be made of a fize proportioned to the paper, lined on the infide with white paint, and furnished with feveral ftages of crofs bars of glass. The bottom of the box is to be covered with a ftratum about one inch deep of cauftic ley, and the paper laid by quarter reams or lefs, acrofs the glafs bar. A hole must be made in the box to admit the beak of an earthen ware retort, into which must be put manganese and fea-falt in powder, fulphuric acid, and an equal quantity of water impregnated with the freams of burning fulphur. (Sulphureous acid.) The cover of the box is to be made air-tight, by luting or flips of paper dipped in pafte. The apparatus being thus prepared, the belly of the retort is to be plunged in water, kept boiling, and in a fhort time the oxy-muriatic gas will be driven into the box, will penetrate the paper, and render it of a dazzling whiteness; while the alkaline ley at the bottom will, by gradually absorbing it, prevent its becoming fo concentrated as to deftroy or injure the texture of the paper. From 3 to 4 lb. of fulphuric acid will fuffice for 1 cwt. of paper, and the operation will be completed in 8 hours. The sheets, as they are taken out of the box, are to be fized with the following mixture: To cwt. of clippings of skin, add 14 lb. of alum, 7 lb. of calcined vitriol, and I lb. of gum arabic, with a fufficient quantity of water to fize 50 reams of foolscap. The fame method will ferve equally well to clean engravings or printing; for though the oxy-muriatic acid difcharges all ftains, dirt, &c. yet it is incapable of acting on printer's ink.

.

SECT. II. Of the DIFFERENT KINDS of PAPER. 1. The paper proper for WRITING fhould be without knots, without any parts of the ftuff not triturated, without folds and without wrinkles, of a fupple texture, its grain uniform and regular, foftened in the exchange, and not deftroyed by fmoothing. The ground of it must be extremely white, or fhaded with a very light blue. It should ba fully and equally fized.

2. To make paper peculiarly fit for DURABLE WRITING, Dr Lewis recommends the impregnation of it with aftringent materials. "It is obfervable (fays he) that writings first begin to fade or change their colour on the back of the paper, where the larger strokes have sunk in, or are vifible through it; as if part of the irony matter of the vitriol was in a more fubtile or diffolved state than the reft, and funk further, on account of its not being fully disengaged from the acid, or fufficiently combined with the aftringent matter of the galls. But if the paper was impregnated with aftringent matter, the colour of the ink would be more durable."

:

3. The paper ufed for DRAWING, or for coLOURED MAPS, is in fome mills made from one kind of white ftuff, either fine or middling in others from a mixture of 3 or 4 kinds of stuff of different colours. The fame qualities are neceffary as in that for writing. The grain, however, muft be a little more raised, although foftened by the exchange; for, without this grain, the pencil would leave with difficulty the traces of the objects. Great care is alfo neceffary in the fizing of it. 4. FURNITURE PAPER fhould be well foftened VOL. XVI. PART II.

and fubmitted to the exchange, to take more e◄ actly the outlines of the figures. The French have carried this part of the manufacture to the higheft ftate of perfection.

5. The British and Dutch have had the greatest fuccefs in manufacturing PASTEBOARD, which they make either from a fingle mafs of stuff on the form, or from a collection of feveral sheets pafted together. In both cafes, the sheets of pasteboard are made of stuff not rotted, and triturated with rollers, furnished with blades of well tempered steel. By the operation of the exchange, and smoothing continued for a long time, they obtain folid and fmooth ftuffs, which neither break under the folds of cloth, nor adhere to them.

6. In England they have at leaft equalled any other nation in the manufacture of PRINTING PAPER; and in Scotland they have arrived at fuch a degree of perfection in this art, that great part of what they manufacture is fent into England. It requires to be made of a soft and equal ftuff, without folds or wrinkles, of a natural whiteness, and with a fhade of blue. It must be sized lefs strongly than writing paper, but fufficiently to give neat. nefs to the characters. Some artists, to meliorate the grain, and reduce the inequalities of the furface, fubmit this paper to the exchange. And a moderate degree of exchanging and of preffing may be of great service, after the sheets are printed, to level the hollow places occafioned by the prefs, and the relievo of the letters.

7. ENGRAVING requires a paper of the fame qualities with the laft, with refpect to the ftuff, which must be pure, without knots, and equally reduced; the grain uniform, and the sheets without folds or wrinkles. To preferve the grain, it fhould be dried flowly in the lowest place of the drying-houfe. The effects of the exchange must be moderated with the greatest care, and the action of the two first preffes must be equally diftributed over the whole mafs, otherwife the inequa lity of the moisture at the middle and fides will expose it to wrinkles in the drying. The fizing of this paper muft alfo be moderate. The WIREWOVE FRAME, though but lately invented, is peculiarly adapted to this kind of paper.

8. Paper for CARDS must be manufactured from a pretty firm ftuff, to take that degree of smoothnefs which makes the cards glide eafily over one another in ufing. For this reafon the cardmakers reject every kind of paper which is soft and without ftrength. This paper requires to be very much fized, fince the fizing holds the place of varnish, to which the fmoothing gives a glazed and fhining surface. The French excel every other nation in this branch of the manufacture of paper. SECT. III. Of VARIOUS OPERATIONS on PAPER, to render it fit for DIFEERENT PURPOSES. 1. To prevent paper from SINKING, take about the fize of a nut of rock alum, dissolve it in a glass of clear water, and apply it to the paper which has not been fufficiently fized, with a fine fponge. In this manner the paper-manufacturers of Paris prepare the paper for drawing, called papiers laves. When there is occafion to write on a printed book, or on paper too fresh, it is fufficient to mix a lit tle gum with ordinary ink.

Uuuu

2. To

2. To give to writing paper a BRILLIANT VAR NISH, take that which is of an ordinary fineness, very fmooth, without any kind of ftain or hairs on its furface; ftretch it on a smooth plank, and by means of a hare's foot cover it with a thin and equal layer of fandarac finely powdered. Afterwards, if a whole ream is to be varnished, take 8 oz. of rock alum, and 1 oz. of white fugar candy; bring them to boil in fix pints of water; and when the liquor is lukewarm, wet that fide of the sheet which has been covered with the fandarac with a fine fponge; lay the fheets in a heap, one sheet exactly above another; and fubmit the ream to the prefs for 12 hours: hang them fheet by fheet on the cords of the drying-houfe; put them again under the prefs for fome days to ftretch them; and, finally, beat them with a book-binder's mallet. This paper can only be used for three or four months after it is prepared.

3. PAINTERS prepare their paper for DRAWING, and giving it a dark ground, which fpares them much labour of the pencil afterwards in thofe places where fhade is neceffary. For this purpose they take white paper and pass a sponge over it, which has imbibed water impregnated with foot, leaving the light places to be formed afterwards. They ufe alfo a kind of paper for drawing, which is called tainted paper. A light colour is paffed over the whole ground, which deprives the paper of its original brightnefs, and makes the light places of the print appear more in relievo, and more luminous.

4. The method most common and moft convenient for COPYING A PRINT, is to use oiled paper. The manner of preparing this paper is to take that which is thin and smooth, known commonly by the name of ferpent paper, and moiften it with a compofition, two parts of the oil of walnuts and one part of the oil of turpentine mixed well together. A fheet of pafteboard and a sheet of paper are laid on a smooth table; above them are placed two fheets of paper to be prepared; and a layer of the oil applied to the uppermoft is fufficient to penetrate both. This may be done to any number of sheets, and a strong sheet of pafteboard is placed over the whole. The heap is afterwards fubmitted to the prefs, under which it remains for two or three days till the oil be completely dry. Paper prepared in this manner ferves to copy very readily and exactly all kinds of figures and plans; because, being altogether transparent, all the parts of the drawing, whether of light or fhade are easily distinguished.

5. Befides the paper made from the ASBESTOS, it is neceffary for wrapping up gunpowder and valuable writings, to have a paper that will not eafily take fire. The manner in which this is prepared is extremely fimple. Ordinary paper is dipped into boiling liquid, confifting of of water and of diffolved alum. This falt, which is not inflammable, covers the furface of the paper, and renders it in fome meafure incombuftible.

6. In the feafon of verjuice, a little of it diluted with water is fufficient for obliterating any fresh SPOT OF INK The falt of the verjuice diffolved in water anfwers the purpofe equally well, and the falt of the forrel is also employed, though

with lefs effect. If the fpots be dry, and the a bove acids are infufficient to eradicate them, a little aquafortis diluted in water and applied with the feather of a quill or a fine hair pencil will make them entirely disappear.

7. Books and MSS. are fometimes defaced by accidental STAINS with OIL. To remove fuch blemishes, burn fheeps bones and reduce them to a fine powder; lay a quantity of this powder on each fide of the ftain; place it between two fheets of white paper, and submit it for 12 hours to the prefs. If the ftains have not disappeared, it will be neceffary to reiterate the procefs.

8. To make OILED PAPERS take COLOURS; mix with the colours a very smail quantity either of the gall of a pike or carp; and as these fubftances are of the nature of foap, they diffolve the greafe that is in the paper, and permit the colours to be fpread over the furface.

9. EMERY PAPER, which is employed for tak. ing the ruft from iron without washing it, is made by impregnating coarse paper with gummed water or any other tenacious fubftance, and then covering it over with the finest emery.

10. The COLOURS proper for paper are not different from thofe ufed for other fubftances, and are enumerated under the article COLOUR-MAKING. They are applied with foft brushes, after being tempered to a due degree with fize or gum water. If the paper on which they are to be laid is foft, fo that the colours are apt to go through, it muft alfo be fized before they are laid on, or a proportionably larger quantity must be used a long with the colours themselves. If a confider. able extent of the paper is to be done over with one colour, it must receive feveral coatings, as thin as poffible, letting each coat dry before another is put on, otherwife the colour will be unequal.

11. TO GILD PAPER, take yellow ochre, grind it with rain-water, and lay a ground with it upon the paper all over; when dry, take the white of eggs, beat it clear with white fugar-candy, and ftrike it all over: then lay on the leaf-gold; and when dry, polish it with a tooth. Some take saffron, boil it in water, and diffolve a little gum with it; then they ftrike it over the paper, lay on the gold; and, when dry, they polish it.

12. TO SILVER PAPER, in the Chinese method, take two fcruples of clear glue made of neats leather, one fcruple of white alum, and half a pint of clear water; fimmer the whole over a flow fire, till the water is confumed, or the fleam ceafes: then, your fheets of paper being laid on a fmooth table, dip a pretty large pencil into that glue, and daub it over as even as you can, repeating this two or three times: then fift the powder of talc through a fine fieve, made of horse-hair or gauze, over it; and then hang it up to dry; and, when dry, rub off the fuperfluous talc, which ferves again for the fame purpose. The talc is prepared in the following manner: Take fine white tranfparent Mufcovy tale; boil it in clear water for four hours; then take it off the fire, and let it ftand fo for two days: then take it out, wash it well, and put it into a linen rag, and beat it to pieces with a mallet: to ro ib. of talc add 3 lb. of white alum, and grind them together

BLE.

THE BLEACHING of ftained paper is not the only improvement which the art of paper-making has derived from the late difcoveries in modern chemistry. In CRELL'S Chemical Analyfes for 1797, there is an account of fome curious experiments made by M. L. BRUGNATELLI, with the view of rendering paper incombuftible, and, of courfe, the writing on it indeftructible by fire.

Of all the fubftances which he tried, he found the LIQUOR OF FLINTS, (See CHEMISTRY, Index,) the most proper to fecure paper from deftruction by fire. He dipped a fheet of paper in it fresh made, or daubed it feveral times over the whole paper with a hair brush, and dried it in the fun, or in an oven. Paper thus prepared loft fome of its foftnefs, became rougher than before, and acquired a lixivious cauftic tafte. In other refpects it did not differ from common white paper.

When this paper was laid upon glowing coals, it did not burn like common paper, but became

PAP

(1.) * PAPERMILL. n. S.[paper and mill.] A mill in which rags are ground for paper-Con- trary to the king and his dignity, thou haft built a paper-mill. Shak.

(2) PAPER-MILL. See PAPER-MAKING, Se&. I. PAPER MONEY, is a term frequently made ufe of for bank-bills, which pafs currently in trade inftead of gold and filver. On this fpecies of currency, the national utility of which has been controverted by fome, Dr Smith has a number of judicious obfervations in his Treatife on the Wealth of Nations, for which we must refer our readers to that important work, as our room permits us not to quote them. See BANK, § 10-21, and TRADE.

PAPERO. See PAPYRUS.

PAPER OFFICE, an office in the palace of Whitehall, in which all the public writings, matters of ftate and council, proclamations, letters, intelligences, negociations abroad, and generally all dispatches that pafs through the offices of the fecretaries of state, are lodged, by way of library. *PAPESCENT. adj. Containing pap; inclinable to pap. The cooling, iactefcent, papefcent plants; as cichory and lettuce. Arbuthnot.

(1.) PAPHIA, an ancient name of CYPRUS. (2.) PAPHIA, a furname of Venus, from PA

PHOS.

PAPHH, the people of PAPHOS. Stephan. PAPELAGONIS, or the 2 be inhabitants of PAPELAGONIANS, PAPHLAGONIA, who are mentioned by Homer, as a brave people, but by Lucian as fuperftitious and filly. Bocchart derives their name and defcent from Phaleg or Peleg, the fon of Heber..

PAPILAGONIA, in ancient geography, a country of the Hither Afia, beginning at Parthezius, a river of Bithynia, on the W. and extend

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ing in length to the Halys E. with the Euxine on the N. Galatia on the S. Pliny enlarges the limits on the W. fide to the river Billis, on this fide the Parthenius. It is called PYLEMENIA by Pliny. It is now called PENDERACHIA.

(1, 2.) PAPHOS, in ancient geography, two adjoining iflands on the W. fide of the ifland of Cy. prus; the one called Hale Paphos, (Strabo, Piolemy, Pliny ;) the other Nea Paphos. When men. tioned without an adjunct, this latter is always underfood. Both dedicated to Venus, hence furnamed PAPHIA, and left undiftinguished by the poets. (Virgil, Horace.) Paphos was reftored by Auguftus, after a fhock of an earthquake, and called Augufta, (Dio.) It is fituated on the S. fide: it contained the celebrated temple of Venus: which, together with the city, was deftroyed by an earthquake, fo that the leaft veftige of it is not now to be feen. A lake in the neighbourhood, which in fummer overflows with ftagnant and cor rupted water, renders the air unwholefome.

(3.) PAPHOS, NEW, the capital of the above iflands, on the W. coaft, called by modern geographers Baffos. This city had a port, where velfels trading upon that coaft ftill caft anchor; but only in fummer; for, being exposed to every wind, it is extremely dangerous. The bottom of it is full of fharp rocks. There are two caftles; one on the coaft; the other on a hill; but in ruins. The government of Paphos confifts of a digdaban or commiffary; a cadi; and an aga, who prefides over the customhoufe. In the church of St George, fervice is performed by the Greek minifters. The productions of this part of the ifland, are filk, bar ley, and other grain. In this ifland St Paul converted Sergius, a Roman proconful, and conferred the deaconfhip on Titus. Paphos was an epifcopal city in the time of the Lufignians: and it is