has the liberty of fettling even upon unoccupied land. The government, defirous of preferving all its members from the inroads of the favages, and of placing them in a condition to fhare in the protection of a well-regulated fociety, ordered that whole villages fhould be formed at once. As foon as 60 families offer to build a church, maintain a clergymen, and pay a school- (9) NEW ENGLAND, POPULATION OF. New mafter, the general affembly allot them a fitua- England is the most populous part of the United tion, and permit them to have two reprefentatives States. It contains at least 823,000 fouls. One in the legislative body of the state. The diftrict fifth of these are fencible men. New England affigned them always borders upon the lands then, hould any great and fudden emergency realready cleared, and generally contains 60,000 quire it, could furnish an army of 164,600 men. fquare acres. Thefe new people choose the fi- The great body of these are land-holders and cultuation moft convenient for their habitation, tivators, of the foil. The former attaches them which is usually of a square figure. The church to their country; the latter, by making them is placed in the centre; the colonists divide theftrong and healthy, enables them to defend it. land among themselves, and each inclofes his property with a hedge. Some woods are referved for a common; and thus New England is conftantly enlarging its territory.

(3.) NEW ENGLAND, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, &C. or. There are four principal ranges of moun:

The boys are early taught the ufe of arms, and make the best of foldiers. Few countries on earth, of equal extent and population, can furnish a more formidable army than this part of the union. New England may, with propriety, be called a pursery of men, whence are annually transplanted,

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into other parts of the United States, thousands alfo, pears of various forts, quinces, peaches, of its natives. The State of Vermont, which is (from which is made peach brandy,) plums, cherbut of yesterday, and contains about 100,000 fouls, ries, apricots, culinary plants, &c. New Enghas received more inhabitants from Connecticut land is a fine grazing country; the valleys bethan from any other state; and yet between 1774 tween the hills are generally interfected with and 1782, notwithstanding her numerous emigra- brooks of water, the banks of which are lined tions to Vermont, Susquehannah, and other pla- with a tract of rich meadow or intervale land. ces, and the depopulation occafioned by a feven The high and rocký ground is, in many parts, years bloody war, it was found, from an actual covered with honeyfuckle, and generally affords cenfus of the inhabitants in the years before-men- the finest of pafture. New England therefore tioned, that they have increased from 197,856, boats of railing fome of the finest cattle in the their number in 1774, to 290,150, their number world; nor will he be envied, when the labour in 1782. Vaft numbers of the New Englanders, of railing them is taken into view. Two months fince the war, have emigrated into the northern of the hotteft feafon in the year, the farmers are parts of New York, into Kentucky and the Wef-employed in procuring food for their cattle; and tern Territory, and into Georgia; and fome are fcattered into every State, and every town of note in the union.

the cold winter is fpent in dealing it out to them. The pleasure and profit of doing this, is however a fitisfying compenfation to the honeft and induftrious farmer.

(10.) NEW ENGLAND, SOIL AND PRODUCE OE. The foil is very various. On the fea-coaft the (11.) NEW ENGLAND, STATE OF LITERATURE land is low, and in many parts level and fandy. IN. The inhabitants of New England are geneIn the valleys, between the ranges of mountains, raily fond of the arts, and have cultivated them the land is generally broken, and in many places with great fuccefs. Their colleges have flourishrocky, but of a strong rich foil, capable of being ed beyond any others in the United States. The cultivated to good advantage, which alfo is the illuftrious characters they have produced, who cafe with many fpots even on the tops of the have diftinguished themselves in politics, law, dimountains. Each tract of different foil is diftin- vinity, the mathematics and philofophy, natural guifhed by its peculiar vegetation, and is pro- and civil history, and in the fine arts, particularly nounced good, middling, or bad, from the fpe- ́in poetry, evince the truth of these observations. cies of trees which it produces: and from one (12.) NEW ENGLAND, TRADE OF. New Engfpecies generally predominating in each foil, has land has no one ftaple commodity. The ocean originated the defcriptive names of oak land, and the foreft's afford the two principal articles birch, beech, and chefnut lands, pine, 'barren, of export. Codfish, mackarel, fhad, falmon, and maple, afh, and cedar fwamps, as each fpecies other fifh-whale oil and whale bone-mafts, happens to predominate. Intermingled with those boards, feantling, ftaves, hoops, and fhingles, predominating species are walnut, firs, elm, hem- have been and are ftill exported in large quantities. lock, magnolia, moofe wood, faffafras, &c. &c. The annual amount of cod and other fish for foThe beft lands produce walnut and chefnut; the reign exportation, including the profits arifing next, beech and oak; lands of the third quality from the whale-fifhery, is estimated at upwards produce fir and pitch pine; the next, whortle- of half a million.-Befides the above articles they berry and barberry bufhes; and the pooreft pro- export from the various parts of New England duce nothing but marshy imperfect shrubs. A- fhips built for fale, horses, mules, live stockmong the flowering trees and fhrubs in the forefts, pickled beef and pork, potash, pearl-afh, flax, are the red-flowering maple, the faffafras, the lo- feed, butter, and cheese, rum, &c. The balance cuft tree, the tulip-tree, honeyfuckle, wild rose, of trade, as far as imperfect calculations enable dogwood, elm, leather tree, laurel, hawthorn, &c. us to judge, has generally been against New Eng. which in the spring of the year give the woods a land; not from any unavoidable neceffity, but most beautiful appearance, and fill them with a from her large importations. From a view of the delicious fragrance. Among the fruits which annual imports into New England, it appears that grow wild, are the feveral kinds of grapes; which the greatest part of them confifts of the luxuries, are fmall, four, and thick skinned. The vines on or at beft the conveniences of life, that may be which they grow are very luxuriant, often over-dispensed with; the country affords the neceffaries fpreading the highest trees in the forefts; and, in great abundance. without doubt, might be greatly meliorated by proper cultivation. Befides thefe, are the wild cherries, white and red mulberries, cranberries, walnuts, nuts, chefnuts, butter nuts, beech nuts, wild plums and pears, whortle-berries, bilberries, gooseberries, ftrawberries, &c. The foil in the interior country is calculated for the culture of. Indian corn, rye,.oats, barley, fax, hemp, buckwheat, beans, peas, &c. In' many of the inland parts, wheat is raised in large quantities; but on the fea-coaft it has never been cultivated with fuccefs, being fubject to blafts. The fruits which the country yields from culture are, apples in the greateft plenty; of these tyder is made, which nanititutes the principal drink of the inhabitants;

NEW-ENGLANDERS, the natives of New Eng land. See NEW ENGLAND, § 6, 9, and 11.

(1—5.) NEWENHAM, five English villages; 1. E. of Bedford: 2. in Devonshire, near Axminster: 3. in ditto, near Plymton: 4. in Hertfordshire N. of Baldock 5. in Kent.

(6.) NEWENHAM, CAPE, a rocky promontory of confiderable height, on the W. coaft of North America, in the North Pacific Ocean; difcovered by Capt. Cook, in 1778. (See Cook, N° III, 10) It forms the N. extremity of an extenfive bay call ed Bristol Bay, of which the promontory of Alaf ka is the S. boundary. Lon. 162. 24. W. Lat. 58. 42. N.

NEWENT, a town of Gloucefterfaire, in the

foreft

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foreft of Dean, on a river which runs into the Severn. It has a canal to Hereford, a rich coal mine, and a market on Friday. It lies 8 miles NW. of Gloucefter, and 114 WNW. of London. Lon. 2. 20. W. Lat. 51. 56. N.

*NEWFANGLED. adj. [new and fangle.] Formed with vain or foolish love of novelty.—

At Christmas I no more defire a rofe, Than with a fnow in May's newfangled fhows. Shak. -Thofe charities are not newfangled devices of yefterday, but are most of them as old as the reformation. Atterbury.

NEWFANGLEDNESS. n.. [from new* NEWFANGLENESS.fangled.] Vain and foolish novelty.-So to newfangleness both of manner, apparel, and each thing eife. Sidney. Yet he them in newfangledness did pafs. Hubberd. -The women would be loth to come behind the fashion in newfangledness of the manner, if not in coftliness of the matter. Care.

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of many of the places having been changed fince that time, it is difficult to afcertain with precifion what were then the limits of the foreft. The oldeft perambulation is among the Pleas of the Foreft, in the 8th year of Edward I. preferved in the NEW ENTON, 1. a town of Kent, near Sit- Chapter-houfe at Westminster. The boundaries tingbourn 2. a town of Wilts, 2 miles N. of there defcribed include all the country from the Malmsbury: 3. a village in ditto, NW. of Everley. Southampton on the E. to the Avon on the W. NEWFANE, a town of Vermont, capital of following the fea-coaft as far as the S. boundary Windham county, with a church and court houfe; / between thofe rivers, and extending N. as far as 30 miles E of Bennington. North Chadeford, on the W. and to Wade and Orebrugg, or Owerbridge, on the E.; and the greatest part, if not the whole, of that extensive diftrict, is mentioned in Domesday-book to be the foreft belonging to the crown. Another perambulation was however made in the 29th of the fame king, which leaves out a great part of the country contained within the former. This perambulation, which is preferved in the Tower of London, confines the foreft to limits which appear to have been followed in the 22d of Charles II. when the foreft was again perambulated. By the Charta de Forefta, all lands not belonging to the crown, which had been afferefted by Henry II. Richard I. or King John, were to be disafforested; but as no provifion was made for the reduction of the more ancient afforeftations, it is eafy to account for the great diminution of this foreft in the reign of Edward I. who was not likely to fubmit to any encroachment on his rights. The perambulation of Charles II. in 1683, is the laft on record: it contains the prefent legal bounds of the foreft, and was given to the furveyors as their guide, in taking the plan which they made. From that plan, with the approbation of the lords commiffioners of his majefty's treasury, an engraving was made. According to it, the foreft extends from Goodhill on the NW. to the fea on the SE. about 20 miles; and from Hardley on the E. to Ringwood on the W. about 15 miles; and contains within thofe limits about 92,365 acres ftatute measure. The whole, however, is not foreft land, or now the property of the crown: there are feveral manors, and other confiderable freehold eftates, within the perambulation, belonging to individuals, to the amount of about 24,797 acres; about 625 acres are copyhold or customary lands belonging to his majefty's manor of Lyndhurft; about 1004 acres are leafehold under the crown, granted for certain terms of years, and forming part of the demised land revenue, under the management of the surveyor-general of crown lands; about 901 acres are purpreftures or encroachments on the foreft; about 1193 acres are inclosed lands, held by the mafter-keepers and groom-keepers, with their respective lodges; and the remainder, being about 63,845 acres, are woods and waste lands of the foreft. To perpetuate the spot where William Rufus was killed, a triangular stone was erected in 1745. K. George III. vifited this fpot in 1789. In August 1782, a curious ancient golden crofs was found here by a labouring man digging turf. It weighed above an ounce of gold, and had on one fide an engraving of our Saviour, and on the other, the ladder, fpear, nails, and other emblems of his fufferings.

NEWFIDLER Zɛɛ, a lake of Hungary, 17 m. long and 6 broad; 20 miles S. by W. of Prefburg. NEW FOREST, an extenfive foreft of Hampfhire, at least 40 miles in compafs, which had many populous towns and villages, and 36 churches, till it was deftroyed and turned into a foreft by William the Conqueror. It is remarkable, that WILLIAM II. the fon of this tyrant, was killed in this foreft at a hunting match. (See ENGLAND, § 20.) There are nine walks in it, and to every one a keeper, under a lord warden, befides two rangers, and a bow-bearer. As this large tract lay many ages open and expofed to invafions from foreigners, Henry VIII. built fome caftles in it; and it has now feveral pretty towns and villages. It is fituated in that part of Hampshire which is bounded on the E. by the Southamptop, and on the S. by the British Channel. It is advantageously fituated with respect to water carriage and nearness to the dock-yards, beyond every other forest, having feveral ports and places of fhelter near it, for fhipping timber, particularly Lymington only 2 miles diftant, Bewley about half a mile, and Redbridge 3 or 4 miles; and the navigation to Portf mouth, the most confiderable dock-yard in England, is only 30 miles from the nearest of these places. This is the only forest belonging to the crown of which the origin is known. Domesday book contains the most distinct account of its af- · forestation by William I. the contents of every field, farm, or estate afforested, in hides, carucates, or virgates, by which the extent of land was then computed; together with the names of the hundreds and villages, and of the former proprietors, who were for the moft part Saxons, the rent or yearly value of each poffeffion, and the tax which had been paid for it to the crown during the reign of Edward the Confeffor, before the inhabitants were expelled, and that part of the country laid waste, are all to be found in that moft curious and venerable record. The names

NEW-FORGE, a town of Ireland, in Down.
NEWFOUNDLAND, a large island of North
America,

America, belonging to Great Britain, lying between 46° so' and 51° 30' Lat. N. and between 53° 30′ and 58° 20' Lon. W. of London. The form is that of an irregular triangle, the base or S. fide being 80 leagues in extent; the E. fide is the longeft; and the whole circumference about 150 leagues. It is bounded on the N. by the Straits of Belleifle, which feparate it from Labrador; on the E. and S. the Atlantic Ocean, and on the W. the Gulph of St Lawrence. The climate is rather fevere; and the foil, at least on the fea-coaft, which is all that we know of it, is poor and bar. ren, A few kitchen vegetables, with ftrawberries and raspberries, are all its produce. The country within land is mountainous, and abounds with timber: there are feveral rivers, which are plentifully ftored with various forts of fish; many deep bays, and good ports. St John's and Placentia are the two principal settlements, and at each of thefe there is a fort: the number of people who remain here in winter is computed at 4000. The French, by the treaty of Utrecht, were permitted to fish from Cape Bonavifta on the E. fide, round the N. of the island, to Point Rich on the W.; and by the treaty of Paris, they were allowed the ifles of St Pierre and Miquelon, to dry their fish, but not to erect fortifications. The great importance of this place arifes from its fishery, which is partly carried on by the inhabitants at the feveral harbours, which are about 20 in number, who take vast quantities of cod near the coaft, which they bring in and cure at their leifure, to have it ready for the fhips when they arrive. But the great and extenfive fishery is on the banks at fome diftance from the inland. The great bank lies 20 leagues from the nearest point of land, from the latitude 41° to 49°, ftretching 300 miles in length and 75 in breadth. (See BANK, §4.) Eaft of this lies the Falfe Bank; the next is ftyled Vert or the Green Bank, about 240 miles long, and 120 over; then Banquero, about the fame fize; the fhoals of Sand Inland, Whale Bank, and the Bank of St Peter's, with feveral others of lefs note, all abounding with fish. The cod are caught only by a hook and line; (fee GADUS, § 9;) yet an expert fifher will take from 250 to 400 in a day; for the fish never bite in the night, and the labour is very great. The ufual feafon is from May to October, in the height of which there are from 500 to 700 fail upon the banks at a time. But the best feafon is reckoned from Feb. to June; thofe taken in July, Aug. and Sept. being apt to spoil foon. They are cured in very different ways. Some are ftyled white fish, others mud fifh, which are flowed and falted in the hold, and will not keep long; but the best and most valuable are the dried cod. The quantity taken is prodigious; yet in fome feafons and in different places varies confiderably, as the fish frequently change their ftations. The ffhing fhips lie upon the banks, take and cure their own fish, and when they are full sail for a market. They are from 100 to 150 tons burden, and will catch between 30,000 and 40,000 cod each. The moft eflential part of the fishery is to have a mafter who knows how to cut up the cod, one who is killed to take off the head properly, and above all a good falter, on which the preferving of them, and confequently the fuccefs of the voyage, de

pends. As foon as the cod are caught, the head is taken off; they are opened, gutted, and falted; and the falter ftows them in the bottom of the hold, head to tail, in beds a fathom or two fquare; laying layers of falt and fish alternately, but never mixing fish caught on different days. When they have lain thus three or four days, to drain off the water, they are placed in another part of the fhip, and falted again; where they remain till the veffel is loaded. Sometimes they are cut in thick pieces, and put in barrels for the conveniency of carriage. The dry cod, though of the fame kind with the fresh cod, are much smaller, and therefore fitter to keep, as the falt penetrates more easily into them. The fishery of both is much alike; (fee FISHERY, 8;) only this latter is moft expenfive, as it takes up more time, and employs more hands; and yet scarce half so much salt is spent in this as in the other. When feveral veffels meet and intend to fish in the fame port, he whofe fhallop firft touches ground becomes entitled to the quality and privileges of admiral: he has the choice of his station, and of all the wood on the coaft at his arrival. As faft as the mafters arrive, they unrig their veffels, leaving nothing but the fhrouds to fuftain the mafts; and in the mean time the mates provide a tent on fhore, covered with branches of trees, and fails over them, with a scaffold of great trunks of pines, 12, 15, 16, and often 10 feet high, commonly from 40 to 60 feet long, and about one third as much in breadth. While the scaffold is preparing, the crew are a-fishing; and as faft as they catch, they bring their fish afhore, and open and falt them upon moveable benches; but the main falting is performed on the scaffold. When the fish have taken falt, they wash and hang them to drain on rails; when drained, they are laid on fmall pieces of wood laid across, and covered with branches of trees, having the leaves ftripped off for the paffage of the air. On thefe flages they are disposed a fish thick, head against tail, with the back uppermoft, and are turned carefully. The fack fhips go directly to the island, where they purchase fish from the inhabitants either by barter or bills of exchange. The principal markets for cod are Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Weft Indies. The value of this fishery is computed at fome hundred thousand pounds annually; employing, befides feveral hundred ships, fome thousands of feamen, and affording a maintenance to a number of tradesmen of different occupations, by which many large towns in the W. of England accumulate much wealth, and at the fame time contribute to the benefit of the public. The great utility of this fishery was very early feen, and very vigorously purfued; for in the beginning of the reign of king James I. 250 fail were employed therein. Three quintals of wet fish make one quintal of dried cod. The livers of every 100 quintals make a hogfhead of vil; and there are many lefler advantages that diminish the expenfe. The fishery produces differently in different feafons; but it is reckoned a very good one when it produces 300,000 quintals of fish and 3000 barrels of oil. As every fhip carries 12, and each boat 8 men, and as-thefe return home in fix months, there cannot be a better nursery for fea

men.

men.

The artificers and traders employed in building, victualling, and repairing thefe veffels, are very numerous in the respective ports from which they fail. These circumftances juftify the particular attention paid by government to this branch of the public fervice; of which an annual and very diftinét account is delivered by the proper officer to the governor of Newfoundland, i. e. the commodore of his majesty's fquadron. Mr Pennant, in the appendix to his Arctic Zoology, gives the following account of this ifland. "With in the circuit of 60 miles of the southern part, the country is hilly, but not mountainous. The hills increase in height as they recede from the fea; their courfe is irregular, not forming a chain of hills, but rife and fall abruptly. The coafts are high, and the fhores moft remarkably bold. The fame may be faid of almost every part of this vaft ifland. The country is much wooded, and the hills are clothed with birch, hazel, fpruce, fir, and pine, all small; which is chiefly owing to the inhabitants taking off the bark to cover the fish ftages. This peninfula is fo indented by the fine and deep bays of Placentia, St Mary, Conception, and Trinity, that it may be eafily penetrated in all parts, which is done for the fake of fowl. ing, or procuring fpars for mafts, oars, &c. The ifthmufes are moft remarkably narrow. The mountains on the SW. fide, near the fea, are very high, and terminate in lofty headlands. Such are Chapeau Rouge, a moft remarkably high promontory, Cape St Mary's, and Cape le Hune: on the NE. most of the hills terminate pyramidally, but form no chain. The interior parts of the country confist chiefly of moraffes, or dry barren hammocks, or level land, with frequent lakes or ponds, and in fome places covered with stunted black spruce. The rivers of Newfoundland are unfit for navigation, but they are of use in floating down the wood with the fummer floods; and are excellent guides for the hunters of beavers and other animals, to penetrate up the country, which as yet has never been done deeper than 30 miles. Near the brooks timber is commonly met with, but feldom above 3 or 4 miles inland, and in valleys; the hills in the N. diftri&t being naked and barren. In fome parts of Newfoundland there is timber fufficiently large for building merchant fhips: the hulk is made of juniper, and the pine furnishes mafts and yards; but as yet none has been found large enough for a maft for a large cutter. The fishery is divided into two feafons; that on the shore, or the thore season, commences about the 20th of April, and ends about the 10th of October; the boats fish in from 4 to 20 fathoms water. The most important, the bank-fishing feason, begins the 10th of May, and continues till the 30th of Sept. and carried on in 30 to 45 fathoms depth of water. Banking veffels have failed from St John's to the bank as early as the 12th of April. At first they use pork or birds for a bait; but as they catch fish, they supply themselves with fhell-fish called clams, which are found in the belly of the cod. The next bait is the lobster; after that the herring and the launce, which laft till June, when the capelan comes on the coaft, and is another bait. In Auguft the fquid comes into use, and finally the herring again. The

greatest number of cod-fifh taken by a fingle fisherman in the feafon has been 12,000, but the average is 7000. The largest fish which has been taken was 4 feet 3 inches long, and weighed 46 lb. A banking veffel of 10,000 fish ought to be filled in three weeks, and fo in proportion; and 80 quintals (112 lb. each) for a boat in the fame time. In 1785, 541 English veffels fifhed on the bank, a number exceeding that of the French. A heap of dried fish, zo feet long and 10 wide, and 4 deep, contains 300 quintals. Such an heap fettles, in the courfe of 48 hours after it is made, about one 12th. An extraordinary splitter will fplit five quintals of fifh in an hour. The average in that time is two. There is no fishing during winter, on account of the inclemency of the season. It is fuppofed that the fish in a great measure quit the banks before that time, as in general they are very fcarce when the fishing veffels go upon the banks early in fpring. There are a few fmall towns on the coafts, which have gardens sown with English pulse; but many of the inhabitants quit the country in winter. An admiral or fome fea officer is governor of Newfoundland. He fails from England in May, and returns by the 30th of November."

NEW GALLOWAY. See GALLOWAY, N° VI. NEW HANOVER. See HANOVER, N° 10, 11, 12. NEW HAMPSHIRE. See HAMPSHIRE, No 4. (1.) NEW-HAVEN, a county of Connecticut, extending along the Sound, from Middlefex county on the E. to Fairfield county W.; about 30 miles long from N. to S. and 28 broad from E. to W. It is divided into 14 townships, which, in 1790, contained 30,397 citizens, and 433 flaves. The lands are hilly, but well watered and well cultivated. In a hill a few miles W. by N. of the city, is a cave, famous for having been the refidence of John Dixwell, one of the regicide judges, who fat on the trial of K. Charles I.

(2.) NEW-HAVEN, the capital of the above county, and the largest city in the State; and alternately with Hartford one of its capitals. It is pleasantly seated on a large plain, at the head of the harbour, partly furrounded by hills, 4 miles N. of Long Island. It has 4 principal streets lying NW. and SE. croffed by others at right angles. Near the centre is a large fquare, furrounded by public buildings, fuch as the flate-house, 2 colleges, 4 churches, a chapel, &c. and ornamented with rows of trees. The population, in 1794, was about 4000; the number of houfes 400. It has a good trade with New York and the W. India islands. The exports for 1794 amounted to 171,808 dollars. Manufactures of linen, cotton, paper, buttons, &c. are carried on. In Yale College is a library of above 3000 volumes, a philofophical apparatus, &c. It lies 40 miles S. by W. of Hartford, 88 from New York, and 183 NE. of Philadelphia. Lon. 72. 56. W. Lat. 41. 18. N.

(3.) NEW-HAVEN, a township of Vermont, in Addifon county, on the Otter, containing 7231 citizens in 1795.

(4.) NEW-HAVEN, a town of Suffex, at the mouth of the Oufe, with a quay on the E. fide; 7 miles S. of Lewes, and 56 S. of London. Lon. o. 5. E. Lat. 50. 48. N.

(5.) NEW

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