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the capfule bilocular, opening at the pores below a perfifting ftigma.

an inland of Scotland, in Shetland, a mile weft of Main-land, in the parish of Walls and Sandness, about two miles long, and above one broad. The furface is level, the foil fandy; but in a good feafon, when well manured with fea-ware, yields rich crops of barley, oats, and potatoes, as well as excellent grafs. It has feveral small harbours, which afford safe fhelter for the fishing boats, and the beaches are convenient for drying the fith. Thefe advantages have induced a great fishing company from Northumberland to erect drying houses upon it, and fend veffels to the fishing. In 1792 it had 285 inhabitants. It has a fingular cave through which the fea flows far under the rocks.

(4.) PAPA, or PAPA STRONSAY, an island of Orkney, half a mile NE. of Stronfay, and three miles in circumference. The furface is level, and the foil fo fertile, that with little improvement it might be rendered one continued corn-field. There are ruins of two chapels on it, dedicated to St Nicholas and St Bridget. Mid-way between these is an eminence called Earl's Know, which has many graves, containing uncommonly large human bones,

(5.) PAPA, or PAPA WESTRAY, an ifland of Orkney, 3 miles NE. of Weftray, and 25 from Kirkwall; 4 miles long, and one broad. Its form is oval; and the foil is fo very fertile, that it is reckoned the beft arable and pafture-land in the Orkneys. It is divided into 24 plough-gates, and contained 240 inhabitants in 1792. About 70 tons of kelp are manufactured annually.

(6.) PAPA SOUND, a fmall bay of Stronfay, between Stronfay and PAPA, N° 2.

* PAPACY. n. f. [papat, papauté, Fr. from papa, the pope.] Popedom; office and dignity of bishops of Rome.-Now there is afcended to the papacy a perfonage, that though he loves the chair of the papacy well, yet he loveth the carpet

above the chair. Bacon.

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PAPAL. adj. [papal, French.] Popish; belonging to the pope; annexed to the bishopric of Rome. -This papal indulgence hath been the cause of fo many hundred thousands flain. Raleigh.

PAPALOAPAIN, the largest river of Guaxaca, in Mexico. It rifes in the Zoncoiucan Mountains, and falls into the North Pacific Ocean.

(1.) PAPAS ADASSI, PAPADONISTA, or PRINCE's ISLANDS, a cluster of iflands on the NE. coaft of the islands of Marmora, at the entrance of the Straits of Conftantinople; eight miles fouth of that city.

(2.) PAPAS ILI, a town of European Turkey, in Romania; 32 miles N. of Adrianople.

PAPAVER, the POPPY. See BOTANY, Index. A genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the polyandria clafs of plants, and in the natural method ranking under the 27th order, Rhorada. The corolla is tetrapetalous; the calyx diphyllous; VOL. XVI. PART II.

1. PAPAVER ALBUM, of SOMNIFERUM, the white, or fomniferous garden poppy, rifes with an upright fmooth ftalk, dividing or branching a yard or more high; garnished with large, deeply jagged, amplexicaule, fmooth leaves; and terminated by large, fpreading, dark purple, and other coloured flowers, in the varieties, having smooth cups and capfules. There are many varieties, fome of them extremely beautiful. The white officinal poppy is one of the varieties of this fort. It grows often to five or fix feet, having large flowers, both fingles and doubles, fucceeded by capfules or heads as large as oranges, each containing about 8000 feeds. In the province of Bahar, in the Eaft Indies, the poppy feeds are fown in October and November, at about eight inches diftance, and well watered, till the plants are about half a foot high, when a compoft of dung, nitrous earth, anđ afhes is fpread over the areas; and a little before the flowers appear they are again watered profufely till the capfules are half grown, at which time the opium is collected; for when fully ripe, they yield but little juice; two longitudinal incifions from below upwards, without penetrating the cavity, are made at funfet for 3 or 4 fucceffive evenings; in the morning the juice is fcraped off with an iron fcoop, and worked in an iron pot in the fun's heat till it is of a confiftence to be formed into thick cakes of about 4 lb. weight; thefe are covered over with the leaves of poppys tobacco, or fome other vegetable, to prevent their fricking together, and in this fituation they are dried. The fomniferous quality of the poppy refides in the milky juice of the capfule. See OPIUM. It grows in England, generally in neglected gardens, or uncultivated rich grounds, and flowers in July and Auguft. This fpecies is faid to have been named white poppy from the whiteness of its feeds; a variety of it, however, is well known to produce black feeds; the doubleflowered white poppy is also another variety; but for medicinal purposes, any of thefe may be employed indifcriminately, as there is no difference in their fenfible qualities or effects. The feeds, according to fome authors, poffefs a narcotic power, but there is no foundation for this opinion; they confift of a fimple farinaceous matter, united with a bland oil, and in many countries are eaten as food. As a medicine, they have been usually given in the form of emulfion, in catarrhs, ftranguries, &c. The heads or capfules of the poppy, which are directed for use in the pharma. copoeias, like the ftalks and leaves, have an unpleasant smel, fomewhat like that of opium, and an acrid bitterifh tafte. Both the smell and tafte refide in a milky juice, which more especially abounds in the cortical part of the capfules, and in its concrete ftate conftitutes the officinal opium. Thefe capfules are powerfully narcotic or anodyne; boiled in water, they impart to the menftruum their narcotic juice, together with the other juices which they have in common with vegetable matters in general. The liquor, ftrongly preffed out, fuffered to fettle, clarified with whites of eggs, and evaporated to a due confiftence, Tttt

yields

yields an extract which is about th or th of the weight of the heads. This poffeffes the virtues of opium, but requires to be given in double its dofe to answer the fame intention, which it is faid to perform without occafioning a naufea and giddinefs, the ufual effects of opium. This extract was first recommended by Mr Arnot; and a fimilar one is now received in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. It is found very convenient to prepare the syrup from this extract, by diffolving one drachm in two pounds and a half of fimple fyrup. The Syrupus papaveris albi, as directed by both colleges, is a ufeful anodyne, and often fucceeds in procuring fleep, where opium fails; it is more especially adapted to children. White poppy heads are alfo ufed externally in fomentations, either alone, or more frequently added to the decoction pro fomento.

See Plate CCLXVI.

2. PAPAVER CAMBRICUM, the Welch poppy, has a perennial root, pinnated cut leaves, fmooth, up. right, multiflorous ftaiks, a foot and a half high; garnished with fmall pinnated leaves, and terminated by many large yellow flowers, fucceeded by fmooth capfules.-It flowers in June.

3. PAPAVER DUBIUM. See N° 5, and BOTANY, Index.

4. PAPAVER ORIENTALE, the oriental poppy, hath a large, thick, perennial root; long, pinnated, fawed leaves; upright, rough, uniflorous ftalks, terminated by one deep red flower, fucceeded by oval, smooth capfules. The flowers appear in May.

5. PAPAVER RHOEAS, the wild globular-headed poppy, rifes with an upright, hairy, multiflorous talk, branching a foot and an half high; garnifhed with long, pinnatified, deeply cut, hairy leaves; the ftalk terminated by many red and other coloured flowers in the varieties, fucceeded by globular smooth capfules. See plate CCLXVII. This plant is common in corn fields, and flowers in June and July. It may be diftinguished from the PAPAVER DUBIUM, to which it bears a general refemblance, by its urn-shaped capfules, and by the hairs upon the peduncles ftanding in a horizontal direction. The capsules of this fpecies, like thofe of the fomniferum, contain a milky juice, of a narcotic quality, but the quantity is very inconfiderable, and has not been applied to any medical purpose; but an extract prepared from them has been fuccessfully employed as a fedative. The flowers have fomewhat of the fmell of opium, and a mucilaginous tafte, accompanied with a flight degree of bitternefs. A fyrup of thefe Rowers is directed in the London Pharmacopoeia, which has been thought ufeful as an anodyne and pectoral, and is therefore prefcribed in coughs and catarrhal affections; but it seems vabied rather for the beauty of its colour than for its virtues as a medicine. All the kinds are hardy, and will profper any where. The first and laft fpecies being annual, are to be propagated only by feeds; but the others by parting the roots as well as by feeds.

* PAPAVEROUS. adj. [papavereus; from papaver. Lat. a poppy.] Refembling poppies. Mandrakes afford a papaverous and unpleafant odour, whether in the leaf or apple. Brown.

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(1.) * PAPAW. n. f. [papaya, low Lat. papaya, papayer, Fr.] A plant.-The fair papar,

Now but a feed, preventing nature's law,
In half the circle of the hafty year,
Projects a fhade, and lovely fruits does wear.
Waller.

(2.) PAPAW, in botany. See CARICA. (3.) PAPAW, N. AMERICAN. See ANNONA, N° 8.

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PAPAYA. See CARICA, N° 1.

PAPAZLI, a town of European Turkey, in Romania, 12 miles ESE. of Philippopoli.

PAP-CASTLE, an ancient caftle of England, in Bridekirk parish, Cumberland, which flood two miles from Cockermouth, on the other fide of the Darwent, whofe Roman antiquity is proved by feveral monuments; and a large green ftone veffel found here, with little images upon it, is fuppofed to have been formerly a Danish font for dipping of infants; and has been fince used at Bridekirk in the neighbourhood for fprinkling. The name of Pap-cafle feems to be contracted from Pipard its owner; it is faid to have been demolished, and the materials employed to build Cockermouth castle. Mr Routh, in a letter to Mr Gale, thus deferibes the ruins difcovered at Pap-castle, Jan. 16. 1743." The clofe in which they lay is a little to the S. of the fort, on the declivity of the hill to the river, and bounded on the W. by a narrow lane, probably the via militaris continued; and is usually shown to ftrangers as the moft remarkable here for finding Roman coins. They are the largest ruins ever known to be difcovered in thefe parts; for they met with three walls, befides the pavement." Mr Routh, in another letter to Mr Gale, April 13, 1743, defcribes a fibula, a coin of Trajan found in it. Dr Stukely fays, the Roman caftrum lies on the top of the hill above the village, and he traced its whole circumference, a bit of the Roman wall by the river fide going to Wigton, and there the ditch is plainly visible, though half filled up with the rubbish of the wall. Coins of Claudius, Adrian, and a filver Geta, PONT. rev. PRINCEFS IVVENTVTIS, were also found in it. He fuppofes its ancient name Derventio, derived from the Derwent.

PAPEMBERG, an island of Japan, confifting of a mountain furrounded by the fea. The Dutch fhips anchor on its coaft, and wait for a fair wind, when they wish to return to Batavia. The Japanefe name is TAKABOCO,

(r.) PAPER. z. f. [papier, French; papyrus. Latin.] 1. Subftance on which men write and print; made by macerating linen rags in water, and then grinding them to pulp, and spreading them in thin sheets.

I have feen her unlock her closet, take forth paper.

Sbak. 2. Piece of paper.-'Tis as impoffible to draw regular characters on a trembling mind, as on a thaking paper. Locke. 3. Single sheet printed, or written. It is ufed particularly of effays or journals, or any thing printed on a fhect. [Feuille volante.]

What fee you in thofe papers, that you lofe

Se

4

So much complexion? look ye how they Egyptian plant which was fo much ufed by the change!

Their cheeks are paper.

Shak.

4. It is ufed for deeds of fecurity, or bills of reckoning. He was fo careless after bargains, that he never received fcript of paper of any to whom he fent, nor bond of any for performance of covenants. Fell.-Nothing is of more credit or request, than a petulant paper, or fcoffing verfes. Ben Jonfon.

They brought a paper to me to be fign'd.

Dryden. Do the prints and papers lie? Savift. (2.) PAPER is evidently derived from the Greek augos, PAPYRUS, the name of that celebrated

ancients in all kinds of writing.

(3.) * PAPER.adj. Any thing flight or thin. There is but a thin paper wall between great difcoveries and a perfect ignorance of them. Burnet. *To PAPER. v. a. [from the noun.] To regifter.

III.

He makes up the file

Of all the gentry; and his own letter
Muft fetch in him the papers.

Shak. PAPER HANGINGS. See PAPER-MAKING. Sect.

PAPER MACHIE. See PAPER.

* PAPER-MAKER. N. f. [paper and maker.] One who makes paper.

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PAPER-MAKING, n.. hardly requires to be defined, the art of making paper; which is one of the most useful arts that ever mankind invented. Before we proceed to the hiftory of this art, it will be proper to give fome account

§ 1. Of the VARIOUS MATERIALS ufed for MAKING, or as SUBSTITUTES for PAPER.

It is unneceffary particularly to defcribe the different expedients which men in every age and country have employed for giving ftability to their ideas, and for handing them down to their children. When the art of writing was once difcovered, ftones, bricks, leaves of trees, the exterior and interior bark, plates of lead, wood, wax, and ivory, were employed. In the progrefs of fociety, men have invented the Egyptian paper, paper of cotton, paper manufactured from the bark of trees, and in our times from old rags.

The inhabitants of Ceylon, before the Dutch made themselves mafters of the island, wrote on the leaves of the talipot. The manufcript of the bramins, fent to Oxford from Fort St George, is written on the leaves of a palm of Malabar. Her man fpeaks of another palm in the mountains of that country which produces leaves of feveral feet in breadth. RAY, in his History of Plants, Vol. II. Book xxxii. mentions fome trees both in India and America, the leaves of which are proper for writing. From the interior fubflance of thefe leaves they draw a whitish membrane, large, and fome what like the pedicle of an egg; but the paper made by art, even of the coarfelt materials, is much more convenient in ufe than any of these leaves.

The SIAMESE, for example, make two kinds of paper, the one black, and the other white, from the bark of a tree which they call Pliokkloi. Thefe are fabricated in the coarfelt manner; but they can be used on both fides with a bodkin of fullers earth.

The nations beyond the Ganges make their paper of the bark of many trees. The other Aliatic nations within the Ganges, excepting those toward the fouth, make it of old rags of cotton cloth; but from their ignorance of the proper method, and the neceffary machinery, their paper is coarse. This, however, is by no means the cafe with that made in China and Japan,

which deferves attention, from the beauty, regularity, ftrength, and fineness of its texture. In Europe they have carried to perfection the ingenious art of making paper with old rags, origi nally either from flax or hemp; and fince this difcovery, the paper produced from our manufactures is fufficient for every purpofe. But though thefe materials have been hitherto abundant, fe'veral philofophers have attempted to fubftitute other vegetable fubftances in their place. In the 6th volume of the Tranfactions of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, we have an account of paper made by Mr Greeves near Warrington, from the bark of willow twigs; and it has been obferved by a fociety of able critics, that hop-buds would probably anfwer this purpose better.

About the year 1799, a very large mill was erected in the neighbourhood of London, for the purpofe of manufacturing paper from STRAW; an idea which, it is probable, was suggested by the then very high price of linen rags: perhaps fufficient time has not yet clapfed to afcertain the utility of this invention.

The rags in common ufe for paper-making, are a texture of fupple and strong fibres feparated by a lee from the bark of the plants. It would be in vain to employ the whole body of the plant, as this fubftance forms a very improper ftuff for the operations of the paper-mill. From thefe principles we are directed in the choice of vegetable fubftances fit for the prefent purpose. The greater or lefs degree of purity in the materials is not abfolutely neceflary; for flax itself, without any preparation, could be made into paper; but it would be extremely coarfe, and the bark of nettles or malloes would not bear the expenfe of labour. Although cotton be used in the fabrication of paper in the Levant, and perhaps in China, we are not to conclude that the down of plants in Europe, without the ftrength or fuppleness of cotton, will anfwer the fame purpose.

The chief kinds of paper which merit attention are, 1. The Egyptian paper; 2. The paper made from cotton; 3. Paper from the interior barks of trees or liber; 4. Chinese paper; 5. Japanele paper; 6. Paper made from asbest; and, 7. Paper made from linen rags.

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- IL.

§ II. HISTORY of PAPER-MAKING.

The EGYPTIAN PAPER is the famous paper afed by the ancients, which was made of a kind of reed called papyrus, growing in Egypt on the banks of the Nile. It is not certain at what particular period the ancients began to make paper of papyrus; but there are feyeral authorities which prove the ufe of it in Egypt long before the time of Alexander the Great.

PLINY, (lib. xiii. cap. 11, 12.) gives a defcription of the fimple procefs of making this paper in Egypt. They divide, fays he, with a kind of needle, the ftem of the papyrus into thin plates or flender pellicles, each of them as large as the plant will admit. As they were feparated from the reed, they were extended on a table, and laid across each other at right angles. In this ftate they were moistened by the water of the Nile, and while wet, were put under a prefs, and after wards exposed to the rays of rhe fun.

This paper was an important branch of commerce to the Egyptians, which continued to increafe towards the end of the Roman republic, and became ftill more extenfive in the reign of Auguftus, According to Mabillon, the paper of Egypt was used in France and Italy, and other European countries. It is ftill a queftion at what particu lar period the fabrication of it totally ceafed. Whoever wishes for a fuller account of the paper of Egypt may confult Pliny, lib. xiii. Theophraf tus, lib. iv. chap. ix. Guillandinus, Scaliger, Saumaife, Kerchmayer, Nigrifoli, Hardouin's Piny; Mabillon's De re Diplomat.; Montfaucon's Paleography, and Collections; Maffei's Iftor. Diplomat.; Count Caylus, in the Mem of the Acad. of Infcrip. and Mr Bruce's Travels in Abyffinia.

It is generally fuppofed that the invention of the paper called charta bombycina, fupplanted the Egyptian paper in Greece. This paper is incomparably more lafting, and better calculated for all the purposes of writing. It is not precifely known at what period this art, which fuppofes a great variety of previous experiments, was firft reduced to practice, but Montfaucon proves, by inconteftable authorities, that paper from cotton was in ufe in 1100. The paper produced from cotton is extremely white, very ftrong, and of a fine grain. From the pellicle, or inner coat, found in many trees between the bark and the wood, the ancients made a paper. The trees commonly in ufe were the maple, the plane-tree, the elm, the beech, the mulberry, and most frequently the lindin-tree. The ancients wrote on this inner coat after they had feparated it from the bark, beat, and dried it. There are many palm trees in India and America to which botanists have given the name papyrace pus, because the natives have written with bodkins either on the leaves or the bark. Such is the American palm, called tal by the Indians; and of the fame kind is the guajaraba of New Spain. Every paim, the bark of which is fmooth, and the leaves Jarge and thick, may be used for this purpose.

The art of making paper from vegetables reduced to stuff was known in China long before it was practifed in Europe; and the Chinese have carried it to a degree of perfection hitherto unknown to

the European artifts. The fine paper in China is fofter and smoother than that of Europe; and thefe qualities are admirably adapted to the pencil which the Chinese use in writing.

Every province has its peculiar paper. That of Se-tchuen is made of linen rags as in Europe; that of Fo-kien, of young bamboo; that of the northern provinces, of the interior bark of the mulberry; that of the province of Kiang-nan, of the skin which is found in the webs of the filk-worm; fi. nally, in the province of Hu-quang, the tree chu or ko chu, furnishes the materials with which they make paper.

The method of fabricating paper with the bark of different trees, is nearly the fame with that which is followed in the bamboo, of which alone we fhall fpeak, The whole fubftance of the bamboo is reduced to pulp by steeping, boiling, and the mortar, and then beat together with the glutinous juice of a plant named Koteng till it becomes a thick and viscous liquor. The workmen plunge their forms into this liquor; take out what is fufficient for a fheet of paper; which immediately becomes firm and fhining, and is detached from the form by turning down the fheet on the heap of paper already made, without the interpofition of picces of woollen cloth, as in Europe.

The Chinese paper must be dipped in a folution of alum before it can take either ink or colours. In Japan they manufactured paper from the bark of trees of a prodigious ftrength. There is fold at Serige, the capital of the province of Serige, a kind of it fit for bed-hangings and wearing ap parel; refembling fo much stuffs of wool and filk, that it is often taken for them. The following is Kempfer's catalogue of trees used in Japan for the manufactory of paper. 1. The true paper. tree, called in the Japanese language, kaadh, Kempfer characterizes them thus; Papyrus frudu mori celfa, five morus fativa follis urticæ mortuæ cor. tica papifera. 2. The falfe paper tree, called by the Japanese katfi kadfire; by Kempfer, papyrus procumbens la&efcens, folio longo, lanceata cortice charta3. The plant which the Japanese call oreni is named by Kempfer alva radice vifcofa, flere et bemero magno punico. 4. The fourth tree ufed for pa per is the futo-kadfura, named by Kempfer frutex vifcofus procumbens folio telphii vulgaris æmulo fruc tu racemofo. The defcription of these trees given by Kempfer, may be of great fervice to lead bota. nifts to difcover the European plants and fhrubs adapted, like the Japanese, for the fabrication of paper.

ceo.

The ASBESTOS is a fibrous fubftance of little ftrength, the threads of which are easily broken. This fubftance has the peculiar quality of supporting the action of fire without receiving any damage. A certain quantity of the afbeftos is pounded in a mortar of ftone till it be reduced to a fubftance like cotton. All the parts of earth or stone remaining in the afbeftos are then taken off by means of a fine fieve, and it is formed into sheets of paper by an ordinary paper-mill. Mixing it with water reduces it to ftuff; only, as it is heavier than that from linen rags, it requires to be continually stirred when they are taking it up with the frames. The only excellence of this paper is,||

that

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