Richard hi self, wt a strōg cõpaigny of chosen & approued me of warr, hauyng horsmen for wynges on both ye sides of his battail." It will be seen that Shakespeare has closely followed his authorities.

642. Line 293: My foreward shall be drawn OUT ALL in length. So Q. 1; all the other old copies omit out all; and perhaps we ought to read be drawn out in length.

643. Line 298: They thus directed, we will follow.-Pope added "we ourself;" but the line may have been purposely left imperfect, in order to suit the hurried and almost feverish manner of the speaker.

644. Line 301: Saint George TO BOOT!-There is much difference of opinion as to the exact meaning of this expression. Some explain to boot as="to help;" but there is no doubt that it simply means "in addition,' lit. for an advantage.'" See Skeat, sub voce. In Richard II. i. 3. 84 we have a somewhat similar expression:

Mine innocency and Saint George to thrive!

Hall and Holinshed both have Saint George to borrow! which must have been the oldest form. Compare Richard II. note 70.

645. Lines 304, 305:

"Jockey of Norfolk, be not Too bold,

For Dickon thy master is bought and sold."

All the chroniclers have these two lines verbatim as in text. Qq. Ff. have "so bold," except Q. 6, Q. 7, Q. 8, which have to bold." This is evidently a mistake. Capell was the first to make the obvious correction.

646. Line 316. A sort of vagabonds, rascals, RUNAWAYS. — Qq. and F. 1 have "and runaways." F. 2 was the first to omit the and. For runaways used as=runagates, compare Romeo and Juliet, iii. 2. 6, and see note 107 on that passage. It is worth noting that Richard has called Richmond "white-liver'd runagate” (iv. 4. 463).

647. Line 319: To desperate VENTURES and assur'd destruotion.-Qq. Ff. have 'desperate adventures," which spoils the metre of the line. Capell made the necessary

correction.

648. Line 322: They would DISTRAIN the one, distain the other.-Qq. Ff. have restrain. The emendation is Hanmer's, following Warburton's suggestion, and has been adopted by Walker and Dyce and by Collier's MS. Corrector. There seems to be no instance in Shakespeare of the use of restrain in the sense required here, whereas distrain is used twice in the sense of "to take possession of;" in Richard II. ii. 3. 131:

My father's goods are all distrain'd and sold.

and in I. Henry VI. i. 3. 61.

649. Line 324: Long kept in Bretagne at our MOTHER'S cost. So Qq. Ff. This mistake arose from Shakespeare having copied (as noticed above, note 479) from the second edition of Holinshed, which, by a printer's error, has mother's instead of brother's. Richmond was really supported by Richard's brother-in-law, the Duke of Burgundy, who married his sister Mary. Hall, from whom Holinshed copied, as usual, verbatim, has, quite correctly, in Richard's speech (p. 415), "brought vp by my brothers

meanes and myne like a captiue in a close cage in the court of Fraunces duke of Britaine." We have followed, very reluctantly, most editors in preserving this error, one which Shakespeare surely would have corrected had it been pointed out to him. Some commentators insist that it is worth retaining this error, because it proves that Shakespeare copied from Holinshed and not from Hall, and that the edition he used was the second edition, in which alone this mistake occurs. But granting this to be the fact, we fail to see why a mistake so obvious, and so absurd, should be retained in the txt.

651. Line 334: beaten, BOBB'D, and thump'd.-This not very eloquent sentence is Shakespeare's own. To bob meant not only "to cheat," but "to give a sharp blow." It generally seems to have been used in more or less comic passages. Shakespeare uses the word in the same sense in Troilus and Cressida, ii. i. 76: "I have bobb'd his brain more than he has beat my bones."

652. Line 344: Off with his son's head !—Qq. Ff. have: Off with his son George's head!

Hanmer made it a metrically perfect line by printing: Off instantly with his son George's head! But the line is, probably, meant to be incomplete in order to emphasize the abruptness of the speaker. Some emendation in the text seems necessary, if the line is to be spoken with that quickness and decision which are, dramatically speaking, absolutely requisite. Other emendations which suggested themselves are:

Off with his George's head! Off with young George's head! Off with son George's head!

Off with's son George's head!

The last we should have printed, but although his very often occurs, in the elided form 's, with other prepositions, its elision here would not make the line any easier to speak. It is probable that the author originally wrote the line as we have printed it, and that the word George was subsequently added; at anyrate, the dramatic requirements are fulfilled by the emendation we have ventured to print.

653. Line 345: My lord, the enemy is past the marsh.Compare Hall (p. 418): "Betwene both armies ther was a great marrysse."

ACT V. SCENE 4.

654. Line 3: Daring an OPPOSITE to every danger.— Compare Hamlet, v. 2. 60-62:

'Tis dangerous when the baser nature comes
Between the pass and fell incensed points
Of mighty opposites;

and II. Henry VI. v. 3. 21, 22:

'Tis not enough our foes are this time fled,
Being opposites of such repairing nature.

So in Westward for Smelts: "Yet doth he deny to grapple with none, but continually standeth ready to oppose himselfe against any that dare be his opposite" (Percy Society Reprint, 1848, p. 6).

655. Line 7: A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse! -The following are among some of the contemporaneous allusions to this passage, which appears to have been very largely imitated and parodied by the writers of the period;

Marston, Scourge of Villanie, 1598, satyre 7:

A man, a man, a kingdome for a man!

In Parasitaster, or the Fawne, 1606:

A foole, a foole, a foole, my coxcombe for a foole!

-Sig. H 3, back. In What you Will, 1607, ii. 1, he quotes the line literally, as follows:

Ha! he mount[s] Chirall on the wings of fame.
A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!
Looke the, I speake play scrappes.

Richard Brathwaite, Strappado for the Divell, 1615:
If I had liv'd but in King Richards dayes,
Who in his heat of passion, midst the force
Of his Assailants troubled many waies
Crying a horse! a Kingdome for a horse.
O then which now at Livery stayes
Had beene set free.

Heywood's Iron Age, 1611:

Syn. A horse, a horse.

-Upon a Poets Palfrey, p. 154.

Pyr. Ten Kingdomes for a horse to enter Troy.

-Works, vol. iii p. 369. Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer, iv.: Look up, brave friend; I have no means to rescue thee. My kingdom for a sword.

-Works, ii. p. 431. There may be a reminiscence of this line in the following passage from Heywood, II. Edward IV.:

A staff, a staffe!

A thousand crownes for a staff!

-Works, vol. i. p. 143.

656. Line 13.-We have placed part of the stage-direction here, slightly altered, which is usually placed at the beginning of the next scene. The stage-direction in Qq. is: "Alarum, Enter Richard and Richmond, they fight, Richard is slain then retrait being sounded. Enter Richmond, Darby, bearing the crowne with other Lords, &c." That of Ff. is: "Alarum, Enter Richard and Richmond, they fight, Richard is slaine.

Retreat, and Flourish. Enter Richmond, Derby bearing the crowne, with diuers other Lords." Dyce altered this to: "Alarums. Enter, from opposite sides, KING RICHARD and RICHMOND; they fight, and exeunt fighting. Retreat and flourish. Then re-enter RICHMOND, with STANLEY bearing the crown, and divers other Lords, and Forces," and has the following note: "Mr. Knight retains the stage-direction of the old copies '-they fight; Richard is slain,' &c., and says in his note, 'it is important to preserve it, as showing the course of the dramatic action.' How Mr. Knight understands the dramatic action' to be carried on here, I cannot conceive. If, after Richard is killed in the sight of the audience, Stanley enters bearing the crown which he has plucked off from his 'dead temples,' there must have been two Richards in the

field. The fact is, that here, as frequently elsewhere, in the old copies, the stage-direction is a piece of mere confusion: Richard and Richmond were evidently intended by the author to go off the stage fighting." The Cambridge edd. retain the stage-direction of the old copies (note xxvii.): "because it is probable from Derby's speech, 'From the dead temples of this bloody wretch,' that Richard's body is lying where he fell, in view of the audience;" and Dyce observes: "Nor is any stress to be laid on the expression this bloody wretch:' in p. 441 Richard, though not present, is called this foul swine' and this guilty homicide."" There certainly seems to be some confusion if the stage-direction of the old copies be adhered to, because Derby, i. e. Stanley, could hardly enter bearing the crown, if Richard were on the stage with the crown on his head. When Richard III. is acted, this last scene is always omitted; the play ending with the death of Richard, or rather with the entry of Richmond and his supporters, and the crowning of the victor in dumb-show. The way in which we have arranged the stage-direction seems to get rid of the difficulty.

་

As to the crown Hall says (p. 420): "Then ye people reioysed & clapped hades criyng vp to heauen, kyng Henry, kyng Henry. When the lord Stanley sawe the good will and gratuite of the people he toke the crowne of kynge Richard which was founde amongest the spoyle in the felde, and set it on therles hed, as though he had byne elected king by the voyce of the people as in auncient tymes past in diuers realmes it hath been accustomed, and this was the first signe and token of his good lucke and felicite." The Clarendon Press edd. (p. 235) say: "Tradition relates that it (the crown) was found in a hawthorn bush, and in Henry the Seventh's Chapel 'the stained-glass retains the emblem of the same crown hanging on the green bush in the fields of Leicestershire. (Stanley, Memorials of Westminster Abbey, p. 159.)" Richard is said to have worn the crown in order to render himself conspicuous, or, according to Polydore Virgil, 'thinking that Day should either be the Last of his Life, or the First of a Better" (Buck, vol. i. p. 542).

ACT V. SCENE 5.

657. Line 9: But, tell me, is THE young George Stanley living?—All the old copies read:

But tell me is young George Stanley living?

an awkward, unrhythmical line. Various emendations have been proposed. Pope would read "tell me first;" Keightley, "tell me pray;" Dyce, "tell me now." We have ventured to print the emendation in our text as being, in some respects, preferable.

658. Line 11: Whither, if't please you, we may now withdraw us.-Qq. have (substantially): "if 't please you we may now withdraw us;" Ff. "if you please we may withdraw us.'

"

659. Lines 13, 14:

John Duke of Norfolk, Walter Lord Ferrers, Sir Robert Brakenbury, and Sir William Brandon. Printed as prose in Q. 1, perhaps rightly. The Walter Lord Ferrers here mentioned was Sir Walter Devereux,

Well-learned.. iii. 5 100

Widow-dolour. ii.
Winged 36
Woe-wearied.. iv.
Worshipful 37.. iii. 4 41
*Wrong-incensed ii. 1

51

27 not avoided. Occurs in the sense of "inevitable" in this play, iv. 4. 218; Rich. II. ii. 1. 268; I. Henry VI. iv. 5. 8.

28 The adj. is never used by Shakespeare.

29 Used before a subst. Unlookedfor occurs in several places. 30 Sonn. cxli. 11.

31 upon. In the sense of "uninjured" in Jul. Cæsar, iii. 1. 142. 32invaluable. Occurs in Hamlet, i. 3. 19 not valued.

33 emblematic of conquest. In ordinary sense frequently used. 34 food for hogs.

35 Of gold. Perhaps ingots, i.e. large pieces; used in its ordinary sense in Troilus and Cressida, i. 3. 316.

36 In military sense.
$7 Used adverbially.

iv. 4 128

iii. 2 11 Succeeders.... iii. 4 84 iv. 3 iv. 4 425 iii. 7 30 iii. 7 130 ii. 1 4, 123 ii. 2 68

50 Successively...

Sunrising......

V. 5 iii. 1 73 (iii. 7 135 V. 3

30

2 65

V.

3 300 4

18

61

Tear-falling.. Thraldom. Timorously Towards 26. Traditional Trough.... True-derived. True-disposing

iv. 2 64 i. 4 255 iii. 5 57 iii. iii. 1 V. 2 iii. 7 200 iv. 4 55

5 101

45

9