The pofition and colour of its wings greatly favour this refemblance, and they have very large ribs; wholly like thofe of the leaves of plants, and are indented in the fame manner at their edges as the leaves of many plants are. This frequently may preserve it from birds, &c. The skull butterfly is another fingular fpecies, fo called from its head refembling in fome degree a death's head or human skull. This very remarkable appearance is terrible to many people; but it has another yet greater fingularity, viz. that when frighted, it has a mournful and harth voice. This appeared the more furprising to Mr Reaumur, as no other known butterfly had any voice at all; and he was not ready of belief that it was a real voice, but fufpected the noife, like that of the cicada, to be owing to the attrition of fome part of the body; and, in fine, he by great pains discovered that this noife was not truly vocal, but was made by a hard and brisk rubbing of the trunk against two other hard bodies between which it is placed. There is another fpecies, fo fmall that it might be mistaken for a small fly. This is certainly the extreme in degree of fize of all the known butterflies, and cannot but have been proportionably fmail in the ftate of a caterpillar and chryfalis; this creature fpends its whole life in all the three ftages of caterpillar, chryfalis, and butterfly, on the leaf of the celandine. It lives on the under fide of the leaf, and though in the caterpillar state it feeds on it, yet it does no damage. It does not eat the fubftance of the leaf, but draws from it only a fine juice, which is foon repaired again, without occafioning any change in the appearance of the leaf. This fpecies is very fhort-lived; and paffes through its three ftates in fo fhort a time, that there are frequently ten generations of it in one year; whereas, in all the other butterflies, two generations in the year are all that are to be had. There are 273 fpecies, principally diftinguished by the colour of their wings. Mr Barbut has divided them into five fections, which he thus characterizes : I. PAPILIONES DANAI, whofe wings are entire; 1. candidi, with whitish wings; 2. feftivi, with variegated wings. 2. PAPILIONES EQUITES, or riders, the upper wings being longer from the hindermoft angle to the point than to the base; their antennæ are often filiform. They are fubdivided into i. PAPILIONES E. GRÆCI, whose breaft has no marks, the small eye being placed at the angle of the anus; and of these fome are without bands or fillets, others with bands or fillets. ii. PAPILIONES E. TROJANI; which for the most part are black, with blood-like spots on the breast. 3. PAPILIONES HELICONIANI, whose wings are narrow throughout, often bare; the upper oblong, the under ones very short. 4. PAPILIONES NYMPHALES, whofe wings are denticulated; divided into the gemmati, whofe wings have eyes; fubdivided into thofe which have eyes on all the wings; thofe which have them on the upper wings; thofe which have them on the under ones; and the phalerati, whofe wings are without eyes. 5. PAPILIONES PLEBEII, whofe larva is often contracted; divided into the rurales, with darkish spots on their wings; and the arbicola, with spots generally tranfparent on their wings. PAPILIONACEÆ. See BOTANY, Index. * PAPILIONACEOUS. adj. [from papilio, Lat.] The flowers of fome plants are called papilionaceous by botanifts, which reprefent fomething of the figure of a butterfly, with its wings displayed; and here the petala, or flower leaves, are always of a difform figure; they are four in number, but joined together at the extremities; one of these is usually larger than the reft, and is erected in the middle of the flower, and by fome called vexillum; the plants that have this flower, are of the leguminous kind; as pease, vetches, &c. Quincy.—All leguminous plants are, as the learned fay, papilionaceous, or bear butterflied flowers. Harte. PAPILLE. See MEDICINE, Index. *PAPILLARY. PAPILLOUS. adj. [from papilla.] Having emulgent veffels, or refemblances of paps. Malpighi concludes, because the outward cover of the tongue is perforated, under which lie papillary parts, that in these the tafte lieth. Derham's Phyfico-Theology-Nutritious materials that flip through the defective papillary ftrainers. Blackmore. The papillous inward coat of the inteftines is extremely sensible. Arbuthnot on Aliments. PAPILLONS. See METALLURGY, Part III. Sect. IV. - PAPILLOSUM FOLIUM. See BOTANY, Gloff. PAPILLOUS. See PAPILLARY. PAPIMOUGOU, a lake of Canada, 210 miles NNE. of Quebec. Lon. 69. 20. W. Lat. 60. o. N. PAPIN, Ifaac, a French divine, born at Blois, in 1657. He ftudied divinity and philosophy at Geneva, and Greek and Hebrew at Orleans. The university of Geneva being divided about the doctrine of grace, he wrote a treatise, entitled, “The Faith reduced to its juft bounds," recommending toleration; but he met with fo little, that he took refuge in England, in 1687, where he was ordained by Dr Turner, Bishop of Ely. Yet, after all, he returned to France, joined the church of Rome, and died at Paris in 1709, while finishing a work, on the Toleration of Proteftants, and the authority of the Church. PAPINIAN, a celebrated Roman lawyer of the 3d century, under Severus; who had so high an opinion of his worth, that he recommended his fons Caracalla and Geta to his care. Caracalla having murdered his brother, ordered Papinian to compofe a difcourfe to excufe this murder to the fenate and people; which, when he refused to undertake, the brutal emperor ordered him to be beheaded, and his body dragged through the streets of Rome. Papinian wrote several treatises in the line of his profeffion. (1.) * PAPIST. ». J. [papiste, Fr. papista, Lat.] One that adheres to the communion of the pope and church of Rome.-The principal clergyman had frequent conferences with the prince, to perfuade him to change his religion, and become a papift. Clarendon. (2.) PAPISTS believe the pope or bishop of Rome to be the fupreme paftor of the univerfal church, and believe all the articles of pope Pius's creed, and promise implicit obedience to the edicts of the church, especially the decrees of the coun cil of Trent. See POPE, § 1, 2; POPERY, TRANSUBSTANTIATION, and TRENT. * PAPISTICAL. adj. [from papift.] Popish; adherent to popery.-There are fome papiftical practitioners among you. Whitgifte. (1.) * PAPISTRY. n. f. [from papift.] Popery; the doctrine of the Romish church.-Papiftry, as a ftanding pool, covered and overflowed all England. Afcham.-A great number of parishes in England confift of rude and ignorant men, drowned in papiftry. Whitgifte. (2.) PAPISTRY. See POPERY. PAPOUI, a town of France, in the dep. of Aude, and ci devant province of Languedoc, on the Lembe; 8 miles Ñ. of Caftelnaudary, and 35 SE. of Toulouse. Lon. 2. 1o. E. Lat. 43. 21. N. PAPOZZE, a town of Italia, in the dep. of the Lower Po; diftrict and late duchy of Fer rara. PAPPENHEIM, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and capital of a county fo named, with a castle, where the counts refide. It is feated near the river Altmal, 17 miles NW. of Neuburg, and 32 S, of Nuremburg; is fubject to its own count; who is hereditary marshal of the empire, and performs his office at the coronation of the emperor. Lon. 1o. 51. E. Lat. 48. 58. N. PAPPING, a town of Germany, in Auftria; 8 miles N. of Efferding. *PAPPOUS. adj. pappofus, low Latin.] Having that foft light down, growing out of the feeds of fome plants; fuch as thiftles, dandelyon, hawk weeds, which buoys them up fo in the air, that they can be blown any where about with the wind: and, therefore, this distinguishes one kind of plants, which is called pappofa, or pappofi flores. Quincy-That pappous plumage growing upon the tops of fome feeds, whereby they are wafted with the wind, and by that means diffeminated far and wide. Ray on the Creation.-Dandedion, and most of the pappous kind, have long nu merous feathers, by which they are wafted every way. Derham. (1.) PAPPUS, an eminent philofopher of Alex andria, faid by Suidas to have flourished under Theodofius the Great, who reigned from A. D. 379 to 395. His writings show him to have been a confummate mathematician: Many of them are loft; the reft continued long in MS. detached parts having only been occafionally published in the 17th century, until Charles Manoleffius publifhed his remains entire at Bologna in 1660, in fol. (2.) PAPPUS, in botany, a foft downy fubftance that grows on the feeds of certain plants, as this tles, hawkweed, &c. ferving to scatter and buoy them up in the air. * PAPPY adj. [from pap.] Soft; fucculent; eafily divided.The ground, being fpungy, fucked up the water, and the loofened earth fwelled into a foft and pappy fubftance. Burnet.-Its tender and pappy flesh cannot, at once, be fitted to be nourished by folid diet. Ray. (1.) PAPS, mountains of Ireland, in Kerry, 8 miles E. of Killarney. (2.) PAPS OF JURA, four mountains of Scotland, in the isle of Jura The three largest are defcribed under JURA, N° 1. The 4th is called Corra-bbein, i. e. the steep and rugged peak, which is fufficiently defcriptive of it. PAPULOSUM FOLIUM. See BOTANY, Glof. PAPYRACEOUS. adj. Of, or belonging to, or resembling the PAPYRUS, or PAPER. (1.) PAPYRUS, the famous reed from which was made the far-famed PAPER of Egypt. There is an opinion generally received in Europe, that this plant is loft. But Mr Bruce not only faw the papyrus growing both in Egypt and Ábyffinia, but actually made paper of it in the manner in which it was made by the ancients. He tells us likewife, that, fo far from any part of it being ufelefs, the whole plant is at this day used in Abyffinia for making boats, a piece of the acacia tree being put in the bottom to ferve as a keel, like the boats of ancient Egypt. "The bottom, root, or woody part of this plant, was likewife of feveral ufes before it turned abfolutely hard; it was chewed in the manner of liquorice, having a confiderable quantity of fweet juice in it. This we learn from Diofcorides; it was, I fuppose, chewed, and the sweetness fucked out in the fame manner as is done with fugar-cane. This is ftill practised in Abyffinia, where they likewife chew the root of the Indian corn, and of every kind of cyperus; and Herodotus tells us, that about a cubit of the lower part of the ftalk was cut off, and roasted over the fire, and eaten. From the scarcity of wood, which was very great in Egypt, this lower part was likewise used in making cups, moulds, and other necessary utenfils: one ufe of the woody part was, to serve for what we call boards or covers for binding the leaves, which were made of the bark; we know that this was anciently one ufe of it, both from Alcæus and Anacreon." The papyrus grows in the marshes of Egypt, or in the ftagnant places of the Nile. Its roots are tortuous, and in thickness about 4 or 5 inches; its ftem is triangular, rifing to the height of ten cubits. The stem tapers from the bottom, and terminates in a point. It carries a top or plume of small hairs, and its roots throw to the right and left a great number of small fibres, which fupport the plants against the violence of the wind. See Pl. CCLXVIII. Formerly, it used to grow in immense quantities. The Egyptians made of this plant paper fit for writing, (fee DIPLOMATICS, and PAPER-MAKING,) which the Greeks called Bass or philuria, and also nagrus; hence the Latin charta; for in general, charta is ufed for the paper of Egypt. The ancient botanifts placed the papyrus among the graminous plants or dog-grafs; ignorant of the particular kind to which it belonged, they were contented to fpecify it under the name of papyrus, of which there were two kinds, that of Egypt, and that of Sicily. The moderns have endeavoured to show, that thefe two plants are one and the fame species of cyperus. It is under this genus that they are found in the catalogues and defcriptions of plants publifhed fince the edition of Morrison's work, where the papyrus is called cyperus niloticus, vel Syriacus maximus papyraceus. În the MSS. of the letters and obfervations of M. Lippi, phyfician at Paris, who accompanied the envoy of Lewis XIV. to the emperor of Abyffinia, we find the defcrip tion of a cyperus which he had obferved on the banks of the Nile in 1704. After having defcribed the flowers, he says, that many ears, covered with young leaves, are fupported by a pretty long pedicle; and that many of those pedicles, equally loaded and coming from one joint, form a kind of parafol. The difk of this parafol is furrounded with a quantity of leaves which form a crown to the stem which fupports it. The ftem is a pretty long prifm, the corners of which are a little rounded; and the leaves, not at the top, but at the fide, are formed like the blade of a fword; the roots are black, and full of fibres; and this plant is called cyperus Nileacus major, um bella multiplici. The fame Lippi defcribes another kind which rifes not fo high: the ftem and leaves correfpond with the former, but the ears form rather a kind of head than any thing like the spreading of an umbrella; this head was very foft, fhining, and gilded, rich and airy, much loaded, fupported by pedicles which were joined together at the bottom, like the knitting of a parafol. It is called by him cyperus Nileacus major, aurea divisa pannicula. These two kinds of cy perus have a marked refemblance in their leaves, their ftem, their foliage, and the marshy places where they grow. The only difference confifts in their fize, and in the pofition of the ears, which ferve to diftinguish them: and they seem to bear a resemblance to the papyrus and the fari, defcribed by ancient authors. (2.) PAPYRUS OF SICILY, a plant resembling the Egyptian Papyrus, in Italy called PAPERO, and, according to Cæfalpin, pipero. This papyrus of Sicily has been cultivated in the garden of Pifa; and Cæfalpin, who himself examined the plant, fays it is different from the papyrus of Egypt. The papyrus, fays he, which is commonly called pipero in Sicily, has a longer and thicker ftem than the plant cyperus. It rifes fometimes to four cubits; the angles are obtufe, and the ftem at the bafe is furrounded with leaves growing from the root; there are no leaves on the ftem even when the plant is at the greatest perfection, but it carries at the top a large plume, which resembles a great tuft of dishevelled hairs; this is compofed of a great number of triangular pedicles, in the form of reeds; at the extremity of which are placed the flowers, between two small leaves of a reddish colour like the cyperus. The roots are woody, about the thickness of reeds, jointed, and they throw out a great number of branches which extend themselves in an oblique direction. These are fcented fomewhat like the cyperus, but their colour is a lighter brown: from the lower part iffue many small fibres, and from the higher a number of stems fhoot up, which, in proportion as they are tender, contain a sweet juice. The plume of the papyrus of Sicily is pretty well defcribed in a fort account of it in the 2d part of the Mufcum de Boccone. This plume is a tuft or affemblage of a great number of long flender pedicles, which grow from the fame point of divifion, are difpofed in the manner of a parafol, and which carry at the top three long and narrow leaves, from which iffue other pedicles, fhorter than the former, and terminating in feveral knots of flowers, Micheli, in his Nova Plantarum Ge nera, printed at Florence 1728, has given an engraving of one of the long pedicles in its natural length: it is furrounded at the bafe with a cafe of about one inch and a half in height; towards the extremity, it carries three long and narrow leaves, and four pedicles, to which are fixed the knots of flowers. Every pedicle has also a small cafe furrounding its base. In fhort, we find in the Grofto Graphia of Scheuchzer, a very particular defcription of the plume of a kind of cyperus, which appears to be the Sicilian plant. From this account it appears that the papyrus of Sicily is well known to botanifts. It were to be wifhed that we had as particular a description of the papyrus of Egypt; but these two plants have a near affinity to one another; they are confounded together by many authors. Theophraftus fays, the fari and the papyrus nilotica have a decided cha racter of resemblance, and only differ in this, that the papyrus fends forth thick and tall ftems, which being divided into fender plates, are fit for the fabrication of paper; whereas the fari has small ftems, confiderably fhorter, and altoge ther ufelefs for any kind of paper. The papyrus, which ferved anciently to make paper, must not be confounded with the papyrus of Sicily, found alfo in Calabria; for, according to Strabon, the papyrus was to be found in no place excepting Egypt and India. The greateft part of botanifts have believed that the Sicilian plant is the fame with the fari of Theophraftus; others have advanced that the papyrus of Egypt and the fari were the fame plant in two different ftages of its exiftence, or confidered with respect to the greater or less height; which, according to them, might depend on the qualities of the fail, the difference of the climate, or other accidental causes. In proof of this, it is maintained, that there is an ef fential difference between the papyrus growing in the waters, and the fame plant growing on the banks of rivers and in marshes. The first of these have thick and tall ftems, and a plume in the form of a tuft of hair very long and flender, and without any feed: the fecond differs from the firft in all these particulars; it has a shorter and more flender ftem, its plume is loaded with flowers, and of confequence it produces feed. In whatever way we confider these facts, it is certain that the difference between the papyrus and the fari neither depends on climate, nor foil, nor on fituation. The plants whofe difference depended on these circumftances, both grew in Egypt, and were both employed in the manufac ture of paper. But it is an established fact, that the fari cannot be employed for this purpose. Finally, the papyrus of Sicily began to be known by botanists in 1570, 1572, 1583, at which periods the works of Lobel, of Guillandin, and of Cæfalpin, first appeared. The ancients had no knowledge of this plant. Pliny makes no men tion of it in his Natural Hiftory; from which it is evident that it was neither ufed in Rome nor in Sicily. If he had feen this plant, be must have been fruck with its refemblance to the papyrus and the fari, as they were defcribed by Theophraftus; and fince he gives a particular defcription of thefe lait, he would have hinted at their conformity to the Sicilian papyrus. |