fa.) OLIVENZA, a ftrong town and citadel, in the above diftrict, on the left bank of the Guadi ana, 13 miles S. of Elvas, and 40 E. of Evora. It was taken by the Spaniards, and its diftrict overrun, on the 20th May 1801, after a battle, in which 100 Spaniards are faid to have put rooo Portuguese to flight. Lon. 7.4. W. Lat. 38. 30. N. OLIVE OIL. The oil is undoubtedly that part of the produce of olive trees which is of greatest value. The quality of it depends on the nature of the foil where the trees grow, on the kind of olive from which it is expreffed, on the care which is taken in the gathering and preffing of the fruit, and likewife on the feparation of the part to be extracted. Unripe olives give an intolerable bit ternefs to the oil; when they are over ripe, the oil has an unguinous tafte: it is therefore of importance to choose the true point of maturity. When the fituation is favourable, thofe fpecies of olives are cultivated which yield fine oils; other wife they cultivate fuch fpecies of trees as bear a great quantity of fruit, and they extract oil from it, for the ufe of foaperies, and for lamps. They gather the olives about November or December. It is beft to put them as soon as possible into bafkets, or into bags made of wool or hair, and to prefs them immediately, to extract a fine oil. Those who make oil only for foaperies, let them remain in heaps for fome time in their ftorehouses; when afterwards preffed, they yield a much greater quantity of oil. Thofe even who extract oil to be uted in food, fometimes allow them to ferment in heaps, that they may have more oil; but this is extremely hurtful to the quality of the oil, and is the reafon why fine oil is to very rare. M. Duhamel recommends not to mix found olives with thofe in which a fermentation has already begun, and ftill lefs with fuch as are putrified: in both Cafes, the oil which is extracted is of a bad quality, and unfit for preservation. To have the oil in its purity, we must allow it to depofit its fediment, and then pour it off into another veffel. The oil extracted from the pulp only of olives is the most perfect which can be obtained, and will keep for everal years; but that which is extracted from the kernel only, or from the nut, or from the whole olive, ground in the common way in pub. hic mills, has always more or fewer defe&s, iofes its limpidity in a certain time, and is very apt to become rancid. Care must be taken likewife to keep it in proper veffels well fhut. After all, in the courfe of time, olive oil lofes its qualities, becomes difagreeable to the tafe and finell,, diminishes in fluidity, and at length thickens confiderably. The refufe of the firft profling, when fqueezed a fecond time, yields an oil, but thicker and lefs pare than the former. What remains after the 2d preffing, when mixed with a little water and placed in a pan over the fire, produces by preffure a 34 oil, but of a very inferior quality. What remains after all the oil is expreffed, is termed grignon, and is of no farther ufe but as fuel. The fediment, or faces, of new oil, we name after the ancients, amurca: it is an excellent remedy in rheumatic affections. In Paris the wax ufed for fhoes is commonly made of the dregs of defecated oil and fmoke-black. Oil of olives is ab ingredient in the compofition of many balfams, ointments, plafters, mollifying and relaxing liniments. It is of an emollient and folvent nature; mitigates gripes, and the pains accompanying dyfentery: and is one of the beft remedies when one has chanced to swallow corrofive poifons; but it by no means prevents the fatal accidents which enfus from the bite of a fnake, as has been pretended. It is an effectual cure, M. Bourgeois tells us, for the ftings of wafps, bees, and other infects. A bandage foaked in the oil, is immediately applied to the sting, and a cure is obtained without inflammation or fwelling. Olive oil is of no ufe in painting, because it never dries completely. The beft foap is made of it, mixed with Alicant falt-wort and quick lime. OLIVE-PRESS, . f. a machine for obtaining olive oil. (See Plate CCXLVIII.) For this purpose, the olives are first bruised in a rough trough, under a mill-ftone, rolling perpendicularly over them; and when fufficiently mashed, put into the maye or trough, m, of an olive: prefs, where aa are the upright beams or cheeks; b, the female, and c, the male fcrew; f, the board on which the fcrew prefies; g, a cubical piece of wood, called a block; h, the peel, a circular board, to be put under the block. By turning the fcrew, all the liquor is preffed out of the mashed olives, and is called virgin oil; after which, hot water being poured upon the remainder in the prefs, a coarfer oil is obtained. Olive oil keeps only about a year, after which it degenerates. (1.) OLIVER, Ifaac, an English painter, born in 1556, eminent both for hiftory and portraits. Several of his miniatures are in the collections of our nobility and gentry. His drawings are finished to an extraordinary degree of perfection; many being copies after Parmegiano. Rubens and Vandyck painted, James I. after a miniature: of Oliver's. He died in 1617.. (2.) OLIVER, Peter, the fon and disciple of Ifaac, was born in 1601. He arrived at a degree of perfection in miniature portraits, fuperior to his father and all his cotemporaries. In the collections of Charles I. and James II. there were 13 hiftorical fubjects painted by this Oliver; of which 7 are ftill preferved in the clofet of queen Caroline at Kenfington. He died in 1660. (3.) OLIVER, a learned English Benedictine monk, born at Malmbury, in the 11th century. Like Dædalus he invented artificial wings, but in attempting to fly with them from a high tower, he fell and broke his legs. He died A. D. 1060. (4) OLIVER, William, M. D. an eminent Englith phyfician, who practifed with fuccefs many years at Bath, and wrote a Treatife on the Virtues of the Bath Waters. He affifted the celebrated NASH in procuring the establishment of the Bath Hofpital. He was during the greater part of his life a zealous infidel, but a fhort time before his death became a penitential convert to Chriftianity. He died in 1764. (5.) OLIVER CROMWELL. See CROMWELL, N 1.. OLIVERO, a river of Sicily, which runs into the fea, between Patti and Milazzo. (1.) OLIVET, or MOUNT OF OLIVES, in ancient geography, was feated to the E. of Jerufalem, Nn 2 OLI ( 284 falem, and parted from it only by the brook Kidron and the valley of Jehoshaphat, which ftretches out from N. to S. It was upon this mount that Solomon, in his dotage, built temples to the gods of the Ammonites (1 Kings xi.,7.) and of the Moabites, out of complaifance to his wives, who were natives of these nations. Hence mount Olivet is called the mountain of corruption (2 Kings xxiii. 13.) Jofephus fays that this mountain is at the distance of five ftadia or furlongs, from Jerufalem, which make 625 geometrical paces, or the length of a Sabbath day's journey, fays St Luke. (Acts i. 12.) It had three fummits, or was compofed of 3 feveral mountains, ranged from N. to S. The middle fummit is that from whence our Saviour afcended into heaven. It was upon that towards the S. that Solomon built temples to his idols. The fummit which is moft to the N. is diftant two furlongs from the middlemoft. This is the highest of the three, and is commonly calLed Galilee. In the time of king Uzziah, the Mount of Olives was fo fhattered by an earthquake, that half of the earth on the W. fell down, and rolled four furlongs or 500 paces from thence, towards the mountain which was opposite to it on the E. fo that the earth blocked up the highways, and covered the king's gardens. Mr Maundrell tells s, that he and his company going out of Jerufalem at St Stephen's gate, and croffing the valley of Jehoshaphat, began inmediately to ascend the mountain; that being got above two 3ds of the way up, they came to certain grottos cut with intricate windings and caverns under ground which were called the fepulchres of the prophets; that a little higher up were 12 arched vaults under ground, standing side by fide, and built in memory of the apostles, who are faid to have compiled their creed in this place; that 60 paces higher they came to the place where Chrift uttered his prophecy concerning the deftruction of Jerufalem: that fomewhat higher is the cave of a Taint called Pelagia; a little above that a pillar denoting the place where the angel gave the Bleffed Virgin three days warning of her death; and at the top of all, the place of our Blessed Lord's afcenfion. (2.) OLIYET, a town of France, in the dep. of the Loiret, on the S. bank of the Loire, S. of Orleans. 3 miles (3.) OLIVET, Jofeph, a learned French writer, born in 1682. He entered early into the fociety of the Jefuits, but left it in 1715. He then went to Paris, where he became fo eminent in literature that he was chofen a member of the French Academy, merely on account of his merit. He published an excellent edition of Cicero's works in 9 vols 4to, He wrote alfo Hiftoire de l'Academie Francoife, and feveral other works. He died 1673. OLIVETAN, Robert, a printer, related to Calvin, who printed at Neufchatel in 1535, in folio, a verfion of the Bible in French, the firft which had been tranflated from the original Hebrew and Greek. It is written in an uncouth and barbarous Ryle, and is far from being faithful. The characters in which it is printed are Gothic, and the fanguage is no lefs fo, It is valued only because it is rare. Olivetan furvived his publication but afhort time; for he was poifoned at Rome the ) OLM have been the caufe. Olivetan' Bible, revised by year after, of which his tranflation is alleged to John Calvin and N. Malinger, was reprinted at Geneva, in 1540, in 4to. This edition is still rarer than the former. It is called the Bible de l'Epée, because the printer had a sword in his fign. Lisbon, of an ancient and honourable family, born OLIVEYRA, Chevalier Francis Dɛ, a native of about 1700. He ftudied at Lifbon under the celebrated F. Pinto. The active part of his life was spent amidft the hurry of an intriguing court; and he was employed by the king of Portugal in count of his Travels and Tranfactions, in feveral feveral important embaffies. He published an ac-* volumes, in Portuguese. When he had refolved, from conviction, to profefs the Proteftant religion, he went to Holland and afterwards to England, where he lived in an easy retirement from 1744 to 1783, when he died, Oct. 14. His wife happened at Lisbon in 1756, he published a conwas a native of Jerfey. When the earthquake folatory pamphlet, entitled Difcours Pathetiques addreffee a mes Compatriotes, in 4to. He also wrote feveral other valuable tracts in French. OLIVIENTO, a river of Naples. parliament of Aix, was born at Marseilles in 1701, palatinate of Brzefk; 14 miles E. of Brzesk. ÖLKUSZ, a town of Poland in Cracow. many, in the late electorate of Cologn, now in- OLLBRUCKEN, a town of the French empire, miles S. of St Felipe. of Puy de Dome, 9 miles NNW. of Ambert, and OLLIUS, a river of Italy, now the OGLIO. OLMEDA. See OLMEDO. OLMEDILLA, a town of Spain, in Leon. OLMEDO, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile, Valladolid. It has churches, and had anciently on the Adaja, 16 miles S. of Cuenza, and 30 of very ftrong walls, which ftill partly inclofe it, and extend about 2 miles. Lon. 4. 29. W. Lat. 41, 20. N. OLMETA, and 2 towns of France, in the Corfica, the former 7 miles W. of Tallano; the latter 14 SW. of Oletta. OLMUTZ, a town of Germany, in Moravia, with a bishop's fee, and a famous univerfity. The public buildings are very handfome, particularly the ci-devant Jefuits college. It is a populous, trading, and very strong place; and yet it was taken, with the whole garrifon, by Frederick II. of Pruffia in 1741. In July 1758 he befieged it again; but when he had almost taken it he was obliged to raise the fiege to meet the Ruffian ar my. It is feated on the Morava, 80 miles N. by E. of Vienna. Lon. 17. 35. E. Lat. 49. 30. N. OLNEY, a town of Buckinghamshire, feated on, the Oufe, 12 miles NE. of Northampton, and 50 NNW. of London. Lon, o. 54. W. Lat. 52. 5. N. OLOCENTROS, in natural hiftory, a name given by the old Greeks to a small animal of the fpider kind, whofe bite was accounted mortal, It is the fame with the SOLIRUGA, fo called from its ftinging or biting moft violently, in places or feasons, where the fun had the moft power, as Africa, &c. The name folifuga was a corrupt way of writing that word; and olocentTos feems alfo a falfe way of writing heliocentros, which fignifies the fame as folipuga. (1.) OLON, or or OLONE, a river of Italy, (1.) OLONA, which rifes, near the Lake of Lugano, paffes Milan, and falls into the Po be tween St Zenone and Port Morono, 12 miles W. of Placentia. (2.) OLONA, or a department of Italy, fo (2.) OLONE, named from the above river, (N° 1.) which runs through it; compre hending the ci-devant duchy of the MILANESE. On May 13th 1801, it was found, by the general cenfus then taken of the population, to contaia 526,234 citizens; and was fubdivided into 4 diftricts, called MILAN, PAVIA, MONZA, and Gallarate, from their refpective capitals. (3-6.) OLONE, or OLONA, an island, town, fort, and harbour of France, in the, dep. of the Vendee, and ci-devant prov. of Poitou, 30 miles NW. of Rochelle, and 258 SW. of Paris. Lon. 1, 43. W. Lat. 46. 30. N. OLONEI, an island on the S. coaft of Nova Zembla, in the ftraits of Vaigatskoi. or } (1.) OLONETZ, a town of Ruffia, capital of Olonetfkoi, built by Peter the Great. It has mines of copper and iron, an iron manufactory, and a mineral spring; and is feated on the Olon23, 104 miles NE of Petersburg, and 364 NW. of Mofkow. Lon, 34. 20. E. Lat. 46. 30. N. (2.) OLONETZ, or a province or government OLONETSKOI, of Ruffia, bounded on the N. by that of Archangel; E. by ditto and the White Sea, S. by Novogorod and Vologda, and W. by Viburg and Finland; about 340 miles long from N. to S. and 240 broad, where broadeft, from E. to W. but about 100 along the coaft of the White Sea, Lon. 46° to 59° E. of Ferro. Lat. 61° to 66° 40′ N. OLONNE. See OLONE, 3-6. OLONSKA, a town of Ruffia, in Irkutsk. OLONZA, a river of Ruffia, in Olonetskoi, which runs into the E. fide of Lake Ladoga. OLONZAC, a town of France, in the dep. of Herault; 15 m, S. of St Pons, and 21 W. of Beziers, OLOONSON, an ancient town of Magnefia; now called Alefione. Homer. OLOPHYXUS, a town of Macedonia, on Mount Athos. OLOSOTAI, a town of Afia, in Hami. OLOST. a town of Spain, in Catalonia. OLOSTELESEK, a town of Transylvania, OLOT, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 17 miles NW. of Gerona. OLPE, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, 37 miles E. of Cologn, and 50 ESE. of Duffeldorf. OLPHEN, a city of Germany, in the ci-devant ́1 bishopric of Munfter, now fecularized; first al. lotted to the King of Pruffia, by Bonaparte's decifron of the indemnities, on the 21ft Aug. 1802. and now forming a part of the kingdom of Weftphalia. It is 17 miles SSW. of Munfter. (1.) OLRICK, Norweg. i. e. the fan of Erick. A parish of Scotland, in Caithness, 4 miles long and 2 broad, The furface is neither hilly nor quite level; and even the most uncultivated parts afford excellent pafture for cattle. The air is pure, but to render it perfectly falubrious, fome marthes and lakes would require to be drained. The foil is a deep clay without fand and till. The crops are barley, potatoes, flax, and oats, which laft are much efteemed for feed. About 4000 bolls are exported. Husbandry is much improved. The population, in 1793, was 1001; increase 126, fince 1755. The number of theep was about 1350. Horfes, fwine, and black cattle, are also reared, Lime-ftone, free-tone, grey flates, &c. abound. The chief gentlemens feats are Blue flage Murkle, Castlehill, and Olrick..... (2.) OLRICK, a hill in the above parish, which affords a moft extenfive prospect, and on which there are veftiges of a watch-tower. OLSCHANKA, a town of Ruffia, in Ekateri OLDSZTYN, a town of Poland, in Cracow. OLTEN, a town and ci-devant bailiewick of Switzerland, in Soleure, on the Aar; 17 miles ENE of Soleure. OLTERSPACH, a town of Stiria. OLTRI, a town in Friuli; 24 miles E. of Cadora, and 38 NW. of Friuli. OLUS, an ancient town of Crete. OLUTOR, a river of Ruffia, which runs into the North Pacific Ocean. OLUTOROVSCOI,, a town of Ruffia, on the Olutor; 164 miles E. of Oklansk. OLWYE, a river of Monmouthshire, which runs into the Ufk, near the town of Usk. OLYBRIUS, Flavius Anicius, emperor of the Eaft after Anthemius, and fon-in-law of the em peror Leo I. He was flain by the Goths, who placed Glycerius on the throne A. D. 472. OLYKA. See OLIKA. OLYMPENA. See OLYMPUS. OLYMPEUM, 2 ancient towns, in Delos and y Syracufe, ́(1.) OLYMPIA, in ancient geography, a town of Elis, or Olympia Pifatis, according to Strabo, fo called from the territory of a in Elis; is defcri bed 1 bed by Strabo," as the temple of Jupiter Olym- with water from the Alpheus. The cement was made with that fluid only; and therefore this river was esteemed the moft friendly of any to the god. On each fide of the altar were stone steps. Its height was 22 feet. Girls and women were al lowed to afcend the basement, which was 125 feet in circumference. The people of Elis facrificed daily, and private persons as often as they chose. Many deities were worshipped befides Jupiter. Paufanias has enumerated above 60 altars of various fhapes and kinds. One of the unknown gods flood by the great altar. The people of Elis offered on all thefe monthly; laying on them boughs of olive, burning incenfe, and wheat mixed with honey; and pouring libations of fuch liquors as the ritual prescribed. At the later ceremony fometimes a form of prayer was used, and they fung hymns compofed in the Doric dialect. Olympia was fituated on an eminence, between two mountains called Offa and Olympus. Though its ancient fplendour is gone, the place reminds the traveller of what it once was. It is in the Morea, and is now a fmall place, called LANGANICO, 50 miles S. of Lepanto. Lon. 22. o. E. Lat. 37. 40. N. (2.) OLYMPIA, plur. See OLYMPIC GAMES. (3.) OLYMPIA MALDACHINI, Donna, a woman of a very uncommon character, She flouriflied about the middle of the 17th century. She was fifter-in-law to Pope Innocent X. and acquired an unlimited power over this vain and weak ecclefiaftic. Her avarice and ambition were unbound'ed: flre disposed of all benefices, which were kept vacant till the informed herself of their value: fhe rated an office of rooo crowns for three years at one year's revenue, and if for life, at 12 years purchafe, one half of which the required to be paid in advance: fhe gave audience upon public affairs, enacted new laws, and fat in council with Innocent, with bundels of memorials in her hands. It was faid that they lived together in a criminal correfpondence. On the election of Pope Alexander VII. a number of memorials were fent in against her, and he banished her from Rome, and began to examine witnesses refpecting her conduct. She was cut off, however, before the trial 'was finished, by the plague in 1636. Her immenfe property was not confifcated; the pope only referving for his own relations about a million of crowns. } OLYMPIAD, the space of four years, (1.) OLYMPIAS, whereby the Greeksreckoned time.-The firft Olympiad fell, according to the most accurate and learned computations, exactly 776 years before the first year of Chrift, or '775 before that of his birth, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and 22 years before the building of Rome. The games were exhibited at the time of the full moon next after the fummer folftice; "therefore the Olympiads were of unequal length, because the time of the full moon differs Ir days every year, and for that reafon they sometimes began the next day after the folftice, and at other times four weeks after. The computation by Olympiads ceased, as fone fuppofe, after the 364th, in the year 440 of the Chriftian era. It was univerfally adopted, not only by the Greeks, but by many of the neighbouring countries; though ftill the Pythian gatnes ferved as an epoch to the peo ple ple of Delphi and to the Rootians; the Nemeaned by Iphitus, a defcendant of Oxylus, to whom games to the Argives and Arcadians; and the the province of Eleia had fallen in the general parIfthmian to the Corinthians and the inhabitants of tition of the peninsula. The festival, which lafted the Peloponnefian ifthmus, To the Olympiads five days, began and ended with a sacrifice to Ohiftory is much indebted. They have ferved to lympian Jove. The intermediate time was chieffix the time of many momentous events; and in- ly filled up by the gymnastic exercises,, in which deed before this method of computing time was all freemen of Grecian extraction were invited to obferved, the hiftory of Greece is moftly fabulous, contend, provided they had been born in lawful and filled with obscurity, contradiction, and ana- wedlock, and had lived untainted by any infamous chronism.... immoral stain. The preparation for this part of the entertainment was made in the gymnafium of Elis, a fpacious edifice, furrounded by a double range of pillars, with an open area in the middle. Adjoining were various apartments, containing baths and other conveniences for the combatants. The neighbouring country was adorned with porticoes, fhady walks and groves, interspersed with feats and benches; the whole originally destined to relieve the fatigues and anxiety of the candidates for Olympic fame; and frequented in later times, by fophifts and philosophers, who were fond to contemplate wifdom, and communicate knowledge, in those delightful retreats. The or (2.) OLYMPIAS, a celebrated princess, daughter of Alexander L. king of Epirus, who married Philip II. king of Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander the Great. Her haughtiness, and probably her infidelity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra, the niece of king Attalus. Olympia and Alexander fhowed their difapprobation of this measure, by retiring from court. The murder of Philip foon followed, (see MACEDON, 9.) which fome attribute to the intrigues of Olympias, who paid the greatest honour to her husband's murderer. She gathered his mangled limbs, placed a crown of gold on his head, and laid his ashes near those of Philip. Theder of the athletic exercises or combats was estaadministration of Alexander was in fome inftances offenfive to Olympias; but when the ambition of her fon was concerned, the declared publicly that Alexander was not the son of Philip, but the offfpring of Jupiter, who in the form of an enormous ferpent, had introduced himself into her bed. When Alexander was dead, Olympias feized the government of Macedonia; and, to eftablish her ufurpation, the cruelly put to death Aridæus, with his wife Eurydice, Nicanor the brother of Caffander, with 100 leading men of Macedon, who were inimical to her interest. These barbarities did not long remain unpunished: Caffander befieged her in Pydna, where he had retired with the remains of her family, and she furrendered after an obftinate fiege. The conqueror ordered her to be put to death. A body of 200 foldiers were ordered to put the bloody commands into execution, but the splendour and majefty of the queen difarmed their courage. She was at laft maffacred by those whom the had cruelly deprived of their children, about A.A.C. 316. See MACEDON, § 17. (3.) OLYMPIAS, a fountain of Arcadia, which flowed the one year, and the next became dry. Pauf. viii. 29. " (1.) OLYMPIC, adj. Of or belonging to Olympia, the games held there, or to Jupiter Olympius, or Mount Olympus. (2.) OLYMPIC GAMES, folemn games among the ancient Greeks, fo called from Jupiter Olympius, to whom they were dedicated; and faid to have been firft inftituted by him, after his victory over the fons of Titan: Qthers afcribe their inftitution to Hercules, the fon of Alcmena; others to a Hercules of much greater antiquity; others to Pelops. But by whomfoever they were inftituted, at a period rather early they had fallen into difufe. The wars which prevailed among the Greeks had totally interrupted the religious ceremonies and exhibitions with which they had been accuftomed to honour their common gods and heroes; but the Olympic games were reftor. blished by Lycurgus, and correfponded, almost exactly to that defcribed by Homer, in the 23d book of the Iliad, and 8th of the Odyffey, Iphitus appointed the other ceremonies and entertainments; fettled the regular return of the feftival at the end of every 4th year, in July ;; and gave to the whole folemnity that form and arrangement which it preserved, with little variation, above 1000 years; a period exceeding the duration of the most famous kingdoms and republics of antiquity. Among the benefactors of Olympia, at a much later period, was reckoned Herod, afterwards king of Judea. Seeing, on his way to Rome, the games neglected or dwindling into infignificance from the poverty of the Eleans, he displayed a vaft munificence as prefident, and provided an ample revenue for their future fupport and dignity. The care and management of the Olympics belonged for the moft part to the Eleans; who on that account enjoyed their poffeffions without moleftation, or fear of war or violence. They appointed a certain number of judges, who were to take care that those who offered themfelves as competitors should perform, their preparatory exercifes; and thefe judges, during the folemnity, fat naked, having before them a crown of victory, formed of wild olive, which was prefented to whomfoever they adjudged it. Those who were conquerors were called OLYMPIONICES, and were loaded with honours by their countrymen. At thefe games women were not allowed to be prefent; and if any woman was found, during the folemnity, to have paffed the river Alpheus, he was to be thrown headlong from a rock. This, however, was fometimes neglected; for we find not only women present at the celebration, but also fome among the combatants, and fome rewarded with the crown. The preparations for these feftivals were great. No perfon was permitted to enter the lifts, if he had not regularly exercised himself ten months before the celebration at the public gymnasium of Elie. No unfair dealings were allowed; whoever at tempted |