(5.) NEW-HAVEN, a town of Kent, in Thanet. (6.) NEWHAVEN, a confiderable fishing village of Scotland, in Mid-Lothian, 2 miles N. of Edinburgh, and 1 W. of Leith; much resorted to for fea bathing, for which it has elegant accommodations. The population in 1793 was about 600. NEW HEBRIDES. See HEBRIDES, N° 2. NEW HEMPSTEAD, a township of New York, in Orange county, containing 245 electors in 1796. NEWHILLS, a parish of Scotland in Aberdeenfhire, of an irregular hexagonal form, 5 miles in diameter, bounded by the Don, on the NE. The furface is hilly: The foil in the NE. a deep, rich mould, producing rich crops of oats, barley, turnips, &c. but in the reft, light fhallow and fpongy. The air is fharp; the roads are good. The population in 1792 was 1153; increase 194, fince 1755; the number of horses was 230; of fheep 600, and black cattle 900. Three fairs for cattle and hard wares are held at Greenburn. There are 4 quarries of granite, and several nurferies of trees at Auchmull. See AUCHмMULL.

NEW HOLDERNESS, a township of New Hampshire, in Grafton county, on the Pemigewaffet, 3 miles E. by S. of Plymouth..

NEW HOLLAND. See HOLLAND, N° VI, VII;

1-10.

NEW HUNTINGTON, a mountainous township of Vermont in Chittendon county.

NEW JERSEY. See JERSEY, No 4.
NEWIN. See NEVIN.

*NEWING. n. f. [from new.] Yeft or barm. (1.) NEWINGTON, a town of Kent, near Hithe and Folkfton.

(2.) NEWINGTON, a town of Georgia, 5 miles NW. of Savannah.

NEW IPSWICH, a township of New Hampshire, in Hillsborough county, on the Souhegan, with an academy; containing 1241 citizens in 1795. It lies 74 miles WSW, of Portsmouth,/

NEW IRELAND. See BRITAIN, N° IV; and IRELAND, N° III. and IV.

NEW KENT, a county of Virginia, 33 miles long and 12 broad, containing 2539 citizens, and 3700 flaves in 1795.

(1.) NEWLAND, an island of England, near the NW. coaft of Cornwall, at the mouth of the Alan, 4 miles below Padftow.

(2-12.) NEWLAND, II English villages; viz. 2. n Dorsetih. one each in Cumberland, Gloucefter, Kent, Warwick, and Worcester; and of 4 in Yorkshire.

NEWLANDS, a parish of Scotland, in Tweeddale or Peebles-fhire, on the borders of Mid-Lo. thian. The furface is varied with hills and valleys, but the former are green to the top. The foil is partly clay, partly loam. Mineral springs abound, and trees thrive every where. Lime, coals, ochre and manganefe, are alfo found. An, ochre manufactory is established. About 1300 Scots acres are in cultivation; but improvements are retarded by heavy thirlages. The population, in 1790, was 891; decrease 118 fince 1755: the number of horses was 230; cows 700, and theep 3000. DROCHIL CASTLE is in this parish. See that article. The chief gentlemens feats are, the Wheam, La Mancha, and Magbichill.

He rubb'd it o'er with newly gather'd mint.
Dryden.

In a manner different from the former.—
Such is the power of that fweet paffion,
That it all fordid baseness doth repel,
And the refined mind doth newly fashion
Into a fairer form.

3. In a manner not existing before.

Spenfer.

NEW MACHAR. See MACHAR. NEWMANSTOWN, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dauphine county; 72 miles NW. by W. of Pennsylvania.

NEWMARK. See NEUMARK, N° 1, and 2. (1.) NEWMARKET, a town of England, in Cambridgeshire, 14 miles E. of Cambridge, 13 from St Edmondsbury, and 60 NE. of London; with one long ftreet, the N. fide in Suffolk, the S. fide in Cambridge-fhire. It is a healthy place, and a great thorough-fare in the road from London to Norfolk; but ftands moftly by the horse-races every year in April and October, here being the fineft course in England; on which there is a house for the king when he comes to the races, which was built by Charles II. The king gives a plate or two every year, befides thofe given by the nobility; and wagers are laid upon the horses, which are feldom under 5ool, and often above 1oool. It has two coffeehouses, at which, every night and morning during the races, there is gaming, as there is also at the houses of the nobility and gentry. Here are alfo cock-matches. It has a chapel of eafe to the mother-church at Ditton; and another in the Suffolk fide, which is parochial. The town was burnt in 1683, but foon rebuilt. It has 2 charity schools, one for 20 boys, another for 20 girls, fupported by sol. a-year, firft fettled by Queen Anne. It has markets on Tuesday. Lon. o. 25. E. Lat. 52. 20. N.

(2.) NEWMARKET, a town of N. Wales in Flintshire.

(3.) NEWMARKET, a town of Virginia, in Amherft county, 100 miles above Richmond, and 378 from Philadelphia.

NEW MILFORD, a town of Connecticut, in Litchfield county; 181 miles from Philadelphia.

NEW MILL, a village of Banff-fhire, in the parifh of Keith, containing 65 inhabitants in 1791.

NEWMILNS, an ancient burgh of barony in Ayrshire, in the parish of Loudoun, erected by K. James IV. under the fuperiority of the earls of Loudoun. It contained about 1000 inhabitants in

1791. It has fairs on the 3d Tuefday of May, 2d Wed. of July, 22d Aug. 18th Oct. and 29th Nov. O. S.

(1.) * NEWNESS. n. f. [from new.] 1. Freshnefs; tatenefs; recentnefs; ftate of being lately produced. Their ftories, if they had been pre served, and what else was performed in that newnefs of the world, there could nothing of more delight have been left to pofterity. Raleigh.In these disturbances,

And newness of a wav'ring government, T'avenge them of their former grievances. Dan. -When Horace writ his fatyrs, the monarchy of his Cæfar was in its newness, and the government but just made eafy to his conquered people. Dryd. Ju 2. Novelty; unacquaintance.-Words borrowed of antiquity do lend majefty to ftile. they have the authority of years, and out of their intermiffion do win to themfelves a kind of grace like newness. Ben Jonfon.-Newness, in great matters, was a worthy entertainment for a mind, South. 3. Something lately produced.-There are fome neaunefes of English, tranflated from the beauties of modern tongues, as well as from the elegancies of the Latin. Dryd. Don Sebaft. 4. Innovation; late change.

Away, my friends, new flight; And happy newness that intends old right. Shak. 5. Want of practife.-His device was to come without any device, all in white like a new knight, but fo new as his newness fhamed most of the others long exercise. Sidney.

(2.) NEWNESS. See NOVELTY.

(1.) NEWNHAM. See NEWENHAM, No 6. (2.) NEWNHAM, a town of Gloucefterfh. on the Severn, with a market on Friday; 8 miles SW. of Gloucester, and 112 NW. of London. Lon. 2. 23. W. Lat. 51. 46. N.

NEW PALTZ, a town of New York in Ulfter county, with a Dutch church; 80 miles NW. of New York.

(1.) NEWPORT, a borough of England, in Cornwall, N. of LAUNCESTON, with which it was formerly joined, and 214 miles W. by S. of London. It fends 2 members to Parliament. Lon. 4. 36. W. Lat. 50. 43. N.

(2.) NEWPORT, a large borough of Hampfh. in the Isle of Wight, governed by a mayor and burgeffes; who fend two members to Parliament. It has markets on Wed. and Sat. In 1648, a treaty was entered into at this town between K. Charles I. and the commiffioners from the Parliament. It is feated on the Cowes, which is navigable up to it in small veffels; 6 miles S. of Cowes, 17 of Southampton, and 91 SW. of London. 'Lon. 1. 15. W. Lat. c. 40. N.

(3.) NEWPORT, a town of Monmouthshire, on the Ufk, over which it has a handsome bridge, 4 miles above its mouth; with a good harbour, and a market on Sat. It had a caftle and walls, relicts of which are still visible. It is 19 miles SW. of Monmouth, and 152 W. by N. of London. Lon. 3.4. W. Lat. 51. 36. N.

(4) NEWPORT, a town of S. Wales in Pem-. broketh. at the foot of a hill, near the coaft; with a handsome church, an ancient cattle, and a market on Sat. It is governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, a recorder, &c. It is feated at the bottom VOL. XVI. PART I.

of NEWPORT BAY, 18 miles NE. of St. David's, and 235 WNW. of London. Lon. 4. 50. W. Lat. 52. 6. N.

(5.) NEWPORT, a town of Shropsh. with a free fchool, and a market on Sat. 17 miles E. of Shrewf bury, and 140 NW. of London. Lon. 2. 18. W. Lat. 52. 45. N.

(6.) NEWPORT, a maritime county of the United States, in Rhode Island, comprehending Rhode Inland, Canonicut, Prudence, Black Island, and fe veral small islands. It is divided into 7 townships. It contained 13,934 citizens and 366 flaves in 1795(7.) NEWPORT, the metropolis of Rhode Island, and of the above county, is feated on the SW.end of Rhode Inland, 5 miles from the coaft, on a gentle afcent affording a fine view of the harbour, along which it extends from N. to S. It has feveral fine ftreets and fquares, a ftate-house, an academy, a public library, 9 churches, and a Jewish fynagogue; and carries on duck and cotton manufactories, with a confiderable trade. It is 30 miles SE. of Providence, 80 NE. of New York, and 292 of Philadelphia. Lon. o. 43. W. Lat. 52. 4. N.

(8.) NEWPORT, a trading town of Delaware, in Newcastle county, on the N. fide of the Chriftiana, 3 miles above Wilmington, and 31 SW. of Philadelphia.

(9.) NEWPORT, a town of Maryland, in Charles county, 64 miles from Annapolis, and 195 from Philadelphia...

(10.) NEWPORT, a town of Ireland, in Mayo county, 123 miles from Dublin.

(11.) NEWPORT, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary, 86 miles from Dublin.

(12.) NEWPORT BAY. See No 4.

(13.) NEW PORT GLASGOW. See PORT-GLAS

GOW.

(14.) NEWPORT PAGNEL, a town of England, in Bucks, with markets on Wed, and Sat. on a rivulet that runs into the Oufe; famous for its manufactures of laces: 14 miles ENE. of Buckingham, 15 SSE. of Northampton, and g 1 NNW. of London. Lon. o. 43. W. Lat. 52. 4. N.

(15.) NEWPORT PRATTS, a fea port town of Ireland, in Mayo, on Clew Bay, 8 miles W. of Caftlebar. Lon. 9. 21. W. Lat. 53. 53. N.

NEW PURCHASE. See DARTMOUTH, N° 3. NEW RIVER, a fine artificial river of London, brought from two fprings at Chadwell and Amwell, near Ware in Herts, to fupply the metropolis with water. (See AMWELL, N° 2.) It was completed in 1613, by Sir Hugh Middleton, who spent his fortune on this patriotic work. (See MIDDLETON, N° 2.) This river, with its various windings, is 38 miles and 16 poles long. It is under the management of a corporation called the New River Company, which is one of the most Hourishing in London. (See ISLINGTON.) Where the new river paffes the deep flope or bank of Amwell hill, and feems an ample pool of water, there is a little ifle, on which Mr. Mylne has reared a monument to the virtues of Sir Hugh Middleton.

NEW Ross. See Ross, N° 12.

(1.) NEWRY, a confiderable fea-port town of Ireland, in Down county, on the fide of a hill, at the foot of which runs the NEWRY; over which it has 2 ftone bridges, and a 3d over a navigable canal,

E

to find him in a hay loft at Grantham working a mathematical problem, and having otherwife obferved the boy's mind to be uncommonly bent upon learning, he prevailed upon her to send him to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he himself had many friends. Ifaac was foon taken notice of by Dr Ifaac Barrow, who, obferving his bright genius, contracted a great friendship for him. M. de Fontenelle tells us, "That in learning mathematics he did not ftudy Euclid, who feemed to him too plain and fimple, and unworthy of taking up his time. He understood him almoft before he read him; and a caft of his eye upon the contents of his theorems was fufficient to make him mafter of them. He advanced at once to the geometry of Des Cartes, Kepler's optics, &c. It is certain, that he had made his great difcoveries in geometry, and laid the foundation of his two famous works, the Principia and the Optics, by the time he was 24 years of age." In 1664, he took the degree of A. B. and in 1668 that of A. M. being elected the year before, fellow. He had before this time difcovered the method of fluxions; and in 1669 he was chofen profeffor of mathematics in the univerfity of Cambridge, upon the refignation of Dr Barrow. In 1669, 70, & 71, he read a courfe of optical lectures in Latin, in the public fchools of the univerfity; an English tranflation of which was printed at London in 1728, in 8vo. as was the Latin original, in 1729, in 4to. From 1671 to 1679, he held a correfpondence with Mr Henry Oldenburg, fecretary of the royal fociety, and Mr John Collins, F. R. S. Thefe letters contain a variety of curious obfervations. Concerning the origin of his discoveries, we are told, that as he fat alone in a garden, the falling of fome apples from a tree led him into a fpeculation on the power of gravity; that as this power is not diminished at the remoteft diftance from the centre of the earth to which we can rife, it appeared to him reafonable to conclude, that it muft extend much farther than was ufually thought; and pursuing this fpeculation, by comparing the periods of the feveral planets with their diftances from the fun, he found, that if any power like gravity held them in their courfes, its ftrength muft decrease in the duplicate proportion of the increase of distance. This inquiry gave rife to his writing the treatife which he published in 1687, under the name of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philofophy; a work confidered as the production of a celeftial intelligence rather than of a man. This year the university of Cambridge was attacked by king James II. when Mr Newton was one of its most zealous defenders, and was nomined one of the delegates of that univerfity to the high commiffion court; and in 1688 he was chofen one of their members for the convention parliament, in which he fat till it was diffolved. In 1696, Mr Montague, then chancellor of the exchequer, and afterwards earl of Halifax, obtained for him of K. William the office of warden of the mint; in which employment he was of figal fervice when the money was called in to be recoined. Three years after, he was appointed matter of the mint; a place of very confiderable profit, which he held till his death. In 1699, he was elected a member of the royal academy of

sciences at Paris. In 1701, he was a fecond time chofen M. P. for the univerfity of Cambridge. In 1704 he published his Optics; which may be confidered as a science for which the world is entirely indebted to our author. In 1705, he was knighted by queen Anne. In 1707, he published his Arithmetica Univerfalis. In 1711, his Analyfs per Quantitatum Series, Fluxiones et Differentias, &c. was published by William Jones, Efq. In 1712, feveral of his letters were published in the Commercium Epiftolicum. In the reign of George I. he was better known at court than before. The princess of Wales, (afterwards Queen Caroline) often propofed queftions to him, and declared that the thought herself happy to live at the fame time with him, and have the pleasure of his converfation. He had written a treatise of ancient chronology, which he did not think of publifhing; but the princess defired an abstract, which he would never part with. However, a copy of it stole abroad, and was carried into France; where it was tranflated and printed, with fome obfervations, which were afterwards answered by Sir Ifaac. But, in 1728, the Chronology itself was published at London in 4to, and was attacked by feveral perfons, and as zealously defended by Sir Ifaac's friends. The main defign of it was to find out, from fome tracts of the most ancient Greek aftronomy, what was the pofition of the colures with refpect to the fixed ftars, in the time of Chiron the centaur. As it is now known that thefe ftars have a motion in longitude of one degree in 72 years, if it is once known through what fixed ftars the colure paffed in Chiron's time, by taking the diftance of thefe ftars from those through which it now paffes, we might determine what number of years has elapfed fince Chiron's time. As Chiron was one of the Argonauts, this would fix the time of that famous expedition, and confequently that of the Trojan war; the two great events upon which all the ancient Grecian chronology depends. Sir Ifaac places them 500 years nearer the birth of Chrift than other chronologers ufually do. This great man had all along enjoyed a fettled and equal state of health to the age of 80, when he began to be afflicted with an incontinence of urine. However, for the five following years, he had great intervals of eafe, which he procured by the obfervance of a ftrict regimen. It was then believed that he had the ftone; and when the paroxifins were fo violent, that large drops of sweat ran down his face, he never expressed the smallest degree of impatience; but, as foon as he had moment's eafe, would fmile and talk with his ufual cheerfulness. Till then he always read and wrote feveral hours a-day. He had the perfect ufe of all his fenfes and understanding till the day before he died, which was on the 20th of March 1726-7, in the 85th year of his age. He lay in ftate in the Jerufalem chamber at Westminster, and on the 28th of March his body was conveyed into Weltminster abbey; the pall being supported by the Lord chancellor, the dukes of Montrofe and Roxburgh, and the earls of Pembroke, Suffex, and Macclesfield. The bishop of Rochefter read the funeral service, attended by all the clergy. The corpfe was interred at the entrance into the choir, where a noble monument is erected to

E 2

his

his memory. Sir Ifaac was of a middling ftature, and in the latter part of his life fomewhat inclined to be fat. His countenance was pleafing, yet venerable. He never ufed fpectacles, and loft but one tooth during his whole life. His temper was fo equal and mild, that no accident could disturb it. Of this the following instance is related. Sir Ifaac had a favourite little dog, called Diamond; and being one day called out of his ftudy, Diamond was left behind. When Sir Ifaac returned, he found that Diamond having thrown down a lighted candle among fome papers, the labour of many years was in flames. This lofs, as Sir Ifaac was then far advanced in years, was irretrievable; yet, without ftriking the dog, he only faid, "Oh! Diamond! Diamond! thou little knoweft the mischief thou haft done!" He was a great lover of peace; and would rather have chofen to remain in obfcurity, than to have the calm of life ruffled by thofe forms and difputes which genius and learning often draw upon thofe that are peculiarly eminent for them. When he had any mathematical problems in his mind, he would never quit the fubject on any ac count. Dinner has been often three hours ready for him before he could be brought to table; and his man often faid, when he has been getting up in a morning, he has fometimes begun to drefs, and with one leg in his breeches fat down again on the bed, where he has remained for hours before he got his clothes on. From his love of peace, arofe that unusual averfion which he had for all difputes; a steady unbroken attention, free from thofe recoilings incident to others, was his peculiar felicity; he knew it, and he knew the value of it. When fome objections, haftily made to his difcoveries concerning light and colours induced him to lay afide his defign of publishing his optic lectures, he blamed his own imprudence for parting with fo real a bleffing as quiet, to run after a fhadow," and refolved not to publish any more about that theory till he had put it above the reach of controverfy, by the exacteft experiments and the stricteft demonstrations; and accordingly it has never been called in queftion fince. In the fame temper, after he had fent the MS. of his Principia to the Royal Society, with his confent to the printing of it by them, upon Mr Hook's injuriously infifting that himself had demonftrated Kepler's problem before our author, he determined rather than be involved again in a controversy, to fupprefs the third book, and was very hardly prevail ed upon to alter that refolution. The public was thereby a gainer; that book, which is indeed only a corollary of fome propofitions in the first, being originally drawn up in the popular way, with a defign to publifh it in that form, he was now convinced would be beft not to be published without 2 ftrict demonftration. The ammable quality of modesty stands foremoft in the character of this great man. It was in reality greater than can be eatly imagined; yet it always continued without alteration, though the whole world, fays Fontenelle, confpired against it; and though he was thereby robbed of his invention of fluxions. Nicholas Mercator publishing his Logarithmotechnia in 1668, when he gave the quadrature of the hy.

perbola by an infinite feries, which was the firft appearance in the learned world of a series of this fort drawn froin the particular nature of the curve, and that in a manner very new and abstracted; Dr Barrow, then at Cambridge, where Mr Newton, at that time about 26 years of age, resided, recollected that he had met with the fame thing in the writings of that young gentleman, and there not confined to the hyperbola only, but extended, by general forms, to all forts of curves, even fuch as are mechanical; to their quadratures, their rectifications, and their centres of gravity; to the folids formed by their relations, and to the fuperfices of those folids; fo that, when their determinations were poflible, the feries stopped at a certain point, or at least their fums were given by stated rules: and, if the abfolute deter minations were impoffible, they could yet, be infinitely approximated: which is the happieft and moft refined method, fays Mr Fontenelle, of fup plying the defects of human knowledge that man's imagination could poffibly invent. To be mafter of fo fruitful and general a theory was almine of gold to a geometrician; but it was a greater giory to have been the difcoverer of so furprising and ingenious a fyftem. So that Mr Newton, finding by Mercator's book, that he was in the way to it, and that others might follow in his tract, fhould naturally have been forward to open his treasures, and fecure the property, which confifted in making the difcovery; but he contented himself with his treasure which he had found, without regarding the glory. His MS. upon infinite feries was communicated to none but Mr John Collins and lord Brounker; and even that had not been complied with, but for Dr Barrow, who would not fuffer him to indulge his modesty so much as he defired. In a word he never talked either of himself or others, nor ever behaved in fuch a manner as to give the mot malicious cenfurers the leaft occafion even to fufpect him of vanity. He was candid and affable, and always put himfeif upon a level with his company. He never thought either his merit or his reputation fufficient to ex cufe him from any of the common offices of focial life; no fingularities, either natural or affec ted, diftinguished him from other men. Though he v as firmly attached to the church of England, he was averfe to the perfecution of the non-conformifts. He judged of men by their manners; and the true fchifmatics, in his opinion, were the vicious and the wicked. Nor did he confine his principles to natural religion, for he was thoroughly perfuaded of the truth of revelation; and amidit the great variety of books which he had conftantly before him, that which he ftudied with tee greatest application was the Bible: and he underfood the nature and force of moral certainty as well as he did that of a ftrict demonstration. Sir Ifaac did not neglect the opportunities of doing good, when the revenues of his patrimony, and a profitable employment, improved by a prudent œconomy put it in his power. We have two remarkable inttances of his bounty and generofity; one to Mr M'Laurin, profeffor of mathematics at Edinburgh, to whom he offered 201. a-year, and the other to his niece Barton, who had an annuity of 1ool. fettled upon her by him. When decency upon

any