miles below the town. At fpring tides, veffels of 40 tons burden come up to the quay. The communication by water is of great importance to the inhabitants; for in this way they are frequently ferved with fifh of different kinds, and fend their goods and manufactures to Port-Glasgow, Greenock, and Glasgow; and by the great canal they have also a communication with the Frith of Forth. Paisley has fairs in Auguft and November, and lies 22 miles N. of Ayr. Lon. 4. 20. W. Lat. 55. 52. N.

(2.) PAISLEY, ABBEY PARISH OF, an extenfive parish of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, formerly comprehending the town and suburbs of Paisley, (N°1.) but disjoined from it in 1738, and now containing the whole country part of the ancient original parith. It is about 9 miles long from E. to W. and from half a mile to 3 broad. The furface is gently waving, often swelling near the town, into beautiful eminences, the greatest elevation of which is about 680 feet above flood-mark at Paisley. The surface is partly mofs and heath, but the greater part is excellent pafture, and a confiderable part is arable. The foil is in general thin, with a bottom of gravel, or till, very retentive of moifture. Along the banks of the rivers, and in the flat grounds, it is fertile, but thinner and more ftrong towards the S. The air is moift, in confequence of the prevailing SW. winds, and its effects appear in rheumatifms, quinfeys, pneumonic ailments, &c. But upon the whole neither the town nor country adjacent can be called unhealthy. In 1765 dyfentery raged with great violence but has fince been scarcely complained of. Nervous fevers are neither very general nor uncommonly fatal. Intermittents, which, from the damp air, might be expected to be common, are not fo much as known. The water is but indifferent: about 140 acres are under natural wood, oak, ath, birch, plane, &c. There are 5 coal mines. Free-ftone, grauite and lime-ftone abound; and foffile marine fhells are found in the lime quarries, as well as corals and fhells in the coal mines. Among thefe are orthoceratites, turbinated cochlea, feveral fpecies of bivalves, and cryftals of calcareous spar; with various figured ftones, and vegetable petrefactions. Hufbandry is much improved, and the ufual crops produced. Servitudes are almost abolished. The population, in 1791, was 10,792; increase, fince 1755, no less than 8,283. The ancient abbey church, which gives name to the parish, ftands a fhort way S. of the inn of Pailley, and was the only one which Paifley formerly required. This church was anciently a moft noble building, and confifted of feveral diftinét and separate places of worship: the relics of this magnificent Gothic ftructure are worthy the notice of the antiquarian, Mr Pennant fays, the great N. window is a noble ruin, the arch very lofty, the middle pillar wonderfully light, and ftili entire; only the chancel now remains, which is divided into a middle and two fide-ifles, all very lofty pillars, with Gothic arches; above thefe is another range of pillars much larger, being the fegment of a cirele, and above a row of arched niches from end to end, over which the roof ends in a fharp point. The outfide of the building is decorated with a profufion of ornaments, especially the great W. and N.

doors, than which scarce any thing lighter or richer can be imagined. Close by the Abbey church is the earl of Abercorn's burial-place. It is a vaulted Gothic chapel, without pulpit or pew, but has the finest echo perhaps in the world. In this chapel is the monument of Marjory Bruce, daughter of Robert Bruce, wife of Walter, great fteward of Scotland, and mother of Robert II.; and in it were interred Elizabeth Muir and Euphemia Rofs, conforts to Robert II. The abbey of Paifley was founded as a priory for monks of the order of Clugni, about 1160, by Walter, great fteward of Scotland. It was afterwards raised to an abbacy; and its lands were by Robert II. erected into a regality, under an abbot. After the reformation, the abbacy was fecularized by the Pope in favour of Lord Claud Hamilton, fon of the Duke of Chatelherault: and, in 1588, it was erected into a temporal lordship, and Lord Claud was created Lord Paisley. Its revenues were very confiderable; confifting of the tythes of 28 parishes, with the property of several lordships. But in 1653, Lord Claud's grandfon, James earl of Abercorn, fold the lordship to the Earl of Angus, who in 1654 fold it to William Lord Cochran, Great part of it was fince fold off by the family of Dundonald; and what remained was in 1764 repurchafed by the late Earl of Abercorn. The fabric of the abbey owed much of its magnificence to Abbot George Schaw, who about 1484, enlarged and beautified the building, gardens, &c. The abbey was fucceffively the feat of the Earls of Abercorn and Dundonald; but the late Earl of Dundonald demolished the ancient gateway; and, by feuing off the immediately adjoining grounds for building, entirely changed the appearance of the place; fo that it is now in a ruinous ftate. The fpinning of cotton was introduced into the Abbey parifh in 1783. The principal feat of that manufactory is at Johnstoun, a neat and regularly built village about 3 miles W. from Paifley, upon the estate of Mr Houfton of Johnftoun. The feuing of that village was begun in 1782; and it contain ed, at Whitfunday 1792, 293 families, or 1434 fouls. There are five companies established in it for cotton fpinning. Two of these carry on their principal operations by water-machinery. In the two mills employed in them, there were, in 1792, 22,572 fpindles. The number of perfons, young and old, then employed in both mills were 660, but the trade is fince greatly increased. There is alfo in the neighbourhood of Paisley a calico printing work and a copperas work. The bleaching bufinefs in the Abbey parish is carried on to a very confiderable extent. There are 10 fields for whitening muflins and lawns, and about as many for thread, almoft wholly employed by the manufacturers in Paifley. About 300 perfons are at work in this branch of business, of whom about 240 are women, who are hired for the season. A foap and candle manufacture pays about 2000l. of duty per annum to government, and has in some years paid upwards of 3000l. A black and hard foap manufacture, 4500l. per annum. The starch manufacture is but lately established. The diftillery bufinefs is carried on to a great exte t, and the fpirit manufactured in great perfection. A confiderable quantity of it is exported. 00002 (3.) PAISLEY,

(3.) PAISLEY, BLACK BOOK OF, in literary hiftory, an ancient chronicle, often quoted in Scottish hiftory, containing a record of public affairs and remarkable events, kept by the monks, who refidied in the monaftery. It agreed in every material fact, with the Scoti-chronicon of FORDUN.

PAITA, a fea-port of Peru, in the audience of Quito, confifting of about 200 houses, one story high. The walls are made of split cane and mud, and the roofs only a covering of leaves. Its only defence is a fort without either ditch or out-work; furrounded by a brick wall of little or no ftrength, on which are mounted 8 pieces of cannon. It has frequently been plundered by the buccaneers. Com. Anton got poffeffion of its fort in 1741, and burnt the town, because the governor refused to ranfom it. Lon. 81. 19. W. Lat. 6. 12. S. PAIX, a town of Hifpaniola, on the N. coaft, It was built by the French, and has a pretty good harbour. Lon. 72. 55. W. Lat. 19. 58. N.

PAKA, a town of Bohemia, in Konigingratz, 7 miles ENE. of Gitfchin.

PAKIR, or PECHER, a fea-port town of Ara, bia, in Oman. The people carry on a confiderable trade with India, in cattle, grain, dates, raifins, and other fruits. It is 25 miles E. of Dofar, and 132 SW. of Haffek,

PAKUPZKI, a town of Croatia, on the Kul. pa, 10 miles E. of Cairftadt.

PALA, n.. a weight ufed in the E. Indies, containing 4 carfhas. Each cartha is 80 RACTICAS, or feeds of the Gunga Creeper, which are 1s grains each.

*

(1.) PALACE. n. f. [palais, Fr. palatium, Lat.] A royal houfe; an houfe eminently fplendid.

We, with our colours spread,

March'd thro' the city to the palace gates. Shak. Palaces and pyramids do flope Their heads to their foundations. Macbeth. The palace yard is fill'd with floating tides. Dryden. The fun's bright palace on high columns rais'd, With burning gold and flaming jewels blaz'd. Addison. The old man early rofe, walk'd forth, and fate On polish'd ftone before his palace gate. Pope. (2) PALACE, PALATIUM, is a name generally given to the dwelling-houtes of kings, princes, and other great perfonages; and taking different epithets, according to the qualifications of the inhabitants, as imperial, royal, pontifical, cardinal, Aucal, epifcopal, &c. Amongst the works of the ancient Egyptians, we have an account in the Univerfal Hiftory, of a moft magnificent palace in Upper Egypt, near Afwan, the ancient Syene; the ruins whereof are as large as a little city.

(3.) PALACE COURT. See MARSHALSEA, § 2. (1.) PALACIOS, a town of Spain, in Andalufia, 12 miles S. of Seville. Lon. 5. 24. W. Lat. 37. 20. N.

(2.) PALACIOS, a town of Spain, in Leon.

* PALACIOUS. adj. [from palsce,] Royal; noble; magnificent.-London encreates daily, turning of great palacious houfes into small tenements. Graunt.

PALACIUM, in ancient geography; 1. Atown of the Thracian Cherfonefus; 2. A village of Italy

on Mount Palatine, where Rome was afterward built.

PALÆ, an ancient town of Corfica, now called St Bonifacio. See BONIFACIO, N° 2. PALEA, two ancient towns, in Cyprus and Cephalenia.

PALEAPOLIS, an island on the coaft of Spain.

Strabo,

(1.) PALEMON. See MELICERTA. (2.) PALEMON, Q. Rhemmius, a famous grammarian of Rome, in the reign of Tiberius. He was born of a flave at Vienna, and was firft bred up a weaver: but attending his mafter's fon to fchool, he acquired fo much learning, that he obtained his freedom and became a teacher at Rome, He had an excellent memory, and ready elocution, and could make verses extempore. But his arrogance and his debaucheries were fo great, that his large income was not fufficient to support them. We have only fome fragments of his works.

PALEOLOGUS, Michael, a very able man, who was governor of Afia under the emperor Theodorus Lafcàris; and who, by various ratagems and cruelties, procured the empire for himfelf and his pofterity. See CoNSTANTINOPLE, § 2.

PALÆPAPHOS, a town of Cyprus, where flood a temple of Venus; and an adjoining town called Nea Paphos; where St Paul ftruck Elymas blind, and converted the proconful Sergius Paulus. St Luke, Strabo, Virgil, Pliny.

PALEPHARSALUS, the ancient town of PHARSALUS, in Theffaly. Gæfur.

(1.) PALÆPHATUS, an ancient Greek philofopher, who flourished between the times of Ariftotle and Auguftus, but whofe precife age is uncertain. He wrote 5 books De incredibilibus, of which the firft only is extant. In it be attempts to explain the fables of mythology by hiftorical facts. The best edition is that of J. Fred. Fifcher; 8vo. Leipf. 1773.

(2, 3) PALEPHATUS, a hiftorian of Egypt: and a poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on the Creation.

PALÆPOLIS, an ancient town of Italy, in Campania, built by a Grecian colony, on the ipot where NAPLES was afterwards erected.

PALÆSTE, a town of Epirus, near Oricus, where Cæfar firft landed with his fleet. Lucan, v. 460.

PALESTINA. See PALESTINE.

PALÆSTRA, in Grecian antiquity, a public building where the youth exercised themselves in wrestling, running, playing at quoits, &c. To prevent the combatants from burting themselves by falling, the bottom of the palæstra was covered with duft or gravel. Some fuppofe the palæftra to have been only a part of the GYMNASIUM. Others imagine that it was of two kinds; the one for the exercife of the body, the other for the cultivation of the mind: but the derivation of the word feems to confine it to bodily exercise. See PANCRATIUM and PENTATHLUM.

PALÆSTRICE,, in the ancient GYMNASIUM, comprifed all exercifes under the denomination PALESTRE; as wrestling, boxing, pancratis, hoplomachia, running, leaping, throwing the dit

cus, the exercife of the javelin, and that of the hoop, denominated by the Greeks rex, which confifted in rolling an iron hoop five or fix feet in diameter, befet with iron rings, the noise of which apprifing the people to give way, afforded them aifu an amufeinent. Both ftrength and skill were requifite in directing this hoop, which was driven with an iron rod. To thefe muft also be added the exercises belonging to the medicinal gymnaf tics; as, 1. Walking. 2. Vociferation, or fhouting. 3. Holding one's breath. Hoffman enumerates no fewer than 55 forts of exercises that were practifed in the gymnafia.

PALÆSTROPHYLAX, the director of the PALESTRA, and the exercifes performed there. PALÆTYRUS, the ancient city of Tyre, on the continent. See TYRE.

PALAFORGEL, a town of Spain, in Catalo. nia, 20 miles SE. of Gerona..

PALAFOX, John, a learned Spaniard, born at Arragon, in 1600. He ftudied at Salamanca; and was a member of council of the Indies; bithop of Angelopolis, and of Ofma, and judge of the Indies. He wrote on various fubjects, and died in 1659.

(1.) PALAIS, a town of France, the capital of Belle-ille, in the department of Morbihan. See BELLE-ISLE. N° 1. It has 2 churches and 500 houfes. Lon. 3. 2. W. Lat. 47. 18.

(2.) PALAIS, ST, a town and district of France, in the dep. of the Lower Pyrenees; which, with the town and district of St John Pied de Port, forms nearly the whole of the ci-devant province of Lower Navarre. (See NAVARRE, N° 2.) It is feated on the Bidoufe, 15 miles SE. of Bayonne, Lon. 1. 4. W. Lat. 43..21. N.

PALAISEAUX, a town of France, in the dep... of the Seine and Oife, 74 miles SE. of Verfailles. (1.) PALAMBANG, or a town of the Eaft In(1.) PALAMBOANG, dies, in the island of Java, capital of a kingdom; feated at the E. end of the island, on the ftraits of Bally, and separated from the island of Bally by a narrow channel. Lon. 115. 10. E. Lat. 7. 10. S.

(2.) PALAMBOANG. See BALAMBUAN. PALAMCOTTA, or TINEVELLY, a town of Indoftan, in the Carnatic, and prov. of Tinevelly; 74 miles SSW. of Madura, 148 SSE. of Coimbettore, and 401 SW. by S. of Madras. Lon. 77. 54. E. Lat. 8. 43. N.

PALAMEDEA, in ornithology, a genus belonging to the order of gralla. The character of this genus, according to Latham, is, the bill bends down at the point, with a horn, or with a tuft of feathers erect near the base of it; the noftrils are oval; the toes are divided almost to their origin, with a fmall membrane between the bottoms of each. There are two fpecies:

1. PALAMEDEA CORNUTA, the horned screamer. It is about the size of a turkey; in length about 3 feet 4 inches. The bill is two inches and a quarter long, and black; the upper mandible is a little gibbous at the bafe, the under huts beneath it as in the gallinaceous tribe: the noftrils are oval and pervious, and placed near the middle of the bill. From the crown of the head springs a flender horn of more than three inches in length, and pointed at the end; the irides are the colour of

gold; the plumage on the head, neck, and upper part of the body is black, margined with grey on the firft, and downy; fome of the feathers round the neck are likewife edged with the fame: the under parts of the wings are pale rufous, appearing on the shoulders and edges of them when clofed; at the bend of the wing are two strong, fharp, horny, yellow fpurs, one above another, the uppermoft an inch and a half in length; the belly, thighs, and vent, are white; the tail is 84 inches long; the legs are ftout and dusky; the fore claws are moderately bent; the hind one is nearly ftraight, not unlike that of a lark, and is about an inch long. The female is very like the male. See Plate 263. They are always met with in pairs; and if one dies, the other mourns to death for the lofs. They frequent places near, the water; make a large neft of mud, in the shape of an oven, upon the ground; and lay two eggs, the fize of those of a goofe. Bajon fays they make nefts in thickets, and among rushes. Fermun says they build in high trees. The young are brought up in the neft till able to fhift for themselves. They have but one neft in the year, which is in Jan. or Feb. except the firft eggs are taken away, when they make a ad in April or May. The young birds are frequently eaten by the natives, though the colour of the flesh is very dark; that of the old ones is tough and ill-tafted. This fpecies is faid to feed on crabs and birds, as pigeons and poultry, and even to attack sheep and goats; but others fay its principal food is reptiles. In the ftomach of one which M. Bajon dissected, there were only found herbs and feeds of plants; however, he adds, that the bird has no gizzard. This species is rare. It is found in Cayenne, Guiana, Surinam, and other parts of America, chiefly in the marshes and wet favannas, and for the most part near the iea. Thefe feem to be the birds mentioned by Ulloa, called by the inhabitants of Quito difpertadores, or awakeners, from their giving notice to others of the approach of danger: as on hearing the leaft noife, or feeing any one, though at a great diftance, they rife from the ground, and make a loud chattering like a magpie, continuing the noise, and hovering over the object which caused the alarm, whereby the reft of the birds, taking the hint, are able in time to escape the impending. danger. This fcreaming noife, which fome authors relate as being exceedingly loud and terrible, has occafioned Mr Pennant to give the genus the name annexed to it. In Dr Hunter's museum there is a fine specimen of this bird, brought from Cayenne.

2. PALAMEDEA CRISTATA, the crested screamer. This bird is about the size of an heron; the bill is fhort, bent like that of a bird of prey, and of a yellowish brown: the irides are gold-coloured: on the forehead, just above the bill, is a tuft of black feathers, variegated with afh-colour: the head, neck, and body, are grey, mixed with rufous and brown, moft inclining to the laft on the wings and tail: the wings are not furnished with fpurs: the legs pretty long, of a dull yellow: claws brown: the hind toe placed high up, so as not to touch the ground in walking. This fpecies inhabits Brafil. Linnæus makes it to belong to the fcreamer genus, perhaps from its cry; for it is

faid to be heard at a great distance, and is not unlike that of a hen turkey. None of our later writers feem to have feen it, all of them relying on Marcgrave both for defcription and figure. It is faid to feed on the fame food as the heron tribe; the flesh is good, and the bird by fome kept tame. PALAMEDES, a Greek chief, son of Nauplius king of Euboea, by Clymene. He was fent by the Grecian princes who were going to the Trojan war to bring Ulyffes to the camp, and prevailed; but at the expense of the inveterate hatred of the latter, who was mean enough to forge a letter, which had the effect to make him be confidered guilty of treachery; and he was accordingly stoned to death. Homer is filent about the fate of Palamedes; and Paufanias mentions, that it had been reported by fome that Ulyffes and Diomedes had drowned him in the fea as he was fishing on the coaft. Philoftratus adds, that Achilles and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on the fea-fhore, and that they raised upon it a small chapel, where facrifices were regularly offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Palamedes was a man of learning as well as a foldier; and according to fome he completed the alphabet of Cadmus, by the addition of the four letters 6, 5, x, e, during the Trojan war. To him alfo is attributed the invention of dice and backgammon; and it is faid that he was the firft who regularly ranged an army in a line of battle, and who placed centinels round the camp, and excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchword. He is alfo famed for his fkill in phyfic. See MEDICINE, Index.

PALAMIDA, a town of Sicily, in Mazara. PALAMOS, a ftrong fea-port town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the Mediteranean, 47 miles NE. of Barcelona. The French took it in 1694. Lon. 2. 58. E. Lat. 41. 58. N.

PALAMOW, a town of Indoftan, in Bahar. (1.) PALANKA, a fortified town of Hungary, on the Ibola, 37 miles N. of Buda. Lon. 18. 23. E. Lat. 48. 9. N.

(2, 3.) PALANKA, two towns of European Turkey: 1. in Beffarabia, on the Dneifter, 28 miles SE. of Akerman: 2. in Bulgaria, 40 miles S. of Sophia.

* PALANQUIN. n. f. Is a kind of covered carriage used in the eastern countries, that is fupport. ed on the fhoulders of flaves, and wherein perfons of diftinction are carried.

PALANTIUM. (Livy.) See PALATIUM, N° 2. PALANTIA, a town of Spain. Mela, ii. 6. PALANTIUM, an ancient town of Arcadia. PALANZA, a town of Italy, in the department of the Agogna, and late duchy of Milan; on the W. bank of Lake Maggiore; 15 miles SE. of Domo d'Offola.

PALAOS. See PHILIPPINES, N° 2. PALAPOLI, a town of Natolia, on the coaft of Caramania, with a Greek archbishop's fee. Lon. 33. 26. E. Lat. 36. 52. N.

PALAPRAT, John, a French poet, born at Thouloufe, in 1650. He wrote a collection of poems, and several dramatic pieces.

PALARIA, among the Romans, a kind of exercise performed at a stake by the foldiers. The stake being fixed in the ground, and fix feet high above it, the young undisciplined foldiers advan

ced against it, armed with a hurdle and cudgel, instead of a sword and shield, and went through all the rules of attack and defence, as if actually engaged with an adversary. Sometimes they stood at a distance, and attacked with miffive weapons; at the fame time ufing all the requifite motions for defending themselves, and warding off what might be thrown against them.

PALASCO, a town of France, in the island and dep of Corfica, 14 miles N. of Corte.

*PALATABLE. adj. [from palate.] Guftful; pleafing to the tafte.-How many devices have been made ufe of to render this bitter potion palatable? Addifon.

*

They by th' alluring odour drawn in haste, Fly to the dulcet cates, and crowding fip Their palatable bane. Philips. (1.) PALATE. n. f. (palatum, Latin.] 1. The inftrument of tafte, the upper part or roof of the mouth. Let their palates

Be feafon'd with such viands. Merch. of Venice. -Without these their greatest dainties could not relish to their palates. Hake will on Prov.-Light and colours come in only by the eyes; all kind of founds only by the ears; the several taftes and fmells by the nose and palate. Locke.

By nerves about our palate plac'd, She likewife judges of the taste.

Prior.

Hard task to hit the palate of such guests! Pope. 3. Mental relith; intellectual tafte.-It may be the palate of the foul is indisposed by liftlessness or forrow. Taylor-The men of nice palates could not relish Ariftotle. Baker.

(2.) The PALATE, in anatomy, is the flesh that compofes the roof, or the upper and inner part of the mouth. It has much the same structure with the gums; but it has a great number of glands, discovered fo early as the time of Fallopius: thefe are principally fituated in the hinder part near the uvula, where it is pendulous, in the manner of a curtain, which part is called velum, or clauftrum, palati. The glands fituated particularly in this part, fecrete a mucous fluid, ferving to lubricate the mouth and throat, and to facilitate deglutition; they have a great number of apertures for the discharge of this humour into the mouth. The great ufes of this membrane are to defend the bones of the palate from corrupting; and for preventing, by its clauftrum or velum, the things to be swallowed from getting up into the noftrils.

PALATI, a Latin historian of Venice, who flourished in the 17th century. His chief work is, Monarchia Occidentalis, five Aquila Interlilia, et Aquila Saxonica.

*PALATICK. adj. [from palate.] Belonging to the palate; or roof of the mouth.-The three labials, P. M. B. are parallel to the three gingival T. D. N. and to the three palatic K. G. L. Holder.

(1.) PALATINATE. n. f. [palatinatus, Lat.] The county wherein is the feat of a count palatine, or chief officer in the court of an emperor, or sovereign prince.

(2.) A PALATINATE is otherwise defined, a province or figniory, poffeffed by a palatine.

(3.) PALATINATE OF THE RHINE, a ci-devant province of Germany, divided into two parts by the Rhine, called the Upper and Lower Palatinate,

Authors

Authors are divided about the origin of the name Palatines or PSALZGRAVES, as the Germans call them; but it seems most likely to be derived from the palatia, or palaces, which the old Frankish and German kings, and Roman emperors were poffeffed of in different parts of the country, and over which they appointed fupreme ftewards or judges, who were called Palatines or Pfalzgraves. The countries where thefe Palatines kept their courts, were, from them, called Palatinates; which name came at laft to be appropriated, by way of eminence, to this country, as being the moft confiderable of them.

J. PALATINATE, LOWER, before the late revolutions belonged to the elector Palatine. It was bounded on the E. by the county of Katzenellnbogen, the archbishopric of Mentz, the bishopric of Worms, and part of the territory of the Teutonic order in Franconia; W. by Alface, the late duchy of Deuxponts, the ci-devant county of Sponheim, the duchy of Simmern, and certain diftricts of the late electorate of Mentz; S. by the duchy of Wurtemberg, and the late bishopric of Spire; and N. by a part of the late archbishopric of Meatz and the county of Katzenellnbogen. It contained 41 towns, befides several boroughs; and is about 100 miles long, and 70 broad. The air is healthful, and the foil fruitful in corn, pafturage, wine, tobacco, and all forts of pulfe and fruits, particularly walnuts, chefnuts, and almonds. This country alfo breeds abundance of cattle, and is well watered by the Neckar, the Nahe, and the Rhine. In the last of thefe, near Germerfheim and Selz, is found gold; the exclufive right of fearching for which was farmed out by the elector. The ftate of religion bath varied greatly fince the Reformation, Lutheranifm and Calvinifm having been uppermost by turns, till the electorate de. volved to the popith branches of the family, when popery, with all its fuperftition and mummery, was established anew; though moft of the natives are ftill Proteftants. The Lutherans are about 50,000, and have about 85 churches. The number of Calvinift clergy here, is eftimated at 500, and that of the Roman Catholics at 400. Befides schools and Jefuits colleges in this country, there is one univerfity, namely, that of Heidelberg; but there is very little trade in it except in wine. In general, the Lower Palatinate has fuffered more by the preceding wars with France, than all the provinces of Germany put together during the space of 30 years; for the French have plundered the country, and demolished fome of its firft towns more than once. In the modern part of the Universal Hiftory, we have the following account of the rife of the Palatinate of the Rhine, under the hiftory of Germany. "Though Conrad the fon of Everhard inherited from his father the duchy of Franconia, with the counties of Heffe and Alface, he could not fucceed him in the dignity of count-palatine, because Otho had taken it from his father, and conferred it on Her. man, third son of Arnold duke of Bavaria: but as this honour was unattended with any folid advantage, the emperor began to annex it to the lands and caftles fituated on the Rhine, whence he acquired the title of Count Palatine of the Rhine: and, in process of time, thefe counts made great

acquifitions by marriages, purchases, mortgages, and imperial donations, so as to form a very confiderable province." The powers of counts-palatine in the German empire have always been ample. When the counts-palatine of the Rhine began to execute their office, they neither poffeffed on that river, lands, cities, nor caftles; but having by degrees, made great acquifitions by marriages, purchases, agreements, imperial donations, or otherwife, they at length formed a very confiderable principality. We are told, that under the emperors of the house of Suabia, their authority and power increased greatly, though it was a gradual increase. Under the reign of the emperor Henry IV. the credit of the counts palatine was very confiderable at the court; and by the German law, the count-palatine of the Rhine enjoyed not only during the absence of the emperor, but likewife during a vacancy of the empire, the right of the ban beyond the Rhine, till within a mile of the city of Metz, and as far as the ocean, as well as in Flanders. However, this right of the ban has not been granted to him by the emperors. There is likewife an ancient ordonnance, which imports, that the count palatine is always, by right, the reprefentative or lieutenant of the kingdom. Nevertheless, the emperors ftill reserved to themfelves the right of eftablishing vicars." This country fuffered much during the late war, being alternately and repeatedly over-run by the French, British, and Auftrian troops, in 1794, and 1795. All that part of it which lies on the left or weft bank of the Rhine, was conquered by the French, annexed to the republic in 1796, and included in the department of the RHINE AND MOSELLE. See REVOLUTION.

II. PALATINATE, UPPER, lies in the circle of Bavaria, and belongs to the elector thereof. It is bounded on the W. and NW. by Franconia; E. and NE. by Bohemia; and S. by Newburg and Lower Bavaria. In the 12th century it belonged to the dukes of Suabia. It was afterwards annexed to the Palatinate. In 1354, it was mostly fold to Bohemia; but in 1714, it was ceded to the elector of Bavaria. See BAVARIA, § 6. AMBERG is the capital.

(4.) PALATINATES OF POLAND. Previous to the Revolution in this unfortunate country, it was divided into palatinates. A Polish palatine is thus defcribed in the Universal History: "A palatine may be regarded as the governor of a province, who levies and leads the troops of his own jurifdiction to join the army of the republic. His civil power is likewife confiderable, as he prefides at the affemblies of his palatinate, rates the prices of all commodities and merchandife in the province, regulates the weights and measures, and judges and defends the Jews within his jurifdiction. This part of his function is particularly fpecified, that a fet of men the most useful and induftrious in Poland may not be oppreffed; the king being likewise obliged, by his oath, to afford them the protection of the laws and his fovereignty. Under him is appointed a fubftitute or vicepalatine, who takes an oath to his superior, and must be poffeffed of a land eftate to a certain value."

(1.) *PALATINE. n. f. palatin, Fr. from palatinus