molished the houses, which were 4000 in number, containing 40,000 inhabitants. Some time after the Perfians rebuilt the fort, and placed a garri fon in it, but they could never bring it to be a place of trade as before; however, it is the key of the Perfian Gulph, from its importance and the commodioufnefs of the harbour. It is now almost deserted, and produces nothing but falt, which fometimes is two inches deep upon the furface of the earth. Lon. 56. 25. E. Lat. 27. 20. N.

of N. Wales, in Caernarvonshire, fives miles diftant from each other. Lon. 2. 5. Lat. 53. 24. N. (1.) ORMISTOUN, a parish of Scotland, in E. Lothian, of an irregular form, five miles long, and from three to half a mile broad. The air is dry and healthy, the surface level, the foil wet and late, but the pastures are rich, and the cattle excellent; clover and graffes are therefore much cultivated, and inclosures prevail. Some of the cows give 20 Scots pints of milk per day. Limestone abounds. The population in 1791 was 864; increase 54 fince 1755. On the top of a hill called Doddridge Lawu are relics of a Danish camp.

(2.) ORMISTOUN, a village in the above parish, containing about 550 inhabitants in 1791; with a ftarch work and two diftilleries. It has a fair on the ift Tuesday in July. Near this village is Ormiftoun Hall, the feat of the E. of Hopetoun, in whose garden is a yew tree, 25 feet long, and II in circumference; whose branches extend over 53 feet of ground.

ORMOND, the northern divifion of the county of Tipperary, in the province of Munfter, in Ireland.

ORMOZD, or OROMAZDES, the supreme deity of the ancient Perfians. See ARIMANIUS, MYSTERIES, § 14, 17; and POLYTHEISM.

ORMSIDE, a town of England, near Appleby, in Weftmoreland,, with a church and parish, but fmall. A great number of veffels of brafs, fome of which seemed to have been gilt, were discovered near the manor house, by the water wafhing away the foil. The manor-houfe is built like a caftle.

(1.) ORMSKIRK, in Lancashire, in England, is a handsome town, with a good inland trade. By the inland navigation, it has communication with the Mersey and its extenfive windings. (See MERSEY.) There is a bituminous earth about this place, from which oil of amber is extracted that preferves raw flesh, and serves the poor people inftead of candles. The only remarkable monuments are thofe of the ancient family of the Stanleys before they were ennobled. Near it is Latham house; to which belongs a large eftate, and a fine park. It was gallantly defended in the civil wars by lady Charlotte, countess of Derby, who gloriously held it to the laft extremity against the parliament's forces, till fhe was relieved by Prince Rupert. It was, however, ruined, in a fecond fiege, and fold by the family to the late Sir Thomas Bootle, who built a very magnificent house upon it.

(2.) ORMSKIRK MEDICINE. See MEDICINE, Index.

ORMUS, a small island of Afia, at the bottom of the gulph of the fame name, at the entrance of the Gulph of Perfia. It is about 6 miles from the main land, and 18 in circuit. It yields plenty of fine white falt; alfo a kind of thining black fand, which is used for dufting writings, and is tranfported in confiderable quantities to Europe. The coaft affords excellent oysters. There is neither fweet water nor grafs upon it, the foil being of a falt fulphureous nature. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1507, who fortified it; and it was afterwards frequented by a vaft number of rich merchants. In 1622 the Perfians, by the afliftance of the Englith, conquered this place, and de

ORMUZD. See ORMOZD.

ORMYAH, a town of Perfia, in Adirbeitzan, 120 miles SW. of Tauris.

ORNACIEUX, a town of France, in the dep. of the Ifere; 15 miles E. of Vienne.

ORNAIN, a river of France, which runs into the Marne, near Vitry le François.

* ORNAMENT. n. f. [ornamentum, Lat. or. nament, Fr.] 1. Embellishment; decoration.The world is ftill deceiv'd with ornament.

*Shak. 2. Something that embellishes.-Ivorie, wrought in ornaments to decke the cheeks of horse. Chapman. The Tuscan chief to me has fent Their crown and every regal ornament.

Dryden. His virtues or vices will render him, in fome degree, an ornament or difgrace to his profeffion. Rogers. 3. Honour; that which confers dignity.

They are abufed and injured, whenever they are taught that any thing is an ornament in them that is not an ornament in the wifeft amongst mankind. Law. The perfons of different qualities in both fexes are allowed their different ornaments. Addifon on Italy.

ORNAMENTAL. adj. [from ornament.] Serving to decoration; giving embellishment.Some think it most ornamental to wear their bracelets on their wrists. Brown.-If the kind be capable of more perfection, though rather in the ornamental parts of it than the effential, what rules of morality or refpect have I broken? Dryden.Even the Heathens have efteemed this variety not only ornamental to the earth, but a proof of the wisdom of the Creator. Woodward's Nat. Hift.

If no advancement of knowledge can be had from univerfities, the time there spent is loft; every ornamental part of education is better taught elfewhere. Swift on Religion.

* ORNAMENTALLY. adv. [from ornamental.] In fuch a manner as may confer embellishment.

* ORNAMENTED. adj. [from ornament.] Embellished; bedecked.-This is, I think, a word of late introduction, not very elegant.

ORNANO, a town of France, in the department and inland of Corfica, and district of Ajaccio; 10 miles SSE. of Ajaccio.

ORNANS, a town of France, in the dep. of Doubs, and ci-devant province of Franche Compte. Near it is a well, which, in great floods, overflows the adjacent country, and throws out fish called Umbres. It is feated on the Louve, eight miles SE. of Befançon, and 14 NW. of Pontarlier. Lon. 23. 47. E. of Ferro. Lat. 47. 7. N.

*ORNATE. adj. [ornatus, Lat.] Fedecked; decorated; fine.

Tit 2

What

What thing of fea or land,

Female of fex it seems,

That fo bedeck'd, ornate and gay, Comes this way failing?

Milton's Agonistes.

* ORNATENESS. n. [from ornate.] Finery; tate of being embellished.

* ORNATURE. n. f. [ornatus, Latin.] Decor ration. Ainf.

(1.) ORNE, a department of France, comprehending part of the ci-devant provinces of Normandy and Perche. It is bounded on the N. by that of Calyados, NE. by that of Eure and Loire, S. by thofe of Sarte and Maine; and W. by that of the Channel. It is about 70 miles long, and from 18 to 30 broad. ALENÇON is the capital.

(2.) ORNE, a river of France, which rises about g-miles from Seez, in the above department, which is named from it; paffes by Seez, Argentan, Clecy, Caen, &c. and runs into the English Channel, 9 miles below Caen.

(3.) ORNE, a river of France, which runs into the Sarte, in the department of the Sarte.

ORNEA, an ancient town of Argolis, where a battle was fought between the Spartans and Argives. Diod.

ÖRNEAU, a river of France, in the department of the Dyle, and ci-devant province of Auftrian Brabant; which runs into the Sambre, fix miles below Chatelet.

ORNES, a town of France, in the department of the Meufe; fix miles NNE. of Verdun, and feven NW. of Eftain.

ORNICUS LAPIS, a name given by fome authors to the fapphire of the ancients, which is a peculiar fpecies of our lapis lazuli, in which the

gold-coloured matter is not difpofed in veins, but in feparate spots of the form of a ftar. It was first called orinifcus and orinus, by corruption from aurinus, golden; and thence came at length the word ornicus.

*ORNISCOPIST. n. f. [ogus and x.] One who examines the flight of birds in order to foretel futurity:

ORNITHIÆ, a name given by the ancients to certain winds, which ufually blew in the fpring, at the time when the birds of paffage came over to them. Pliny fays that thefe winds blew from the weft, and that by fome the Etefian winds were called by this name. Others fuppofe that they blew from the N. or NW.

ORNITHOGALUM, STAR OF BETHLEHEM; a genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the hexandria clafs of plants, and in the natural method ranking under the roth order, Coronariz The corolla is hexapetalous, erect, perfifting, and patent above the middle; the filaments alterdilated at the bafe. There are feven fpecies, all herbaceous perennials, rifing from fix inches to three feet high, having ftalks terminated with long fpikes of hexapetalous, ftar-fhaped, white, and yellow flowers. Six of thefe are very hardy, and will profper in any fituation but the feventh.

ORNITHOGALUM CAPENSE, a native of the Cape of Good Hope, requires the affiftance of artificial warmth to preserve it in this country. They are all eafily propagated by offsets from the roots. The bulbous roots of all the species are nutritious and wholesome.

ORNITHOLOGIST.n.f. A defcriber of birds; one skilled in ornithology. Ash.

ORNITHOLOGY is a branch of ZOOLOGY, or the science which treats of birds, defcribes their form, external and internal, and teaches their economy and their uses.

A bird is an animal covered with feathers, furnifhed with a bill, having two wings, and only two legs, with the faculty, except in a very few inftances, of removing itself from place to place through the air.-But before proceeding to analyze the characteristic parts of birds, it will be proper to premife an explanation of the terms ufed by paturalifts in defcribing them.

EXPLANATION of TECHNICAL TERMS in ORNITHOLOGY used by PENNANT and LINNÆUS. Fig 1. Plate CCLXIII. Cere. Cera. The naked skin that covers the bafe of the bill in the hawk kind. 2. Capiftrum. A word used by Linnæus, to exprefs the fhort feathers on the forehead juft above the bill. In crows thefe fall forewards over the noftrils.

3. Lorum. The space between the bill and the eye, generally covered with feathers; but in fome birds naked, as in the black and white grebe,

4. Orbits. Orbita. The fkin that surrounds the eye, which is generally bare; particularly in the heron and parrot.

5. Emarginatum. A bill is called roftrum emarginatum when there is a small notch near the end. This is confpicuous in that of butcher-birds and thrushes.

6. Vibriffe. Vibriffa pe&tinata. Stiff hairs that grow on each fide of the mouth, formed like a double comb, to be seen in thegoatfucker, flycatcher, &c, Baftard wing. Alula fpuria. A small joint rifing at the end of the middle part of the wing, or the cubitus; on which are three or five feathers.

8.

Leffer coverts of the avings. Tedrices prime. The fmall feathers that lie in feveral rows on the bones of the wings. The under coverts are those that line the infide of the wings.

9. Greater coverts. Teltrices fecunda. The feathers that lie immediately over the quill feathers and fecondary feathers.

10. Quill-feathers. Primores. The largest feathers of the wings, or those that rife from the first bone, 11. Secondary feathers. Secundaria. Those that rife from the fecond.

12. Coverts of the tail. Uropygium. Those that

cover the base of the tail.

13. Vent feathers. Thofe that lie from the vent to the tail. Crissum Liņnei.

14. The

flat and broad for gobbling. Its other uses are

16. Nucha. The hind part of the head.

17. Roftrum fubulatum. A term Linnæus ufes for a ftraight and Blender bill.

18. Pes ambulatoris. All the toes divided to the bottom.

19. Pes grafferius. The outer toe more or lefs united to the middle one, particularly confpicuous in the feet of the kingsfither.

20. Pes fcanforius. The foot of the woodpecker forming for climbing. Climbing feet. 21. Finned foot. Pes cobatus. Such as thofe of the grebes..

22. Scolloped foot. Res pinnatus. The webs in dented in the fides, as in the coots and fcolloped-toed fandpipers.

23. Pes tridactylus, vel curforius. Such as want

the back toe. '

24. Pes didactylus. In which the foot is compofed of two toes, obferved only in the oftrich. 25. Semipalmated. Pes femipalmatus. When the webs reach only half way of the toes. 26. Ungue poftico feffili. When the hind claw adheres to the leg without any toe, as in the petrels.

27. Digitis 4 omnibus pulmatis. All the four toes connected by webs, as in the corvorants. Roftrum cultratum. When the edges of the bill are very sharp, fuch as in that of the crow. 28. Unguiculatum. A bill with a nail at the end, as in thofe of the goofanders and ducks. 29. Lingua ciliata. When the tongue is edged with fine briftles, as in ducks.

30. Integra. When plain or even.

31. Lumbriciformis. When the tongue is long, round, and flender like a worm, as that of the woodpecker.

Pedes compedes. When the legs are placed fo far behind as to make the bird walk with difficulty, or as if in fetters; as is the cafe with the auks, grebes, and divers.

32. Nares Lineares. When the noftrils are very narrow, as in fea-gulls.

33. Emarginata. With a rim round the noftrils, as in the ftare.

SECT. I. EXTERNAL PARTS of BIRDS.

A BIRD may be divided into head, body, and limbs.

I. HEAD.

1. BILL (rorum) is a hard horny substance, confifting of an upper and under part, extending from the head, and anfwering to the mandibles in quadrupeds. Its edges generally plain and sharp, like the edge of a knife, cultrated, as are the bills of crows; but fometimes ferrated, as in the toucan; or jagged, as in the gannet and fome herons; or pecinated, as in the duck; or denticulated, as in the merganfers; but always deftitute of real teeth immerfed in fockets. The bafe in falcons is covered with a naked skin or cere (cera); in fome birds with a carneous appendage, as the turkey; or a callous, as the curaffo. In birds of prey, the bill is hooked at the end, and fit for tearing: in crows, ftraight and ftrong for picking: In water fowls, either long and pointed for ftriking, or fender and blunt for fearching in the mire, or

as in parrots; or, lastly, as an intrument of defence or offence.

2. NOSTRILS, (nares,) the nice inftruments of difcerning their food, are placed either in the middle of the upper mandible, or near the base, or at the base, as in parrots; or behind the bafe, as in toucans and hornbills: but fome birds, as the gannet, are deftitute of noftrils. The noftrils are generally naked; but sometimes covered with briftles reflected over them, as in crows, or hid in the feathers, as in parrots, &c.

The fore part of the head is called the front (capiftrum); the fummit (vertex), or the crown; the hind part, with the next joint of the neck (nucha), the nape; the space between the bill and the eyes, which in herons, grebes, &c. is naked, (lora) the fraps; the space beneath the eyes (gena), the

cheeks.

3. ORBITS (orbita), the eye lids; in fome birds naked, in others covered with short foft feathers. Birds have no eye-brows; but the grous kind have in lieu a fcarlet naked fkin above, which are called fupercilia; the fame word is alfo applied to any line of a different colour that paffes from the bill over the eyes.

4. EARS. Birds are deftitute of auricles or external ears, having an orifice for admiffion of found; open in all but owls, whofe ears are furnifhed with valves.

5. The CHIN, the space between the parts of the lower mandible and the neck, is generally covered with feathers; but, in the cock and fome others, has carneous appendages called wattles (palearia); in others, is naked, and furnished with a pouch, capable of great dilatation (facculus), as in the pelican and corvorants.

6. NECK (collum), the part that connects the head to the body, is longer in birds than in any other animale; and longer in fuch as have long legs than in these that have thort, either for gathering up their meat from the ground, or ftriking their prey in the water; except in web-footed fowls, which are, by reverfing their bodies, destined to search for food at the bottom of waters, as fwans, and the like. Birds, efpecially thofe that have a long neck, have the power of retracting, bending, or ftretching it out, in order to change their centre of gravity from their legs to their wings.

II. BODY.

1. Confifts of the BACK (dorfum), which is flat, ftraight, and inclines; terminated by the

2. RUMP (uropigium), furnished with two glands, fecreting a fattish liquor from an orifice each has, which the birds exprefs with their bills, to oil or anoint the difcompofed parts of their feathers, Thefe glands are particularly large in most webfooted water-fowls; but in the grebes, which want tails, they are smaller.

3. BREAST (pectus) is ridged and very mufcular, defended by a forked bone (clavicula), the merry-thought. The fhort winged birds, fuch as grous, &c. have their breafts moft fleshy or muf cular; as they require greater powers in flying than the long-winged birds, fuch as gulls and he rons, which are specifically lighter, and have greater extent of fail.

4. BELLY