any occasion required expense and shew, he was magnificent with a good grace: at all other times, that pomp, which feems great to low minds only, was utterly retrenched. He never married, and perhaps he never had leisure to think of it. It has been reported, that he once made love to a young lady, daughter of a neighbouring gentleman, that the marriage day was fet, and the company convened; but that Sir Ifaac being deeply immerfed in ftudy, forgot the appointment, and the lady would never more hear of him. It is certain that he never had any illicit connection with the fex. He left 32,000l. at his death; but made no will, which Mr Fontenelle tells us was because he thought a legacy was no gift. As to his works, befides what were published in his lifetime, there were found after his death, among his papers, various difcourses upon the subjects of antiquity, hiftory, divinity, chemistry, and mathematics, feveral of which were published at different times.

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(2.) NEWTON, John, D. D. an eminent divine and mathematician, born at Oundle in Northamptonshire, in 1622. From fchool he was fent to Oxford in 1637, and took his degree of B. A. in 1641; of M. A. in 1642; and of D. D. in 1661; when he was appointed a king's chaplain, and rector of Rofs in Herefordshire, where he died Dec. 25, 1678. Mr Wood fays he was capricious. He wrote many useful works; particularly 1. Aftronomia Britannica, 1656, 4to. 2. Help to Calculation, 1657, 4to. 3. Trigonometria Britannica, in 2 books, one tranflated from Gellibrand,' the other his own; 1658, fol. 4. Chiliades centum Logarithmorum, 1659, and 1667. 5. Geometrical Trigonometry, 1659. 6. Mathematical Elements, 1660, 4to. 7. A Perpetual Diary, 1662. 8. Ufe of the Carpenter's Rule, 1667. 9. Ephemerides, 1667. 10. Rule of Intereft, 1668. II. Practical Gauging, &c. 1669. 12-15. Introduc tions to Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Aftronomy, and Geography; 8vo, 1671, 1678. 16. The English Academy, 1677. 17. Cofmography, 1678.

(3.) NEWTON, Richard, D. D. the founder of Hertford college, an eminent clergyman, of whofe origin no fatisfactory account is recorded. By one writer he is faid to have been a Northamptonshire gentleman; by another, we are told that his fae ther enjoyed at Lavendon Grange in Bucks, a moderate eftate, which is ftill in the family, though he lived in a house of Lord Northampton's in Yardley Chace, where, in 1765, our doctor was born. All agree that the family from which he fprung had long been refpectable, though its for tunes had been much injured during the great rebellion. Richard was educated in Weftminfter school, and from that foundation elected to a ftudentship of Chrift-church, Oxford. In the lift of graduates he is thus diftinguished: "Newton (Richard), Chrift-church, M. A. April 12th 1701; B. D. March 18th 1707; Hart-hall, D. D. December 7th 1710." He was appointed a tutor in Chrift-church, and difcharged the duties of that important office with honour to himself and advantage to the fociety of which he was a member. From Oxford he was called into Lord Pelham's family to fuperintend the education of the duke of Newcastle and his brother Mr Pelham; and by

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both these illuftrious perfons be was ever remembered with the most affectionate regard. In 1710 he was, by Dr Aldrich, inducted principal of Harthall, which was then an appendage to Exeter college. From this state of dependence Dr Newton wrefted it againft much oppofition, especially from the learned Dr Conybeare, afterwards Bp. of Bristol. In no conteft were ever two men more equally matched ; and the papers that paffed be tween them, like Junius's letters, deferve to be collected for the energetic beauty of their style and the ingenuity of their arguments. Dr Newton, however, proved fuccefsful; and in 1740. obtainted a charter, converting Hart-Hall, into Hertford College; of which, at a confiderable expense to himself, and with great aid from his nu-merous friends, he was thus the founder and first head. Though this excellent man was Mr Pelham's tutor, and, had by him been more than once employed to furnish, king's speechs, he never received the mallest preferment from his pupil when first minifter. But Dr Compton, Bp. of London, who had a just sense of his merits, had, at an early period of his life, collated him to the rectory of Sudbury in Northamptonshire, which he held together with the headship of Hart-hall. He refided for fome years on that living, and difcharged all the parts of his office with exemplary care and fidelity. Being an enemy to pluralities, he requested leave of Dr Gibson, Bp. of London. to refign his rectory in favour of his curate. But the Bp. being under an engagement to confer the living on another, Dr Newton retained it, but beftowed all the emoluments upon works of charity, and on his curates who faithfully discharged their duty. Dr Sherlock, who fucceeded Gibson, grant. ed Dr Newton's request, by accepting his refigna-. tion, and collating to the rectory Mr. Saunders, who was the aft of his curates. Newton was afterwards promoted to a canonry of Chrift-church, but did not long enjoy it; for he died in April 1753, in the 78th year of his age. He was a polite scholar, an accomplished gentleman, a zealous friend to religion, the clergy, and the poor; and fuch was his liberality of fentiment, that he admitted to his friendship every man, of whatever religious creed, who was earnestly employed in the promotion of virtue and piety. Of his works, his Theophraftus was published after his death; and his Pluralities Indefenfible; but he published several other pieces during his life, and left a volume of fermons prepared for the prefs.

(4.) NEWTON, Thomas, a learned author of the 16th century, eminent for his Latin poetry. Though in orders, he practifed phyfic and kept an academy. He died in 1607.

(5.) NEWTON, Thomas, D. D. Bp. of Bristol. was born Jan. 1, 1704. His father, John Newton, was a confiderable brandy and cyder merchant, who, by industry and integrity, having acquired a competent fortune, left off trade feveral years before he died. He received the first part of his education in the free school of Litchfield, whence he was removed to Weftminster school, in 1717, under the care of Dr Friend and Dr Nicoll. While he was at Westminster, he became acquainted with William Murray, the late earl of Mansfield, with whom he lived on terms of the

higheft

the froft; and on Thurf. the 14th he died without a figh. Of his numerous works, his Differtations on the Prophecies are by much the most valuable. His learning was very confiderable, and he was the first dignitary of the church of England who avowed his belief of the final reftitution of all things to harmony and happiness.

(6.) NEWTON, in geography, a borough of Hampshire, in the Ifle of Wight; 14 miles S. of Southampton, and 93 W. by S. of London. It fends 2 members to parliament. Lon. 1. 16. W. Lat. 50. 43. N...

(7.) NEWTON, a borough of Lancashire, with a market on Sat. It is an inconfiderable town, yet it fends 2 members to parliament. It lies miles N. of Warrington, and 190 NW. of Lon don. Lon. 2. 45. W. Lat. 53. 28. N.

(8.) NEWTON, or NEWTOWN, a town of N. Wales, in Montgomeryshire, with market on Sat. on the Severn, 7 miles SW. of Montgomery, and 169 WNW. of London. Lon. 3. 12. W. Lat. 52. 21. N.

(9.) NEWTON, or NEWTOWN, a town of Con necticnt, in Fairfield county, 26 miles WNW. of New-Haven, and 175 from Philadelphia. Lon. r. 26. E. of that city. Lat. 41. 27. N.

(10.) NEWTON, a town of Pennsylvania, the capital of Bucks County, with an academy, church and court-houfe; 25 miles NE. by E. of Philadelphia. Lon. o. 13. E. of that city. Lat. 40. 14. N.

(11.) NEWTON, or NEWTOWN, a town of Virginia in Frederic County, 173 miles NNW. of Richmond.

highest friendship to the laft. He continued fix years at Westminster school, five of which he paffed in the college. He afterwards went to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he refided 8 months yearly, till he had taken his degree of A. B. Being chofen Fellow, he came afterwards to fettle in London, and was ordained deacon in Dec. 1729, and prieft in Feb. 1730, by Bishop Gibson. He was firft curate at St George's, Hanoverfquare; and continued for feveral years affiftant to Dr Trebeck. His firft preferment was that of reader and preacher at Grosvenor chapel, in South Audley Street. This introduced him to the family of lord Tyrconnel, to whofe fon he became tutor. He continued in this fituation for many years, on terms of great intimacy and friendship with lord and lady Tyrconnel. In fpring 1744, he was, through the intereft of the earl of Bath, his great friend and patron, prefented to the rectory of St Mary-le-bow. At the commencement of 1745, he took his degree of D. D. In fpring 1747, he was chofen lecturer of St George's, Hanover-fquare. In August 1947, he married the eldest daughter of Dr Trebeck; an excellent young woman, with whom the lived very happy in mutual love and harmony near 7 years. In 11749 he published his edition of Milton's Paradife Loft, with notes, which, in 1775, had gone through 8 editions. After the Paradife Loft, it was judged (fays he) proper that Dr Newton should also pub lifh the Paradife Regained, and other poems of Milton; but these things he thought detained him from other more material studies, though he gained by them more than Milton did by all his works put together. But his greatest gain (he fays) was their first introducing him to the friendship and intimacy of Bp. Warburton and Dr fortin. In 1954 he loft his father, at the age of 83; and within a few days his wife, at the age of 38. This was the fevereft trial he ever underwent, and almoft overwhelmed him. At that time he was, fortunately, engaged in writing his Differtations on the Prophecies; for in any affliction he never found a more effectual remedy than plunging deep into ftudy, and fixing his thoughts intenfely upon other fubjects. The firft volume was published the following winter: but the other did not appear till three years afterwards; and as a reward for his paft and an incitement to future labours, he was appointed to preach Boyle's lecture: 1250 copies of the Differtation were taken at the firft impreffion, and 1000 at every other edition: and after having gone through 6 editions in Eng. lifh, they were tranflated into the German and Danish languages; and received the warmest encomiums from perfons of learning and rank. In fpring 1757, he was made prebendary. of Weft. minfter and dean of Salisbury; and in Oct. sub. almoner to his majefty. He married in Sept. 1761, the widow of the rev. Mr Hand, and daughter of John Lord Viscount Lifburn. In the fame month he was appointed bishop of Bristol. In winter 1764, Dr Stone, the primate of Ireland, dying, Mr Grenville fent for Newton, and offered him the primacy, but he declined it. In 1768 he was made dean of St Paul's. From this time to his death his health declined. On Sat. the 9th Feb. 1782, he found his breath much affected by

(12.) NEWTON, a parish of Scotland, in Mid Lothian, nearly of a circular figure, about 3 miles in diameter. The foil is pretty fertile. The parifh abounds with coal, of which there are different feams running through it from N. to S. All of them have been partly wrought, fome of them for 200 years. Six of these are termed flat feams, as they lie in a horizontal position; the other 13 are ftyled edge feams, and lie in an angle of 9o, being from 2 to 10 feet thick. Some of them are now wrought by pits funk 27 fathoms below the fea-level. The population, confifting chiefly of colliers and carters, was 1135 in 1793; and had decreased 64, fince 1755.

(13.) NEWTON, or NEWTOWN, a village of Renfrewshire, in the parish of Mearns, containing 240 inhabitants in 1794. It has feveral extenfive print-fields.

(14.) NEWTON UPON AYR, a parish of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 1 mile long and 1 broad, on the banks of the Ayr, disjoined in 1779 from the united parishes of MONKTOWN and PRESTICK. It abounds with coal, of which there are two feams, 4 feet thick each. The upper one only has yet been wrought. It has a large fteam engine. The population, in 1791, was 1689, and had increased 1108 fince 1755. The foil is a light blowing fand; 200 acres are arable; 150 common. Rye.grass, oats, barley, and potatoes, are the chief crops.

(15.) NEWTON UPON AYR, a fea port town, and burgh of barony, in the above parish, to which it gives name, on the Ayr; confifting of one large ftreet 680 yards long, and 80 broad, with other 3 smaller. It has a harbour for vessels under 140

tons,

tons, and a light-house. Ship-building is carried on with spirit and fuccefs; as well as a rope-work and falmon-fishing. Cod, haddocks, ling, mackarel, lobsters, &c. are alfo caught. But the chief trade is the exportation of coals; above 300 ves fels annually fail to Dublin, Belfast, &c. loaded with that article. Wood is imported from the Mediterranean. Newton has two charters from James VI. dated 1595 and 1600; in which it is ftyled Nova Villa fuper Ayr. It is governed by 2 bailie, a treasurer, and 6 counsellors. The freemen have confiderable privileges.

(16-68.) NEWTON is also the name of 53 Englifh villages, and it makes part of the names of 50 others; but which are not of fufficient importance to be defcribed.

NEWTON-ABBOT, a town in Devonshire, which has 3 fairs; viz. on June 24th, the 1st Wednesday in September, and November 6.

NEWTON-BREDA, a town of Ireland, in Down. NEWTON-BURDET, a town of Leicester, NE. of

Billefdon.

NEWTON-BUSHEL, a large town of Devonshire, feated on the Teign, with a market on Wednesday; 15 miles S. by W. of Exeter, and 188 WSW. of London. Lon. 3. 38. W. Lat. 50. 32. N.

NEWTON-DOUGLAS, a burgh of barony, formerly called NEWTON-STEWART, feated on the W. bank of the Cree; partly in the parish of Minnigaff and partly in that of Penningham; on the high road from Dumfries to Port-Patrick. It was founded about 1707, by Mr Stewart of CastleStewart, a fecond fon of the E. of Galloway; who named it Newton-Stewart, and encouraged fettlers, by building a fine bridge at the N. end of the town, over the Cree, which connects the counties of Galloway and Kirkcudbright. By the patriotic exertions of that gentleman, as well as of the prefent proprietor, Wm. Douglas, Efq. of Caftle-Douglas (from whom it has its prefent name, and who acquired the fuperiority in 1788), it flourished greatly, and was erected into a burgh of barony; and, in 1793, contained above 1100 inhabitants. Under the patronage of Mr Douglas and Mr David Dale of Glasgow, a cotton manufacture has been established; as well as a carpet manufactory, and several tan-works. A branch of one of the Paisley banks has also opened a counting-house in it. The Cree is navigable up to within 2 m. of it. It lies 26 m. E. by N. of Port-Patrick. NEWTONIAN, adj. of, or invented by Sir Ifaac Newton, or belonging to his discoveries.

SECT. I. DEFINITIONS and HISTORY of the

NEWTONIAN PHILOSOPHY.

NEWTONIAN PHILOSOPHY, the doctrine of

the universe, and particularly of the heavenly bodies, their laws, affections, &c. as delivered by Sir Ifaac Newton.

The term Newtonian Philosophy is applied very differently; whence divers confused notions have arisen relating thereto. Some authors under this philosophy include all the corpufcular philofophy, confidered as it now ftands corrected and reformed by the discoveries and improvements made in feveral parts thereof by Sir Ifaac Newton. In this fenfe Gravefande calls his elements of phyfics Introductio ad Philofophiam Newtonianam. And in this fenfe the Newtonian is the fame with the new philofophy; and ftands contradiftinguished from the Cartefian, the Peripatetic, and the ancient Corpufcular.

Others, by Newtonian Philofophy, mean the method or order which Sir Ifaac Newton obferves in philofophizing; viz. the reasoning and drawing of conclufions directly from phenomena, exclufive of all previous hypotheses; the beginning from fimple principles; deducing the first powers and laws of nature from a few felect phenomena, and then applying thofe laws, &c. to account for other things. And in this fenfe the Newtonian Philofophy is the fame with the EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY, and stands opposed to the ancient CORPUSCULAR.

Others, by Newtonian Philofophy, mean that wherein phyfical bodies are confidered mathematically, and where geometry and mechanics are applied to the solution of the appearances of na

ture. In this fenfe the Newtonian is the fame with the mechanical and mathematical philofophy.

Others again, by Newtonian Philofophy, underftand that part of phyfical knowledge which Sir

Ifaac Newton has handled, improved, and demonftrated, in his Principia.

Others, laftly, by Newtonian Philofophy, mean the new principles which Sir Ifaac Newton has brought into philosophy, the new system founded thereon, and the new solutions of phenomena thence deduced; or that which characterizes and diftinguishes his philofophy from all others. This is the fenfe wherein we fhall chiefly confider it.

The origin and hiftory of this philofophy has been given under the article NEWTON, N° 1. It was firft made public in 1687 by the author, then a fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge; and in 1713, republifhed with confiderable improve. ments. Several authors have fince attempted to make it plainer, by fetting afide many of the more fublime mathematical researches, and fubftituting either more obvious reasonings or experiments in lieu thereof; particularly Whiston in his Pralect. Phyf. Mathemat. Gravesande in Element. et Inftit. and Dr Pemberton in his View. SECT. II. DEFINITIONS on which the NEWTONIAN PHILOSOPHY is founded.

THE whole of the Newtonian Philofophy, as delivered by the author, is contained in his Principia, or Mathematical Principles of Natural Philofophy. He founds his fyftem on the following definitions:

1. The quantity of MATTER is the measure of the fame, arifing from its denfity and bulk con junctly. Thus air of a double denfity, in a double

space,

2. The quantity of MOTION is the measure of the fame, arifing from the velocity and quantity of matter conjunctly. This is evident, becaufe the motion of the whole is the motion of all its parts; and therefore in a body double in quantity, with equal velocity, the motion is double, &c.

3. The VIS INSITA, or innate force of matter, is a power of refifting, by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to perfevere in its present state, whether it be of reft, or moving uniformly forward in a right line.-This definition is proved to be juft, only by the difficulty we find in moving any thing out of its place; and this difficulty is by fome reckoned to proceed only from gravity. They contend, that in thofe cafes where we can prevent the force of gravity from acting upon bodies, this power of refifting becomes infenfible, and the greateft quantities of matter may be put in motion by the very leaft force. Thus there have been balances formed fo exact, that when loaded with 200 weight in each fcale, they would turn by the addition of a fingle drachm. In this cafe 400 lb. of matter was put in motion by a fingle drachm, . e. by rio part of its own quantity; and even this fmall weight, they fay, is only neceffary on account of the inaccuracy of the machine; fo that we have no reafon to fuppofe, that, if the friction could be entirely removed, it would take more force to move a tón weight than a grain of sand. This objection, however, is not taken notice of by Sir Ifaac; and he bestows on the refifting power above mentioned the name of VIS INERTIE; a phrafe which is perhaps not well chofen, and with which inferior writers have endeavoured to make their readers merry at the expenfe of Newton. A force of inactivity, it has been faid, is a forcelefs force; and analogous to a black white, a cold heat, and a tempeftuous calm.

But objections of more importance have been made to the whole of this doctrine than those which merely respect the term vis inertiæ. “An endeavour to remain at reft (fays Mr Young, in his Examination of the 3d and 4th Definition of the If Book of the Principia) is unneceffary, whilft nothing attempts to disturb the reft. It is likewife impoffible to be conceived, as it implies a contradiction. A man, by oppofing force to force, may endeavour not to be moved; but this oppofition is an endeavour to move, not with a defign to move, but by counteracting another force to prevent being moved. An endeavour not to move, therefore, cannot exift in bodies, because it is ab. furd; and if we appeal to fact, we shall find every body in an actual and constant endeavour to move." It has been likewife obferved, and we think juftly, that “if bodies could continue to move by any innate force, they might alfo begin to move by that force; for the fame cause which can move a body with a given velocity at one time, could do it, if prefent, at any other time; and therefore if the force by which bodies continue in motion were innate and effential to them, they would begin to move of themselves, which is not true." Newton indeed fays, that this innate force

only, or when the body is acted upon by a force impreffed ab extra. But if this impreffed force do not continue as well as begin the motion; if it cease the inftant that the impreffion is over, and the body continue to move by its vis inertia, why is the body ever stopped?" If, in the be-' ginning of the motion, the body, by its innate force, overcomes a certain refiftance of friction and air; in any following times, the force being undiminished, it will overcome the fame refiftance for ever. These refiftances, therefore, could never change the ftate of a moving body, because they cannot change the quantity of its motive force. But this is contrary to univerfal experience." For thefe reafons we are inclined to think that bodies are wholly paffive; that they endeavour nothing; and that they continue in motion, not by any innate force or vis infita, but by that force, whatever it be, which begins the motion, and which, whilft it remains with the moving body, is gradually diminished, and at laft overcome by oppofite forces, when the body of course ceafes to move.

4. AN IMPRESSED FORCE is an action exerted upon a body, in order to change its ftate, either of reft, or of moving uniformly forward in a right line.-This force confifts in the action only, and remains no longer in the body when the action is over. For a body maintains every new state it acquires by its vis inertia only. It is here implied, and indeed fully expreffed, that motion is not continued by the same power that produced it. Now there are two grounds on which the truth of this doctrine may be supposed to reft.

"ift, On a direct proof that the impreffed force does not remain in the body, either by fhowing the nature of the force to be tranfitory, and incapable of more than its first action; or that it acts only on the furface, and that the body efcapes from it; or that the force is fomewhere elfe, and not remaining in the body. But none of thefe direct proofs are offered.

"2dly, It may reft on an indirect proof, that there is in the nature of body a fufficient caufe for the continuance of every new state acquired; and that therefore any adventitious force to continue motion, though neceffary for its production, is fuperfluous and inadmiffible. As this is the very ground on which the fuppofition ftands, it ought to have been indubitably certain that the innate force of the body is fufficient to perpetuate the motion it has once acquired, before the other agent, by which the motion was communicated, had been difmiffed from the office. But the innate force of body has been fhown not to be that which continues its motion; and therefore the proof, that the impreffed force does not remain in the body, fails. Nor indeed is it in this cafe defirable to support the proof, because we should then be left without any reafon for the continuance of motion." When we mention an impressed force, we mean fuch a force as is communicated either at the furface of the body or by being diffufed through the mass.

5. A CENTRIPETAL FORCE is that by which bodies are drawn, impelled, or any way tend towards a point, as to a centre.-The quantity of

any

any centripetal force may be confidered as of three kinds, abfolute, accelerative, and motive.

6. The abfolute quantity of a centrifugal force is the measure of the fame, proportional to the efficacy of the caufe that propagates it from the centre, through the fpaces round about.

7. The accelerative quantity of a centripetal force is the measure of the fame, proportional to the velocity which it generates in a given time. 8. The motive quantity of a centripetal force is a measure of the fame, proportional to the motion which it generates in a given time. This is always known by the quantity of a force equal and contrary to it, that is just fufficient to hinder the descent of the body.

SECT. III. Of TIME, SPACE, PLACE, and Mo

TION.

SCHOLIUM I. Abfolute, true, and mathematical TIME, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably, without regard to any thing external, and, by another name, is called duration. Relative, apparent, and common time, is fome fenfible and external measure of duration, whether accurate or not, which is commonly used inftead of true time; fuch as an hour, a day, a month, a year, &c.

II. Absolute SPACE, in its own nature, without regard to any thing external, remains always fimilar and immoveable. Relative space is fome moveable dimenfion or measure of the abfolute fpaces; and which is vulgarly taken for immoveable space. Such is the dimenfion of a fubterraneous, an aerial, or celestial space, determined by its pofition to bodies, and which is vulgarly taken for immoveable space; as the distance of a fubterraneous, and aerial, or celeftial space, determined by its pofition in respect of the earth. Abfolute and relative space are the fame in figure and magnitude; but they do not remain always numerically the fame. For if the earth, for inftance, moves, a space of our air which, relatively and in respect of the earth, remains always the fame, will at one time be one part of the abfolute fpace into which the earth paffles; at another time it will be another part of the fame; and fo, abfolutely understood, it will be perpetually mutable.

III. PLACE is a part of space which a body takes up and is, according to the space, either abfolute or relative. Our author fays it is part of space; not the fituation, nor the external fur. face of the body. For the places of equal folids are always equal; but their fuperficies, by reafon of their diffimilar figures, are often unequal. Pofitions properly have no quantity, nor are they fo much the places themselves as the properties of places. The motion of the whole is the fame thing with the fum of the motions of the parts; that is, the tranflation of the whole out of its place is the fame thing with the fum of the tranflations of the parts out of their places: and therefore the place of the whole is the fame thing with the fun of the places of the parts; and for that reafon it is internal, and in the whole body.

IV. Abfolute MOTION is the translation of a body from one abfolute place into another, and VOL. XVI. PART I.

relative motion the tranflation from one relative place into another. Thus, in a ship under fail, the relative place of a body is that part of the fhip which the body poffeffes, or that part of its cavity which the body fills, and which therefore moves together with the fhip: and relative reft is the continuance of the body in the fame part of the fhip, or of its cavity. But real absolute rest is the continuance of the body in the fame part of that immoveable space in which the ship itself, its cavity, and all that it contains, is moved. Wherefore, if the earth is really at reft, the body which relatively reft in the ship will really and abfolutely move with the fame velocity which the fhip has on the earth. But if the earth alfo moves, the true and absolute motion of the body will arife, partly from the true motion of the earth in immoveable space; partly from the relative motion of the thip on the earth: and if the body moves alfo relatively in the fhip, its true motion will arife partly from the true motion of the earth in immoveable space, and partly from the relative motions as well of the ship on the earth as of the body in the fhip; and from thefe relative motions will arife the relative motion of the body on the earth. As if that part of the earth where the flip is, was truly moved towards the east, with a velocity of 10010 parts; while the ship itself with a fresh gale is carried towards the weft, with a velocity expreffed by 10 of these parts; but a failor walks in the fhip towards the eaft with one part of the faid velocity: then the sailor will be moved truly and abfolutely in immoveable space towards the eaft with a velocity of 1001 parts; and relatively on the earth towards the weft, with a velocity of 9 of those parts.

Abfolute time, in aftronomy, is diftinguished from relative, by the equation or correction of the vulgar time. For the natural days are truly unequal, though they are commonly confidered as equal, and used for a measure of time: aftronomers correct this inequality for their more accurate deducing of the celeftial motions. It may be that there is no fuch thing as an equable motion whereby time may be accurately measured. All motions may be accelerated or retarded; but the true or equable progrefs of abfolute time is liable to no change. The duration or perfeverance of the existence of things remains the fame, whether the motions are fwift or flow, or none at all; and therefore ought to be distinguished from what are only fenfible measures thereof, and out of which we collect it by means of the aftronomical equation. The neceffity of which equation for determining the times of a phenomenon is evinced, as well from the experiments of the pendulum clock as by eclipses of the fatellites of Jupiter.

As the order of the parts of time is immutable, fo alfo is the order of the parts of space. Suppofe thofe parts to be moved out of their places, and they will be moved (if we may be allowed the expreffion) out of themfelves. For times and spaces are, as it were, the places of themselves as of all other things. All things are placed in time as to order of fucceffion; and in fpace as to order of fituation. It is from their effence or nature that they are places; and that the primary

F

places