The exact number of the slain cannot be certainly determined. According to the most reliable estimates not less than ten thousands souls, or one-fifth of the entire population of the mountains, perished. In the autumn of 1846, Tehoma, which had united with the Kurds against Tyary, shared a similar fate. We have been thus particular, in the foregoing account of the massacre, in order to exhibit in as clear a light as possible, the real causes which led to it. It was charged in the papers of the day to the quarrels of the American missionaries and the English Puseyites. How much Dr. Grant did to provoke the Kurds, the treatment he always received from them, and the exemption from attack which was secured to Ashitha, solely on his account, clearly enough show. Mr. Layard, in his recent work, (Nineveh and Babylon, p. 424,) throws the blame upon his own countrymen. He speaks of "old influences" that were still at work, and of the "misfortunes to which the unfortunate opposition to the American missions naturally led." What were these influences?

The American missionaries from the day of their arrival at Oroomiah, had been treated with marked and uniform kindness, by all with whom they were thrown into contact. The Persian authorities extended to them the most efficient protection. Colonel Shiel and Sir Henry Ellis, the British envoys to the Shah, and M. Botta, the French consul at Mosul, had manifested the greatest interest in their benevolent labors. Among the officers of the British army, they had found some of their warmest friends. Subjects of another empire, and members of a different communion, they hailed with generous applause every effort to disseminate religious truth. "Though a churchman myself," said Sir Henry Ellis to Dr. Grant, "I bid God speed to every pious Protestant engaged in this work." Lord Ponsonby, the British minister to the Porte, manifested equal contempt for sectarian trammels, and those who are familiar with events in Constantinople, during the past few years, need not be told how Lord Stratford de Radcliffe, by his liberal and earnest philanthropy, by his sympathy with the oppressed of whatever sect, and by his bold and determined resistance to prelatical assumption, has added new lustre to the great name of Canning. From whom, then, did this opposition to the missions arise? One blushes for his religion when he reads that it proceeded wholly from those who professed to be engaged in the same pious labor of preaching charity and good will among men.

Just after Dr. Grant had passed through the mountains the second time, an Englishman named Ainsworth visited the Patriarch. He was acting as agent of the London Christian

Knowledge Society. He was also a scientific traveler, and has given us an account of his researches in two rather interesting volumes. He does not scruple to tell us that he informed the Patriarch, "that there were many zealous Christians who seemed to have read the Bible rather to insert new doctrines and to revile against the church, than to give them increase of wisdom and holiness," and that if one of the American missionaries should join the Church of England he must be ordained again. Eye-witnesses, however, reported what Mr. Ainsworth does not state in his book, that he urged the Patriarch to drive the Americans out of the country. But this is not the worst. While Dr. Grant was at Mosul, a young man named Badger made his appearance there. He came with the avowed purpose of opposing those schemes which Dr. Grant had been cherishing for years He had formerly been connected with the printing offices of the American mission at Malta and at Beirut. He was now in the employ of the Bishop of London, and the Archbishop of Canterbury. On his arrival at Mosul he was attacked with fever. Dr. Grant immediately took him under his professional care, and showed him every kindness. But Mr. Badger's zeal was not of that pliant sort which yields to mere human sensibilities. The truth was not to be compromised by showing gratitude to a heretic. He not only declined all religious intercourse with the missionaries, but even refused to return the calls which they had made him. "I did violence to my own natural feelings," he says, "but I had a duty to perform for the church." If his zeal as a Churchman had only prevented him from being civil, the missionaries would have had less reason to complain. But his ardor was not to be satisfied with such a harmless exhibition of spite. It was just at this time that Mr. Hinsdale died. He was buried in the court of the church of Mar Toma. His associates were astounded to hear a few days after, that Mr. Badger had translated some portions of the prayer which was offered at the grave, in which he made it appear that the natives were represented as heathens; and that at the same time he informed them that the Americans had held them up to the contempt of Christendom in the pages of the Missionary Herald. Dr. Grant was prevented by various causes from returning to Ashitha until April. The snow does not usually disappear till May. But Mr. Badger was not a man to fear the elements when he had heresy to uproot. He was on his way to the Patriarch in the middle of February. When his mules gave out he pushed forward on foot; when his feet refused to carry him, he slid along on the surface of the frozen snow. And all this for what? To preach the gospel to an eager mul

titude? to break the bread of life to a famishing people? By no means. Simply to destroy a few little schools which had been established, after infinite labor and risk, by the very man to whom he had just been indebted for his life. We will not follow further the mean and pitiful acts to which the love-not of Christ-but of the Church, constrained him. The diminutives of the language would be inadequate to the task of expressing his littleness. Our readers will perhaps be able to form some feeble conception of the fervor of his apostolic' zeal, of his arrogant and impudent assumption of superior ecclesiastical authority, of his bitter hatred of all "dissenting sects," of his skill in fomenting prelatical prejudice, of his reckless perversions of the truth, of his utter lack of all noble views of Christian truth, and of all generous and all manly sentiments, when we say that Bishop Southgate could not justify his conduct.

Mr. Badger undoubtedly endeavored to exercise an improper political influence while in the mountains. His anxiety to exclude the Americans from laboring among the Nestorians, led him to advise the Patriarch to place himself under the protection of England, and bid defiance to the Kurds. The Kurds, both in Jevira and Julamerk, attributed the refusal of the Patriarch to make terms with the Emir, to the interference of Mr. Badger. It was a significant remark which one of them made to Dr. Smith and Mr. Laurie, a year after the massacre : "I see you are very different from other Englishmen; for you wish to maintain peace with all men." There can be no doubt that the habitual jealousy with which the Kurds regarded all foreign influence among the mountains, was provoked still more by these proceedings on the part of Mr. Badger. It was to this conduct that Mr. Layard refers in the remark which we have quoted. Still neither Dr. Grant nor Mr. Laurie, who both had ample opportunity of learning the whole truth, believed that Mr. Badger was in every way the cause of the mournful catastrophe. The massacre, as we have endeavored to show, was the result of causes that were in operation long before either Mr. Ainsworth or Mr. Badger had visited Mar Shimon. And yet Mr. Badger did not labor to no purpose. The great end he had in view was accomplished. He roused enmities which but for him would never have existed, and blasted hopes which but for him would have ripened into untold good. Mr. Layard tells us that he found the Patriarch, who had once been so eager to welcome Dr. Grant, and who had given the warmest sanction to all his plans even more bitter in his denunciations of the American missionaries than of the Kurdish or Turkish oppressors. Well might he add, that "strange influences had

been at work." The cheeks of Mr. Badger must have tingled with shame, when he read how an English traveler turned aside from his arduous and important labors, to calm the miserable animosities, and remove the unreasonable prejudices, which an English missionary had provoked.

But to return to Dr. Grant. After he reached Mosul, all his energies were devoted to the work of relieving the wretched fugitives who crowded the city. In the spring he looked forward to a return to his native land. But it was not so ordered. The malady from which he had suffered during his whole residence in the East, was aggravated by his recent hardships. Early in April he felt his health failing. On the 25th of the same month his sorrowful companions laid his body by the side of Mr. Hinsdale, in the court of the church of Mar Toma. All Mosul was in mourning. The people wept aloud as the procession passed along the streets. Even the Turkish governor could not restrain his tears. Jacobite and Nestorian priests assisted at the funeral, and the sobs of grateful mountaineers were mingled with the prayers that rose from around his grave. We will not attempt to portray his character, to delineate that rare and happy combination of opposite excellencies, that blending of firmness with suavity, of courage with modesty, of zeal with charity, which made him fearless of aught save bringing reproach upon the cause of Christ, and which led him to repel with generous warmth, what he regarded as unjust accusations against his most persevering foe. His own deeds are his best eulogy. Long after his death, his associates heard his name repeated with grateful veneration by Persians and Mohammedans, in the castles of Kurdish chiefs, and in the hovels of the mountaineers. Mr. Layard, in a letter to Mr. Laurie, speaks of him in the same strain of eulogy with which he has always made mention of American missionaries. Mr. Laurie also quotes a touching tribute paid to his memory by one of the pupils of the Female Seminary at Oroomiah. The hopes which led him to surrender country, family and home, were disappointed. But he lived not in vain. That life was not in vain which stamped on the hearts of bigoted unbelievers so bright an image of Christian benevolence, which left to the Church so rare an example of Christian zeal.

ART. VIII-LAYARD'S DISCOVERIES.

Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon; with Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan, and the Desert: Being the result of a Second Expedition undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum. By AUSTEN H. LAYARD, M. P., Author of " Nineveh and its Remains." With Maps, Plans, and Illustrations. New York: G. P. Putnam & Co., 10 Park Place, 1853.

TEN years ago the literary and Christian world was electrified with the intelligence of the disinterment of the remains of buildings and sculptures on the site of the city of Nineveh. Previously to that, how little had been certainly known of that ancient and "exceeding great" city! Besides the allusions in the histories and prophecies of the Old Testament, some marvelous tales, and confused genealogies of kings, contained in historical fragments of doubtful authenticity, were the only records of its existence. The accounts of Ninus and Semiramis were beginning to be considered as myths, and the tragical death of Sardanapalus was best known as a subject for the dramatist. The venerable and mysterious mounds on the Tigris afforded an exciting stimulant to antiquarian curiosity, and a theme for conjecture to the boldest imagination. But even these had been objects of suspicion; some had passed them by as curious natural hills, and one traveler had discovered them to be " 'the remains of a Roman camp, of the time of Hadrian."

In 1844, the simultaneous enterprise of Mr. Botta and Mr. Layard probed the mounds of Nimrûd, Kuyunjik and Khorsabad, and disclosed the monuments of the Assyrian empire. In 1848 the results of their explorations were published. They demonstrated the former existence of a great, proud, and warlike people on the banks of the Tigris; they exhibited its customs, its arts, its religion, its character, in the most vivid manner, and presented to the scholar volumes of historical records, written in an unknown tongue and an undeciphered character. But the actual contributions made to history, in these first-published researches, were comparatively inconsiderable.

In the five years which have since passed, the excavations have been continued. The suite of palaces at Nimrûd, the earliest, as well as the latest seat of the kings of Nineveh, and the vast and magnificent structure at Kuyunjik, opposite the city