latinus of palatium, Lat.] One invefted with regal rights and prerogatives.-Thefe abfolute palatines, made barons and knights, did exercife high justice in all points, within their territories. Davies. (2.)*PALATINE. adj. Poffeffing royal privileges. Many of thofe lords, to whom our kings had granted thofe petty kingdoms, did exercise jura regalia, infomuch as there were no less than eight counties palatine in Ireland at one time. Davies. (3.) PALATINE, or COUNT PALATINE, was a title presently given to all perfons who had any office or employment in the prince's palace: but afterwards conferred on those delegated by princes to hold courts of justice in the provinces; and on fuch among the lords as had a palace, that is, a court of juftice in their own houses.

(4.)PALATINE COUNTIES IN ENGLAND.-Chefter, Durham, and Lancafter, are called Counties palatine. The two former are fuch by prefcrip. tion, or immemorial custom; or, at least as old as the Norman conqueft: the latter was created by king Edward III. in favour of Henry Plantagenet, firft earl, and then duke of Lancafter; whofe heiress being married to John of Gaunt, the king's fon, the franchise was greatly enlarged and confirmed in Parliament, to honour John of Gaunt himself, whom, on the death of his father-in-law, -the king had alfo created duke of Lancaster. Counties palatine are fo called a palatio; because the owners thereof, the earl of Chester, the bishop of Durham, and the duke of Lancafter, had in thofe counties jura regalia, as fully as the king hath in his palace; regalem poteftatem in omnibus, as Bracton expreffes it. They might pardon treafons, murders, and felonies; they appointed all judges and juftices of the peace; all writs and indictments ran in their names, as in other counties in the king's; and all offences were faid to be done against their peace, and not, as in other places, contra pacem domini regis. And indeed, by the ancient law, in all peculiar jurifdictions, offences were faid to be done against his peace in whofe court they were tried; in a court-leet, contra pacem domini; in the court of a corporation, contra pacem balivorum; in the fheriff's court or tourn, contra pacem vice-comitis. Thefe palatine privileges (fo fimilar to the regal independent jurifdic tions, ufurped by the great barons on the continent, during the weak and infant ftate of the firft feudal kingdoms in Europe) were in all probability originally granted to the counties of Chefter and Durham, because they bordered upon enemies countries, Wales and Scotland: in order that the own. ers, being encouraged by fo large an authority, might be the more watchful in its defence; and that the inhabitants, having justice administered at home, might not be obliged to go out of the county, and leave it open to the enemy's incurfions. And upon this account alfo, there were formerly two other counties palatine, Pembrokeshire and Hexamshire, the latter now united with Northumberland; but these were abolished by parlia ment, the former in 27 Hen. VIII. the latter in 14 Eliz. And in 27 Hen. VIII. likewife, the powers before mentioned of owners of counties palatine, were abridged; the reafon for their continuance in a manner ceafing: though ftill all writs are witneffed in their names, and all forfeitures for trea

fon by the common law accrue to them. Of the three, the county of Durham is now the only ore remaining in the hands of a fubject. For the earl dom of Chefter, as Camden teftifies, was united to the crown by Henry III. and the title has ever fince been given to the king's eldeft fon. And the county palatine or duchy of Lancafter, was the property of Henry of Bolingbroke, the fon of John of Gaunt, at the time when he wrefted the crown from King Richard II. and affumed the title of Hen. IV. But he was too prudent to faffer this to be united to the crown; left, if he loft one, he should lofe the other alfo. For, as Plowden and Sir Edward Cocke obferve," he knew he had the duchy of Lancaster by sure and indefeasible title, but that his title to the crown was not fo affured: for that after the decease of Richard II. the right of the crown was in the heir of Lionel duke of Clarence, fecond fon of Edward III.; John of Gaunt, father to this Henry IV. being but the fourth fon." And therefore he procured an act of parliament, in the firft year of his reign, ordaining that the duchy of Lancaster, and all other hereditary estates, with all their royalties and franchises, fhould remain, to him and his heirs for ever; and should remain, defcend, be administered, and governed, in like manner as if he never had attained the regal dignity: and thus they defcended to his fon and grandfon, Henry V. and Henry VI.; many new territories and privileges being annexed to the duchy by the former. Henry VI. being attainted in 1 Edward IV. this duchy was declared in parliament to have become forfeited to the crown, and at the fame time, an act was made to incorporate the duchy of Lancafter, to continue the county palatine (which might otherwife have determined by the attainder, and to make the fame parcel of the duchy; and, farther, to veft the whole in king Edward IV. and his heirs, kings of England for ever; but under a separate guiding and governance from the other inheritances of the crown. And in T Hen. VII. another act was made, to refume fuch part of the duchy lands as had been dismembered from it in the reign of Edward IV. and to veft the inheritance of the whole in the king and his heirs for ever, as amply and largely, and in like manner, form, and condition, feparate from the crown of England and poffeffion of the fame, as the three Henrys and Edward IV. or any of them, had and held the fame. The Inle of Ely is not a county palatine, though sometimes erroneously called fo, but only a royal franchife: See COUNTY, § 5.

(5.) PALATINE GAMES, in Roman antiquities, games inftituted in honour of Auguftus by his widow Livia, after he had been enrolled among the gods. They were celebrated in the palace, whence the name, and were confirmed by the fucceeding emperors. Some authors fay that thefe games were inftituted in honour of Julius Cæfar, and others again, confound them with the Ludi Auguf tales; but neither of thefe opinions feems to be well fupported. See AUGUSTALES, § 2.

(6.) PALATINE, MOUNT. See PALATINUS, N°2. (7.) PALATINE TOWN, a town of Ireland, in Carlow, Leinfter; fo named from a colony of induftrious Germans, who were driven from the Palatinate during the perfecutions of Lewis XIV.

(8.) PALATINE TOWN, a township of New York,

Goito.

(9) PALATINE TOWN, a town of New York, on the E. bank of Hudson's river, and N. fide of Livingston's river; 11 miles N. of Rhynbeck. PALATINI, an ancient people of Italy, who inhabited Mount Palatine.

(1.) PALATINUS, a furname of Apollo, from his being worshipped on Mount Palatine.

(2.) PALATINUS MONS, or PALATIUM, the firft mountain of Rome, occupied by Romulus, and where he fixed his refidence and kept his court, as did Tullus Hoftilius, Auguftus, and all the fucceeding emperors; and hence the refidence of princes is called palatium. The reafon of the name is varioufly affigned; fome say it is derived from the goddefs PALES, or from the PALATINI, who originally inhabited the place, or from balare, or palare, the bleatings of fheep, which were frequent there; or from the word palantes, wandering, because Evander, when he came to fettle in Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made them all one fociety. On the eaft it has mount Cœlius, on the fouth the Aventine, on the weft the Capitoline, and on the north the Forum. Auguftus built a temple to Apollo, on this mount, adorned with porticoes and a library, valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin MSS. which it contained.

(1) PALATIUM, in ancient geography, a town of Italy, in the territory of Reate, 25 stadia from the town. Dionyfius Halicarnaffeus reckons it one of the first towns of the Aborigines; and from it Varro accounts for the name of the Mons Palatinus; namely, that a colony from Palatium fettled there.

(2.) PALATIUM, a town of Arcadia, which concurred to form MEGALOPOLIS, so called by Pliny; but called PALLANTIUM by Paufanias; PALANTEUM by Livy; and PALLANTEUM by Solinus; which laft is the true orthography, as it was named from PALLAS, the great grandfather of Evander. Virgil and Pliny say the PALATINE Mount was named from it.

(3.) PALATIUM DIOCLETIANI, the villa of Diocletian, a town of Italy, near Salona, where he died, (Eufebius); afterwards called SPALATUM; which rofe to a confiderable city from the ruins of Salonæ, fituated in Dalmatia on the Adriatic; now called SPALATTO, or SPALATRO.

(4) PALATIUM LUCULLI (Plutarch), or VILLA LUCULLI; a town of Italy between Milenum and Baie in Campania, of wonderful structure. Now in ruins, and called PISCINA MIRABILE. PALATO-PHARYNGÆUS, Į OrSALPINGO-PHAPALATO-SALPINGÆUS, ANATOMY, 202.

}

RYNGAUS.

See

PALATSA, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia; 8 miles N. of Miletus.

PALAVAI, a town of Ceylon ; 48 miles WNW. of Candi.

PALAZINA, a town of Italy, in the department of the Mincio, district and late duchy of Mantua, on the left bank of the Mincio, over VOL. XVI, PART II.

PALAZOLLO, a town in Friuli; 14 miles SW of Palma Nuovo.

PALAZZO, a town of France, in the department of the Doria, and late Piedmontefe and county of Canavese, five miles E. of Ivrea.

(1.) PALAZOLLO, a late quadra or district of Italy, in the department of the Mella, and diftrict of Brescia (ci-devant Brefciano), containing 10 parishes and 8000 citizens, on the banks of the Oglio.

(2.) PALAZOLLO, a town of Italy, in the department of Mella, capital of the above territory, on the banks of the Oglio, and road to Bergamo; 15 miles W. of Brescia,

(1.) PALAZZUOLO, a town of Sicily, in the valley of Noto; 20 miles W. of Syracufe. (2.) PALAZZUOLO. See PALAZZOLO, N° 1. and 2.

PALDIE, or a village of Scotland, in KinPALDIE-KIRK, & cardinefhire, and parish of Fordoun, fo named from St Palladius, who was interred in it; famous for its annual fair, held for three days, beginning on the first Tuesday after July 11th.

(1.) PALE. adj. [pale, Fr. pallidus, Lat.] 1. Not ruddy; not fresh of colour; wan; white of look.

Look I fo pale, lord Dorfet, as the reft? Shak.
We the hope drunk

Wherein you dreft yourself; hath it flept fince?
And wakes it now to look fo green and pale?

Shak. 2. Not high-coloured; approaching to colourless tranfparency.-When the urine turns pale, the patient is in danger. Arbuthnot. 3. Not bright; not shining; faint of luftre; dim.

The night, methinks, is but the day-light fick; It looks a little paler. Shak. (2.) PALE. n. f. [palus, Latin.] 1. Narrow piece of wood joined above and below to a rail, to inclofe grounds.

Get up o' th' rail; I'll peck you o'er the pales elfe.

Shak:

As their example still prevails, She tempts the ftream, or leaps the pales. Prior. -Deer creep through when a pale tumbles down. Mortimer. 2. Any inclofure.-A ceremony, which was then judged very convenient for the whole church, even by the whole, those few excepted, which brake out of the common pale. Hooker.

Let my due feet never fail
To walk the ftudious cloister's pale.

Milton.

Born within the pale of the church, and fo brought up in the Chriftian religion. Duty of Man. He hath proposed a standing revelation, fo well Confirmed by miracles, that it should be needless to recur to them for the conviction of any man born within the pale of Chriftianity. Atterbury.

Confine the thoughts to exercie the breath; And keep them in the pale of words till death. Dunciad.

3. Any district or territory.-There is no part but the bare English pale, in which the Irish have not the greatest footing. Spenfer.-Divers noblemen of that religion, within the pale. Clarendon. 4. The Рррр

pale.

The English beech Pales in the flood with men, with wives and boys. Shak. Will you pale your head in Henry's glory, And rob his temples of the diadem? Shak. PALEARIUS, Aonius, a man of great probity, and one of the beft writers of the 16th century. He was profeffor of polite literature at Sienna, and afterwards fettled at Lucca. Finally, he removed to Milan; where he was feized, carried to Rome, and burnt in 1566, for having spoken in favour of the Lutherans, and against the inquifition. He wrote feveral pieces in verfe and profe, of which a poem on the immortality of the foul is moft efteemed.

*PALE-EYED. adj. [pale and eye.] Having eyes dimmed.

No nightly trance, or breathed fpell, Infpires the pale-eyed prieft. Milton. Shrines, where their vigils pale-eyed virgins keep,

And pitying faints, whofe ftatues learn to weep. Pope. *PALEFACED. adj. [pale and face.] Having the face wan.—

Frighting her palefaced villages with war. Shak.
Let palefaced fear keep with the mean born

man,

And find no harbour in a royal heart. Shak. PALEIS, a town of Cephalenia. Paus. vi. 15.

PALELY, adv. [from pale.] Wanly; not freshly; not ruddily.

PALENCIA, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a rich archbishop's fee. It had an univerfity, but it was removed to Salamanca. It is feated in a fertile foil on the river Carion on the frontiers of Caftile, in Lon. 4. 42. W. Lat. 42. 10. N.

* PALENDAR. n.f. A kind of coafting veffel. Obfolete.-Solyman fent over light horfemen in great palendars, which, running all along the fea-coaft, carried off the people and the cattle.

Knalles.

The palene's of this flower Bewrayed the faintness of my master's heart.

Sbak.

PALENO, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra; 9 miles E. of Solmona, and 16 SW. of Langiano. PALENSEN, a town of Lower Saxony, in Calenberg; fix miles S. of Hanover.

PALENZUCLA, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile; 25 miles SW. of Burgos.

(1.) PALEO CASTRO, a town of Lemnos, on the N. coaft. Lon. 42. 55. E. Ferro. Lat. 40. o. N. (2.) PALEO CASTRO. See POLICASTRO. *PALEOUS. adj. [palea, Latin.] Hufky; chaffy.--This attraction we tried in traws and paleous bodies. Brown.

PALEPARTO, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra; 10 miles S. of Rofano.

PALEPOLI, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Cara. mania, on the S. coaft; 120 miles S. of Cogni. PALERMO, a city of Sicily, in Mazara, with an archbishop's fee and a large harbour. This city, which is the capital of Sicily, is of great antiquity; and if a conjecture may be formed from its ancient name PANORMUS, which fignifies an univerfal harbour, it was formerly in a very flourishing condition. By whom it was founded is uncertain, nor have we any authentic accounts of its inhabitants till it became a colony of the Phoenicians; after which it paffed into the ! hands of the various nations that became mafters of this ifland. It has two harbours; in the one, which is very large, and in which there is a mole 1300 paces in length, ships lie at anchor; in the other their cargoes are laden and unladen. Both the harbours open to the W. There is also a fuperb quay which extends a mile from W. to E. in a rectilinear direction, and is called La Marine. The bay of Palermo forms a large amphitheatre, with the city in the centre; surrounded for fome miles by a moft delightful country, inclosed by romantic rocks and mountains. The town was formerly furrounded by a ftrong wall; but the fortifications are now entirely neglected except towards the fea, where there are ftill a few weak works. The quay is the principal public walk. Palermo is embellished all-round with avenues of trees, and has four principal entrances, facing the four cardinal points which are at the extremities of the two fpacious ftreets which cross each other. Palermo is filled with public monuments, churches, monafteries, palaces, fountains, ftatues, and columns. The magiftrates of Palermo are, first, the fupreme judge, to whom belongs the adminiftration of justice in criminal cafes; he is the head of the nobility, and immediately fol Jws the viceroy in all the folemn functions. 2. The prætor, who is the perpetual deputy of the kingdom; chief in parliament of the order to whom appertains the right of regulating the king's demefne, and poffeffed of the prerogative of captain-general during the abfence of the viceroy. 3. The prætorian court, which confifts of three judges, citizens of Palermo, chofen annually by the king. They affift the fupreme judge in the decifion of criminal affairs, and the prætor in the deliberations upon the finances; these two officers, however, have neither vote nor fignature, except the prætor, in the business respecting the public bank and firft fruits.

nobility to this place. This city has fuffered greatly by earthquakes, particularly i 1693; and it was greatly damaged by a fire in 1730, when a magazine of powder was blown up, containing 400 tons. Lon. 13. 23. E. Lat. 38. 15. N. PALERNO, two towns of Naples: 1. in Calabria Citra, 6 miles SSW. of Cofenza: 2. in Principato Ultra, 12 miles WNW. of Confa.

4. The fenate, compofed of the prætor and fix practitioners of the law, named by the king, who wear the toga after the manner of the ancient Roman fenators, and principally infpect the police which regards the grain and provifions. There are alfo 7 great officers of ftate, to each of whom is affigned a peculiar employment. 1. Il Maestro Portelano, to whom is committed the care of the public granaries, and who manages the fale of the corn both at home and abroad. The impofition of a tax upon this commodity has nearly proved the ruin of agriculture, especially as the exportation of it is prohibited to all those who are not able to pay an exorbitant price for that privilege. The quantity of corn annually produced in the inland does not at present amount to more than a tenth part of what was collected in former years. 2. The auditor-general, who paffes judgment, without appeal, upon all offences committed with in the precincts of the palace. 3. The high admiral, whofe jurifdiction extends over the marine. 4. The chancellor, who overlooks all the notaries of the kingdom, prepares all official patents, reads the propofitions when the parliament affembles, and at a coronation tenders the oath of fidelity to the people, and proclaims that of the monarch, who thereby binds himself to maintain and defend the privileges of the city of Palermo. The fame ceremony takes place upon the inftallation of a viceroy. 5. The prothonotary of the queen's chamber, who has the infpection of the demefnes of fix cities, viz. Syracufe, Lentini, Carlentini, St Filippo, Mineo, and Virini, which were formerly appropriated to the queens of Sicily. 6. The chief fecretary, who prefides over the officers appointed to receive the taxes and duties in the places of their refpective jurifdictions. And, 7. the lieutenant of the royal exchequer,

who has the adminiftration of all effects that have been fequeftered or confifcated. Palermo is the principal refidence of the greater part of the Sicilian nobility; and as it is not the cuftom for any gentleman to walk in the streets, at leaft 1000 carriages are kept in the town. They are for the moft part in the English tafte, very elegant, with beautiful horses, and as many footmen in fplendid liveries as can be crowded together behind. Every evening all the people of rank drive about in this manner on the grand public terrace by the fea-fide. There are alfo very convenient hackney-coaches, covered and open. The dead in Palermo are never buried. The dead bodies are carried to the capuchin convent, which is one of the largeft in Italy; where, after the funeral fervice is performed, they are dried in a ftove, heated by a compofition of lime, which makes the fkin adhere to the bones. They are then placed erect in niches, and fastened to the wall by the back or neck. A piece of coarse drab is thrown over the fhoulders and round the wafte; and their hands are tied to gether, holding a piece of paper with their epitaph, which is fimply their names, age, and when they died. Women are dried as well as the men, but are not expofed. Nobles are fhut up in chefts. The number of the inhabitants is above 200,000. There is a magnificent caftle built near the feafide, wherein the viceroy resides fix months in the year; and his prefence draws a great number of

PALES, in Pagan worship, the goddefs of the fhepherds; to whom they offered milk and honey, in order that he might deliver them and their flocks from wild beats and infectious diseases. This goddefs is reprefented as an old woman. She was worthipped with great folemnity at Rome; and her feftivals called PALILIA, were celebrated on the 21ft of April, the day that Romulus began to lay the foundation of the city of Rome. The ceremony confifted in burning heaps of straw, and No facrifices were offered, in leaping over them. but purifications were made with the smoke of horfes blood, and with the afhes of a calf, that had been taken from the belly of its mother, after it had been facrificed, and with the ashes of beans. The purification of the flocks was also made with the fmoke of fulphur, of the olive, the pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. Some call this festival PARILIA, from pariendo, bringing forth, because the facrifices were offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks.

PALESCIANO, a town of Naples, in Otranto; 24 miles SE. of Motola.

(1.) PALESTINE, a country highly celebrated in antiquity, now a part of Afiatic Turkey, fituated between 31° 30′ and 33° 20' lat. N. and between 34° 50 and 37° 15' lon. E. It is bounded by Mount Libanus, which divides it from Syria, on the N. by Mount Hermon, which feparates it from Arabia Deserta, on the E; by the mountains of Seir and the defarts of Arabia Petræa, on the S.; and by the Mediterranean fea on the W.

(2.) PALESTINE, ANCIENT NAMES AND BOUNDARIES OF. This once fertile and happy spot was firft called the land of Canaan, or Chanaan, from Noah's grandfon. In Scripture, however, it is frequently diftinguished by other names; fuch as the Land of Promife, the Land of God, the Land of Ifrael, &c. It received the name of Palestine from the Paletines or Philistines, who poffeffed a great part of it; and it had the name of JUDEA, or Judea Palestina, from Judah, the most confiderable of the 12 tons of Jacob, or rather from the tribe, his defcendants. The Chriftians have denominated it the Holy Land; partly on account of the many fingular bieffings it received from the Divine Providence, and partly on account of its metropolis being made the centre of God's worship and his peculiar habitation; but much more for its being the place of our Saviour's birth, the scene of his preaching and manifold miracles; especially the place in which he accomplished the great work of our redemption. As to the name of Judea, it did not begin to receive that till after the return of the Jews from the Babylonith captivity, though it had been ftyled long before the Kingdom of Judah, in oppofition to that of Ifrael, which revolted from it under Jeroboam, in the reign of Rehoboam the Pppp 2

fon