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SECT. IV. Of PAINTING in OIL-COLOURS.

To paint in oil is to apply to all forts of fubjects, as walls, wood, cloths, and metals, coloured earths grinded and diluted in oil. The ancients are thought to have been ignorant of this art, and the honour of this discovery is generally ascribed to JOHN VAN EYCK, a Flemish painter. The fecret is nothing more than fubftituting oil in place of water in grinding and diluting colours. By means of oil the colours are longer preserved; and not drying so speedily, they give painters longer time to smooth, finish, and retouch, their works; the colours being more marked, and mixing better together, give more distinguishable tints, and more vivid and agreeable gradations, and the colouring is more sweet and delicate.

Painting in oil is of two kinds, viz. in fimple oil, and in polished oil varnish....

I. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS on PAINTING in OIL..

1. When white colours, as white or grey, are grinded and diluted in oil, it is neceffary to make ufe of the oil of walnuts; but if the colours be dark, fuch as chefnut, or olive, or brown, pure linfeed oil is preferable.

2. When the colours are grinded and diluted in oil, they must be laid on cold, except on a new or moist plafter, which requires them to be boiling.

3. Every colour diluted in pure oil, or in oil mixed with effence, ought to fall in threads from the end of the brush.

4. Take care to ftir from time to time the colour before taking it up on the brush, that it may preferve an equal thickness, and confequently the fame tone. Notwithstanding the precaution of ftirring, if it is found to be thicker towards the bottom, it will be necessary to pour in from time to time a little oil.

5. In general, every subject which is painted in oil ought first to receive one or two layers of white cerufe, grinded and diluted in oil.

6. When the painting is exposed to the air, as in doors, windows, and other works, which cannot be varnished, it is neceffary to make thefe layers with pure oil of walnuts, mixed up with about one ounce of effence to a pound of colours; more would make the colours brown, and occafion them to fall off in duft; but this quantity prevents the fun from bliftering the work.

7. In fubjects on the infide of the houfe, or when the painting is varnished, the firft layer ought to be grinded and diluted in oil, and the laft diluted with pure effence.

8. If copper or iron, or other hard fubftances, are to be painted, mix a little effence with the firit layers, to make the oil penetrate into them.

9. When there are many knots in the subject, as in fir wood, and when the colour does not eafily take impreffion on these parts, it is neceffary, in painting with fimple oil, to lay on a little oil, mixed with litharge on the knots. In painting with polifhed oil varnish, it is necessary to apply a hard tint. See § V.

10. There are colours, fuch as the French call fils de grain, black of charcoal, and efpecially bone and ivory blacks, which are difficult to dry when

grinded in oil. To remedy this inconveniency, the following ficcatives are mixed with the colours, to make them dry; viz. litharge both of the filver and gold colour, vitriol or copperas, and ficcative oil.

II. Of the SICCATIVES.

1. Do not mix the ficcatives with the colours till they are to be employed, otherwise it will thicken them.

2. Mix them only in very small quantities in tin, wherein there is white lead or cerufe, because these colours are ficcative of themselves, especially when they are diluted in essence.

3. In painting which is to be varnished, give the ficcative only to the first layer, and allow the other layers, in which there is effence, to dry of themselves.

4. In dark colours in oil give to every pound of colours in diluting them half an ounce of litharge; to bright colours, a drachm of white copperas grinded in walnut oil.

5. When in place of litharge or copperas the ficcative oil is employed, it requires a quartern of this oil to every pound of colour.

6. The SICCATIVE OIL is prepared of one half ounce of litharge, as much of calcined cerufe, as much of terne d'ombre, a colour with which the French paint fhadows, and as much of talc boiled for two hours on a flow and equal fire, with one pound of linfeed oil, and stirred the whole time. It must be carefully skimmed and clarified, and the older it grows it is better.

III. Of the QUANTITIES of SUBSTANCES and LIQUIDS.

1. Ochres and earths require more liquids both in grinding and diluting than cerufe.

2. Different quantities of liquids are required in the grinding, only on account of greater or less drynefs; but, in diluting, the quantity is always the fame.

3. For the first layer after the priming, which has no relation to the colours laid on afterwards, to a square fathom give 14 oz. of cerufe, about 2 oz. of liquid to grind, and 4 oz. to dilute it. If there is a fecond layer of the fame materials, the quantities require to be lefs.

4. It will require 3 lb. of colour for 3 layers of a fquare fathom. The firft may confume 18 oz. the second 16, and the third 14.

5. To compose thefe 3 lb. of colour, take 2 lb. or 24 lb. of grinded colours, and dilute them in a pint or 3 half pints of oil, mixed with effence or pure oil. But if the first layer of cerufe is not used, there will be a neceffity for a greater quantity of colours.

N. B. In the following kinds and applications of oil painting, we are to keep these proportions in mind.

IV. Of PAINTING in SIMPLE OIL. I. ON DOORS and windows give a layer of cerufe grinded in oil of walnuts diluted in the fame oil, together with a little ficcative; then give another layer of the fame preparation; to which, if a greyifh colour is wanted, add a little black of charcoal and Pruffian blue, grinded alfo in oil of walnuts. If to thefe is required to be added a third layer, grind and dilute it in pure walnut oil; obferving that the two laft layers be lefs clear, or have le!s

oil in them than the firft; the colour, in this cafe, is more beautiful, and lefs apt to blifter with the fun.

2. WALLS that are to be painted muft be very dry; and this being fuppofed, give two or three layers of boiling linfeed oil to harden the plafter; then lay on two layers of cerufe or ochre, grinded and diluted in linfeed oil; and when thefe are dry, paint the wall.

3. To paint TILES of a flate colour, grind feparately cerufe and German black in linfeed oil; mix them together in the proportion which the colour requires, and dilute them in linfeed oil: then give the first layer very clean, to prime the tiles; and make the three next layers thicker, to give folidity to the work.

4. To paint AR BOURS and all kinds of garden work, give a layer of white cerufe grinded in oil of walnuts, and diluted in the same oil, with the addition of a little litharge, then give two layers of green, compofed of 1 lb. of verdegris and 2 lb. of white lead, grinded and diluted in oil of walnuts. N. B. This green is of great fervice in the country for doors, window-fhutters, arbours, gardens, feats, rails, either of wood or iron; and in short, for all works exposed to the injuries of the weather.

5. To whiten STATUES, VASES, and all ornaments of stone, either within or without doors; firft clean the fubject well, then give one or two layers of white cerufe, grinded and diluted in pure oil of pinks, and finish with giving one or many layers of white lead prepared in the fame

manner.

6. To paint on WALLS not exposed to the air, or on new plafter, give one or two layers of boiling linfeed oil, and continue the brush till the walls are fully foaked; then give a layer of white cerufe, grinded in oil of walnuts, and diluted with three fourths of the fame oil, and one fourth effence; and laftly, give two layers more of white cerufe, grinded in oil of walnuts, and diluted in oil mixed with effence, if it is not to be varnished; but in pure effence if it is. It is in this manner that walls are painted white. If you adopt another colour, it is neceffary to grind and dilute it in the fame quantities of oil and effence.

7. To paint CHAIRS, benches, ftone, or plafter, give a layer of white cerufe grinded in oil of walnuts, and diluted in the fame oil, into which you have cast a little litharge to make it dry; then apply a layer of the tint you fix on, grinded in oil, and diluted in one part oil and three parts effence; and afterwards give two more layers of the fame tint grinded in oil, and diluted in pure effence: This may be varnished with two layers of spirit of wine.

8. To make a feel colour, grind feparately in effence white cerufe, Pruffian blue, fine lac, and verdegris. The tone required is procured by the proper mixture of these ingredients. When you have fixed on the tone of colour, take about the fize of a walnut of the ingredients, and dilute them in a small veffe! in one part of effence and three parts of white oily varnish. N. B. This colour is generally made of white cerufe, of black charcoal, and Pruffian blue, grinded in thick oil, and diluted in effence, which is the cheapeft me

thod of procuring it; but the former is the moft beautiful.

9. For painting BALLUSTRADES and RAILINGS, dilute lamp-black with varnish or vermilion; giv ing two layers of it, and afterwards two layers of fpirit-of-wine varnish. Since the difcovery of oil painting, and the knowledge that wood is preferv. ed by it, and especially fince the discovery of a.varnifh without fmell, and which even takes away that of oil, the painting of apartments in oil has been with justice preferred. In fact the oil ftops up the pores of the wood; and although it does not altogether refift the impreffion of moisture, yet the effect is fo little perceptible, that it is to be recommended as the best method of preserving

wood.

10. To preferve wainscotting in the most effectual manner from moisture, it is neceffary to paint the wall behind it with two or three layers of common red, grinded and diluted in linfeed oil. To paint the wainscotting itself, give a layer of white cerufe grinded in oil of walnuts, and diluted in the fame oil, mixed with effence. This layer being dry, give two more of the colour you have adopted, grinded in oil, and diluted in pure effence. If the mouldings and sculpture be wished painted in a different colour, grind and dilute it in the fame manner. Two or three days after, when the colours are fully dry, give two or three layers of the white varnish without smell, which alfo prevents the offenfive smell of the oil colours. N. B. Those who begin their operations in water colours, if they find it more agreeable, may finish it in oil colours as above.

When the pores of the wood are well stopped by the prepared white, a layer of white ceruse grinded in oil of walmuts, and diluted in the fame oil, mixed with effence, may be applied. This will be fufficient, the wood being previously primed; and afterwards lay on your intended colour and varnish.

V. Of PAINTING in OIL with the POLISHED
VARNISH.

I. THIS is the beft kind of oil painting, ow. ing more to the care it requires, than to the proceedings, for they are nearly the fame with thofe of fimple oil painting; the difference con. fifting only in the preparation and manner of fi nishing.

1. To paint wainscottings of apartments with the polished varnish, it is neceffary, in the first place, that the pannels be new. Then make the furface of the fubject which you mean to paint very smooth and level, which is done by a layer, which ferves to receive the hard tint or polished ground and the colours. This layer ought to be of white, whatever colour is to be afterwards applied. It confifts of white cerufe, grinded very fine in linfeed oil mixed with effence.

2. Make the polished ground by 7 or 8 layers of the hard tint. In painting equipages, a dozen is neceffary. The hard tint is made, by grinding pure white cerufe, which has not been much cal cined, very finely, in thick oil, and diluting it with effence. Take care that the layers of the hard tint be not only equal as to the application, but to the quantity of the white cerufe and the oil, and to the degree of calcination. Then,

3. Soften

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4. Polish it moderately with a piece of ferge foaked in a pail of water, in which is put fome powder of pumice-ftone finely grinded and paffed through a fine fieve. There is no occafion to fpare wathing, as this part of the operation will not fpoil with water.

5. Choose the tint with which you intend to decorate your apartment; grind it in oil, and dilute it in effence; pafs it through a piece of very fine filk, give two or three layers carefully and thinly fpread over the furface, as on this part of the ope ration depends, in a great measure, the beauty of the colour. All forts of colours may be employed in this manner in oil of effence.

6. Give two or three layers of a fpirit-of-wine varnish, if it is to wainscotting; if to the body of a coach, a varnish of oil is employed. If the varnish is to be polifhed, it is neceffary to give 7 or 8 layers at least, laid on equally and with great precaution, not to be thicker in one place than another, which occafions spots.

7. It is again polished with pumice-ftone reduced to powder, and water, and a piece of ferge. If the wainscotting has been painted before, it is neceffary to rub off the colour to the hard tint, which is done with pumice stone and water, or with a piece of linen dipped in effence.

II. There is a white painting in oil, called WHITE VARNISH POLISH, which correfponds to -the king's white in water colours, and is equal to the freshness and glofs of marble if it is applied to wood. To paint in this manner,

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1. Give a layer of white cerufe grinded in oil of walnuts, with a little calcined copperas, and diluted in effence. But if it is applied to ftone, it is necessary to employ oil of walnuts and calcined copperas alone.

2. Grind white cerufe very fine in effence, and dilute it in fine white oil, with varnish copal.

3. Give 7 or 8 layers of it to the fubject. The varnish, mixed with the white cerufe dries fo promptly, that three layers of it may be given in a day.

4. Soften and polish all the layers as above. 5. Give 2 or 3 layers of white lead grinded in oil of walnuts, and diluted in pure effence.

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PAJOT, Lewis Leon, Count of Ofembray, a ...learned antiquarian, born at Paris, in 1678. His abilities obtained him the favour of Lewis XIV; and his cabinet was fo celebrated for its curiofi.

6. Give 7 or eight layers of white spirit-of-wine varnish, and then polish them.

VI. Of PAINTING in VARNISH. To paint in varnish, is to employ colours grinded and diluted in varnish, either in fpirit of wine or oil, on all forts of fubjects. Wainscotting, furniture, and equipages, are painted in this manner, though we shall confine ourselves to the firft.

1. Give two layers of white of Bougival, diluted in a frong fize, boiling hot.

2. Give a layer of what the French call de blanc apprit.

3. Fill up the defects of the wood with mastich in water; and when the layers are dry, smooth them with the pumice-stone.

When the wood is smooth, fuppofe the paint a grey colour, take one pound of white cerufe, one drachm of Pruffian blue, or of black of charcoal, or ivory black; put the white into a piece of leather, fo tied that the colours cannot escape; shake them till they are fufficiently mixed.

5. Put 2 oz. of colours into a quartern of varnifh, mix them carefully; give one layer above the white.

6. This layer being dry, put one ounce of colours into the fame quantity of varnish as above, and give a fecond layer.

7. To the third layer, give half an ounce of colour to the fame quantity of varnish.

8. As each of thefe layers dry, be careful to rub them with a piece of new coarse cloth; in fuch a manner, however, as not to injure the colour. N. B. The three layers may be given in one day.

9. If a perfect luftre is wanted, add a 4th layer prepared as the 3d.

Io. All other colours, as blue, &c. may be applied in the fame manner. This method is the only one by which orpiment can be employed in all its beauty, but not without fome of its inconveniencies. Another method of performing this kind of work is, to apply the colours and the var nish, without previously using the fize and the white ground. This is extremely expeditious, but it is eafy to perceive, it will want the polish and brilliancy of the other.

PAI

ties, that it was vifited by Peter the Great, and Prince Charles of Lorrain. He wrote many learned tracts inferted in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences..

PAJOU, a town of France, in the department of Cantal, 14 miles from Auriliac.

*PAIR, n. f. [paire, Fr. par, Latin.] 1. Two things fuiting one another, as a pair of gloves. A man and wife.

O when meet now
Such pairs in love and mutual honour join'd?

Baucis and Philemon there
Had liv'd long marry'd and a happy pair.

3. Two of a fort; a couple; a brace.

Milton

Drgd.

A

All his lovely looks, his pleafing fires, All his fweet motions, all his taking fmiles,

He does into one pair of eyes convey. Suckling. -The many pairs of nerves branching themselves to all the parts of the body, are wonderful. Ray. (3.) To PAIR. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To join in couples.—

Minds are fo hardly matched, that even the firft,

Tho' pair'd by heav'n, in Paradise were curs'd. Dryden.

2. To unite as correfpondent or oppofite. Turtles and doves with diff"'ring hues unite, And gloffy jet is pair'd with shining white.

Pope. (2.) * To PAIR. v. n. 1. To be joined in pairs; to couple; as male and female.

Your hand, my Perdita; fo turtles pair. Shak. 2. To fuit; to fit as a counterpart.

Had our prince feen the hour, he had pair'd Well with this Lord. Shak. My heart was made to fit and pair with Rowe. PAIRA, a river of Perfia, which falls into a lake, near Tadivan, in Tarfiftan.

thine.

PAIRAM, a town of SIBU, one of the PHILIP. PINE ISLANDS, inhabited chiefly by Chinese merchants and artists.

PAIRING. n. S. in zoology. The inftinct of pairing is bestowed on every species of animals to which it is neceffary for rearing their young; and on no other fpecies. All wild birds pair; but with a remarkable difference between fuch as place their nefts on trees and fuch as place them on the ground. The young of the former being hatched blind, and without feathers, require the nurfing care of both parents till they be able to fly. The male feeds his mate on the neft, and cheers her with a fong. As foon as the young are hatched, finging yields to a more neceffary occupation, that of providing food for a numerous iffue; a tafk that employs both parents. Eagles, and other birds of prey, build on trees, or on other inacceffible fpots. They not only pair, but continue in pairs all the year round; and the fame pair procreates year after year. This at leaft is the cafe of the eagles: the male and female hunt together, unless during incubation, at which time the female is fed by the male. A greater number than a fingle pair, are never seen in company. Gregarious birds pair, probably to prevent difcord in a fociety confined to a narrow space. This is the cafe particularly of pigeons and rooks. The male and female fit on the eggs alternately, and divide the care of feeding their young. Partridges, plovers, pheafants, fea-fowls, groufe, and other kinds that place their nefts on the ground, have the inftinct of pairing; but differ from fuch as build on trees in the following particular, that after the female is impregnated, the completes her task without needing any help from the male. Retiring from him, the chooses a safe spot for her neft, where the can find plenty of worms and grass feed at hand; and her young, when hatched, take foot, and feck food for themfelves. The only remaining duty incumbent on the dam is, to lead them to proper places for food, and to call them VOL. XVI. PART II.

- together when danger impends. Some males, provoked at the defertion of their mates, breaks the eggs if they ftumble on them. Eider ducks pair like other birds that place their nefts on the ground; and the female finishes her neft with down, plucked from her own breaft. If the neft be deftroyed for the down, which is remarkably warm and elaftic, fhe makes another neft as before. If the is robbed a fecond time, the makes a third neft; but the male furnishes the down. The black gamejnever pair: in fpring, the cock, on an eminence, crows and claps his wings; and all the females within hearing, inftantly refort to him. Pairing birds, excepting those of prey, flock together in February to choote their mates. They foon difperfe; and are not feen afterward but in pairs. Pairing is unknown to quadrupeds that feed on grafs. To fuch it would be useless; as the female gives fuck to her young while the herfelf is feeding. If M. Buffon deferves credit, the roe-deer are an exception. They pair, though they feed on grafs, and have but one litter in a year. Beafts of prey, fuch as lions, tygers, wolves, pair not. The female is left to fhift for herself and for her young; which is a laborious task, and often fo unfuccefsful as to fhorten the life of marry of them. Pairing is effential to birds of prey, becaufe incubation leaves the female no fufficient time to hunt for food. Pairing is not ne-ceffary to beafts of prey, because their young can bear a long faft. Add another reason, that they would multiply fo faft by pairing, as to prove troublesome neighbours to the human race. Among animals that pair not, males fight defperately about a female. Nor is it unusual for 7 or 8 lions to wage bloody war for a fingle female. The fame reafon that makes pairing neceffary for gregarious birds, obtains with respect to gregarious quadrupeds; thofe efpecially who tore up food for winter, and during that feafon live in common. Difcord among fuch would be attended with worfe confequences than even among lions and bulls, who are not confined to one place. The beavers, with respect to pairing, refemble birds that place their nefts on the ground. As foon as the young are produced, the males abandon their ftock of food to their mates, and live at large; but return frequently to vifit them while they are fuckling their young. Hedgehogs pair, as well as feveral of the monkey kind. We are not well acquainted with the natural hiftory of thefe animals; but it, would appear that the young require the nurfing care of both parents. Seals have a fingular economy. Polygamy feems to be a law of nature among them, as a male affociates with feveral females. The fea turtles have no occafion to pair, as the female performs her task at once, by laying her eggs in the fand. The young are hatched by the fun, and immediately crawl to the fea.

PAIRLER, a town of France, in the department of the Vendee, 10 miles S. of Beauvoir.

PAIS, or PAYS, [Fr.] n.. A country, land, or region; a word not yet adopted into the English language, except in fpeaking of the Pais de Vaud, See VAUD. Nor does our language ftand in need of it. All appellative nouns ought to be tranfOooo

lated;

lated; otherwise those unacquainted with the language must mistake them for proper names. Our language is daily burthened with barbarisms of this kind, imported by pedants from France and the Eaft Indies.

PAISAGE, n.f. A landscape. Phil. Afb. PAISHAW, a title of honour, and command, in the E. Indies; fomewhat fimilar to that of PACHA or BASHAW in Turkey.

PAISHAWUR, a city of Afia, in Cabul, on the Kameh; 125 miles SE. of Cabul, and 170 N. of Moultan. Lon. 70. 36. E. Lat. 33. 18. N.

PAISHWAH. See PAISHAW.

(r.) PAISLEY, a town of Scotland in Renfrew fhire, about 64 miles W. of Glasgow, on the river White Cart, over which there are two ftone bridges of two arches each, and one of 3. The town is very ancient; but was of much lefs confequence formerly than at prefent. The name Paifley is fuppofed to be derived from the Gaelic Pais-licht, i. e. the brow or face of a rock, which was the fituation of its old church in 1160. It was erected into a burgh of barony by James IV. in 1488, when its importance feems to have been derived from its rich monaftery. Even in the beginning of the 18th century, it was but an inconfiderable place; confifting only of one street, about half a mile in length, with feveral lanes; whereas now, with its fuburbs, it occupies fuch an extent of ground, that it appears to be one of the largest and moft populous towns in Scotland. Its buildings are elegant; its streets are well paved; and where the river intervenes, connected with one another by three bridges. It is governed by 3 bailies, of which the eldest is commonly in the commiffion of the peace, a treasurer, a town-clerk, and 17 counsellors, who are annually elected about Michaelmas. It enjoys the powers of government and police, without the ufual burdens of royal boroughs. The freedom of the town is conferred on very moderate terms. The revenues are not great, but they are well managed. The old part of the town runs from E. to W. upon the S. flope of a ridge of hills, from which there is a fine profpect of Glasgow and the adjacent country; but on the S. the view terminates in a ridge of green hills, about two miles diftant. It is fully a mile long, and nearly as broad. On the E. fide of the Cart, ftands the new town, which was fome years ago feued off by the Earl of Abercorn, and now confifts of a number of hand fome buildings. The streets are laid off in a regular manner, but not in right angles. Many of them bear evidence of the industry of the people from their names, as SilkStreet, Cotton Street, Lawn-Street, &c. Here the earl of Abercorn has built one of the largeft, moft commodious, and most elegant inns in Scotland, and feveral market-places. The town of Paifley continued a part of the Abbey parish till 1738; when the magiftrates and council having purchafed the patronage from the then earl of Dundonald, a new church was built, and the town was erected into a feparate parish. This is called the Laigh Church, is built in the form of a Greek crofs, very well laid out, and contains a great number of people. In 1756 another church was built, upon a very extended plan, in which, the most diftant of the congregation can hear a good fpeak

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er with ease. It is ornamented with a lofty ipire visible at a great diftance. This is called the High Church, and is a very fine building; it is an oblong fquare of 82 feet by 62, built of free-stone, with ruftic corners and an elegant stone cornice. The roof is a pavilion covered with flate, having a platform covered with lead. In 1781, the Middle Church was built, and very elegantly finished: and in 1782 the town was divided into 3 parishes, named from their churches. There are two large diffenting congregations; thofe of the Antiburgher perfuafion and the Relief. There is also a small congregation of Cameronians. The town-house is a very handfome building of cut ftone, with a tall fpire and a clock. The flesh-market has a genteel front of cut ftone, and is one of the moft commodious in Britain. The poor's house is a large building, very well laid out, and ftands op. pofite to the quay, in a fine free air. It is fupported by a small tax. The number of inhabit. ants in the town of Paisley amounted in 1695 to 2200; in 1755 they were 4290; in 1782, 11,100; and in 1792 they were 13.800. At that period the total population of Paisley, in town and country including the Abbey Parish, was 24,592; and the total increafe 17,793, fince 1755. Paifley is now the firft manufacturing town in Scotland, and is greatly celebrated on account of fome of its branches. The manufactory of filk gauze, in this refpect, first claims our notice. This branch is brought to the utmoft perfection, and is wrought to an amazing variety of patterns. It has been computed, that there have been no less than 5000 weavers employed in Paisley and in the country adjacent; and the number of winders, warpers, clippers, and others neceffary in other parts of the filk-manufacture, has been likewife computed to be no less than 5000. Each loom will produce at an average, 7ol. yearly; the whole will then be 350,000l. In 1784 the manufactures of Paifley, in filk gauze, lawn and linen gauze, and white fewing thread amounted to 579,1851. 16s. 6d: and no fewer than 26,484 perfons were employed in carrying them on. It is difficult to give an exact account of the ftate of its manufactures at present. Befides thefe principal manufactures, there are 4 confiderable tan-works, 2 foap and candle works, a manufacture of ribbons, and another of inkle or tape. In 1789 the annual value of all the manufactures in Paifley of every fort amounted to 660,3851. 16s.. In the various weaving branches there were employed at Whitfunday 1791, in the fuburbs of Paifley, 1108 looms, which, added to 2494 employed in the town, gives 3602 in all. Befides about 150 in the country part of the parish, there are great numbers employed by them in the villages of Nieltoun, Barhead, Beith, Dairy, Kilwinning, &c. &c. In 1744, when all the bufinefs was confined to the town and fuburbs, there were 867 looms at work. The thread-making in Abbey parish employs 9 mills, which, added to 128 employed in Paifley, make 137 in all. The rumber in 1744 was 93. But we are credibly informed that the cotton trade alone has been fince carried on to a much greater extent than that above mentioned. The Cart runs from S. to N. and falls into the Clyde, after it has joined the conflux of the Gryfe and Black Cart at Inch-innan bridge, 3

miles

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