I believe the meaning here to be merely "act deceitfully" or "misleadingly." Cloke," "faine," are the meanings which Baret gives: (Alvearie, sub voce). Sometimes we find the word signifying "give or exhibit a false appearance," as in the following passage, where Singer thinks the sense to be "distort:" What wicked and dissembling glass of mine -A Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 2. 98, 99. 43. Line 22: so lamely and UNFASHIONABLE.-The collocation of adverb with adjective is not uncommon. Compare iii. 4. 50, infra, and Richard II. note 59. 44. Line 24: this weak PIPING time of peace. -The war is done, says Richard, and there is no place for me in this peaceful time of weakness and piping; i.e. among feeble, shrill-voiced women or old men. Otherwise, there may be a contrast intended between the pipe and tabor, which were signs of peace, and the drum and fife, which symbolized war. Compare Much Ado, ii. 3. 13-15. 45. Line 26: Unless to SPY my shadow in the sun.This is the reading of Qq. Ff. have see, which seems a corruption. 46. Line 32: Plots have I laid, INDUCTIONS dangerous. -Marston has " conveyed" this line in the Fawne, ii. 1: Plots ha you laid? Inductions, daungerous? -Works, ii. 32. Shakespeare's authority for the statement in this and the following lines is Hall, who got it from Polydore Virgil. See note 4, where the passage is quoted. An allusion to this has already occurred in III. Henry VI. v. 6. 86. The story is given in The Mirror for Magistrates (vol. ii. 232), in the Legend of Clarence, stanzas 24 to 50. Baldwin, who wrote that legend, doubtless, took the story from Hall. Induction, which seems to mean here "the ground" or "framework" of a plot, is used again in this play (iv. 4. 5) in much the same sense, where Margaret says: A dire induction am I witness to. 47. Lines 49, 50: O, belike his majesty hath some intent That you shall be new christen'd in the Tower. Pope omitted 0,-which is extra metrum,--in line 49. But this makes the transition of thought from line 48 somewhat too abrupt. In line 50 shall is the reading of Qq. Ff. have should, which, however, has occurred in line 48. 48. Lines 52-54: Yea, Richard, when I know; FOR 1 protest Ff. read but instead of for in line 52, wrongly. Perhaps it was introduced from the next line by mistake. 49. Line 55: cross-row. --This name for the alphabet is an abbreviation of Christ cross row, which in the form criss cross row is yet preserved in nursery rhymes. One of the first lessons taught to a child at school was the prayer "Christ cross me speed in all my work!" which is found in a school lesson contained in Bodl. MS. Rawlinson 1032 (referred to by Halliwell). The sentence is coupled with the alphabet, which no doubt would be the next thing learnt, in the following title of a poem: "Cryste Crosse me spede. A. B. C.," which was printed by Wynkyn de Worde. The prayer and the alphabet seem to have been said together. I have been told that in dame-schools in the North of England it used, not long ago, to be a custom for children to say their letters thus: "Christes cross be my speed! A, B, C," &c. Either because of this connection, or, possibly, because the alphabet (as some say) was preceded in old primers by a cross, the name cross row or Christ's cross row came to denote the alphabet. Skelton, Against Venemous Tongues, says: For before on your brest, and behind on your back In Romaine letters I never founde lack; In your crosse row nor Christ crosse you spede. -Works, ed. Dyce, i, 133 Cotgrave has: "La croix de par Dieu. The Christs crosse-row; or, the hornebooke wherein a child learnes it. And "Abecé. An Abece, the Crosse-row, an alphabet, or orderly list, of all the letters." Compare Heywood's epigram Of the letter H: H, is worst among letters in the crosse row. 50. Line 65: That tempers him to this extremity.-This, the reading of Q. 1, has been generally accepted as right. The other Quartos, by the common misprint of t for r, have tempts or temps for tempers, and this appears to have been the source of the line as it is found in Ff.: That tempts him to this harsh Extremity. 51. Line 67: Antony Woodvile.-Qq. here read Anthony Wooduile; F. 1 has Woodeulle, which may have been meant to indicate that the word should be made a trisyllable in pronunciation, as Capell suggested. This is the only passage where the word occurs in the play, excepting in Ff., in the dubious line ii. i. 68. (See note 224) 52. Line 68: That made him send Lord Hastings to the Tower. I have been unable to find any authority for this statement, which seems based on some misconception: perhaps, as suggested in the Clar. Press edn., of the pas sage of More quoted infra, note 344. 53. Line 71: By heaven, I think there's no man is secure -Q.1, Q. 2, Q. 3 read: By heauen I thinke there is no man is securde. The others omit is after man. Ff. read: By heauen, I thinke there is no man secure. This looks rather like an attempted emendation of the line in Qq., which we have retained, following Capell, for the text, with his slight alterations of there's for there is, and secure for securde. 54. Line 75: Lord Hastings was to her for his delivery -Thus Qq. F. 1 has Lord Hastings was, for her deliuery. The other Folios have his instead of her. 55. Line 81: The jealous o'erworn widow. ---O'erwornworn out; compare Venus and Adonis, 135, Sonnet 63, 12 Elizabeth Woodvile was born in 1437, so that even if we take 1477 as the date of the present act, her age would be no more than forty. But Richard is sneering at the fact that she had been married before she became Ed 56. Line 83: Are mighty gossips in THIS monarchy. -Ff. read our. The text is from Qq. 57. Line 84: BESEECH your graces both to pardon me.— This is Dyce's correction. Qq. and Ff. have I beseech. 58. Line 87: with HIS brother.-We have retained the reading of Qq. Ff. give your. 59. Line 92: Well struck in years, fair, and not jealous. -Years and fair are each pronounced as dissyllables. The expression "well struck in years" appears to have been strange to Steevens. It occurs, however, in Taming of the Shrew, ii. 1. 362; and "stricken in years" is a common enough expression; Cotgrave, sub voce Aage (quoted in Clar. Pr. ed.) has "avoir de l'aage . . . to be well in yeares, or well stricken in yeares." We find it also in the Authorized Version of the Bible; compare, for instance, 1 Kings i. 1. 60. Line 94: A cherry lip, a bonny eye, a passing pleasing tongue. It is most likely that the author did not intend to keep in both phrases, a cherry lip, a bonny eye. Though we have not altered the text, it would be perhaps better, with Pope, to omit the latter phrase. 61. Line 95: And that the queen's KIN are made gentlefolks.-Qq. Ff. have kindred, which makes a very awkward line. Rowe amended it by omitting and, and Steevens by omitting that. But the simple emendation we have adopted seems preferable. It is very probable that kindred may have been written by an oversight. Compare below, iii. 7. 212: Which we have noted in you to your kindred; where Qq. read kin and Ff. kindred. For the use of kin, in this sense, in Shakespeare, compare King John, i. 1. 273: "I will show thee to my kin;" and Richard II. iv. 1. 141: Shall with kin and kind with kind confound. 62. Line 97: nought to do.-See Midsummer Night's Dream, note 243. 63. Line 103: BESEECH your grace.-This is Dyce's correction. Qq. read I beseech (as they do also in line 84 above); Ff. have I do beseech. 64 Line 105: We know thy charge, BRAKENBURY, and will obey.-This line gives colour to the suggestion that originally a keeper had assigned to him some, if not all, of Brakenbury's speeches. Keeper, if substituted here for Brakenbury, would make the line rhythmical. At present it is incurably inharmonious. 65. Line 124: Well are you welcome to THE open air.This is the reading of Q. 1, Q. 2. Ff. have this, following the other Quartos. 66. Lines 132, 133: More pity that the EAGLE should be mew'd, These lines are given from Qq. Ff. read eagles, whiles, and play. 67. Lines 136-140.-Hall, sub anno 1483, says, "whether it was with the melencoly, and anger that he toke with VOL. III. the Frenche king, for his vntruthe and vnkyndnes, or were it by any superfluous surfet (to the whiche he was muche geuen) he sodainly fell sicke, and was with a greuous maledy taken" (pp. 338, 339). More says that Richard "forethought to be king in case that the king his brother (whose life hee looked that euil dyete shoulde shorten) should happe to decease. . while his children wer yonge" (p. 10). 68. Line 138: Now, by Saint Paul.-Ff. have S. John, but, in common with most editors, we have adopted the reading of Qq. Gloster's favourite oath appears to have been by Saint Paul. 69. Line 153: Warwick's youngest daughter.-Anne is here rightly described: but in III. Henry VI. iii. 3. 242, &c., she is always referred to as the elder of Warwick's daughters. ACT I. SCENE 2. 70. This scene represents Anne as present in London at the funeral of King Henry; a thing which, historically, would be impossible, for Queen Margaret carried her away with her from the battle of Tewksbury, and, after that, Clarence kept her in concealment till 1473, when Richard discovered her in London, disguised, and conveyed her to St. Martin's le Grand, to sanctuary. Holinshed, who copies Hall, gives the following account of the funeral. "The dead corps on the Ascension euen was conueied with billes and glaues pompouslie (if you will call that a funerall pompe) from the Tower to the church of saint Paule, and there laid on a beire or coffen bare faced, the same in presence of the beholders did bléed; where it rested the space of one whole daie. From thense he was caried to the Blackfriers, and bled there likewise: and on the next daie after, it was conueied in a boat, without priest or clerke, torch or taper, singing or saieng, vnto the monasterie of Cherteseie, distant from London fiftéene miles, and there was it first buried: but after, it was remooued to Windesor" (iii. p. 324). Holinshed's authority for the incident of the corpse bleeding was Warkworth's Chronicle. Hall omits it, as did the Croyland Chronicle, Fabyan, and Polydore Virgil. It was commonly believed that a murdered person's body would bleed at the touch of the murderer. Staunton quotes from the Demonologie by King James VI. (afterwards James I. of England), a passage in which his majesty treats the matter as an undoubted fact. He also refers to a case in the fourth year of Charles I., where the clergyman of a parish in Hertfordshire deposed to a corpse having sweated and opened its eyes and shed blood from its fingers, on being touched by a suspected person. other case, cited by Grey (Notes on Shakespeare, vol. ii. pp. 54, 55), is also referred to by Sir Walter Scott in The Fair Maid of Perth, note U (chap. xxiii.). The case is that of Philip Stansfield, who, in 1688, was accused before the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh of the murder of his father. The indictment against him stated that the body bled when Stansfield raised up the shoulder to lift it up to the coffin; and, though rejected by Stansfield's counsel as a superstitious observation, the occurrence was insisted on as a link in the evidence, and commented 97 60 An on as such by the king's counsel in charging the jury. Scott makes use of the belief in the course of his story. Ff. make a second scene at this place, otherwise we might have supposed that the second scene was only a continuation of the foregoing; for the locality (which is not designated in the old editions) is, evidently, still in some street. 71. Lines 19, 20: Than I can wish to ADDERS, spiders, toads, Or any creeping venom'd thing that lives! The supposed poisonous qualities of spiders and toads are frequently alluded to. See Richard II. note 202; and concerning the adder, note 203 of same play. In line 19 we have adopted the reading of Qq.; Ff. have Than I can wish to Wolnes, to Spiders, Toades, a reading which suggests that an alteration had been in- | tended, but left incomplete. 72. Line 25: And that be heir to his unhappiness!-Qq. omit this line. 73. Lines 27, 28: MORE miserable by the death of him THAN I am made by my young lord and thee! These words are quoted by Anne, with alterations, in iv. 1. 76, 77, where she uses the word life, instead of death which occurs here. The reason for the variety is obvious. In both places Qq. read As miserable and As I am made. We have retained the reading of Ff. 74. Line 29.-Chertsey is in Surrey near the Thames, not far below Staines. There was a very ancient abbey there, having a mitred abbot with a seat in the House of Lords. The convent buildings have long since been demolished, and only a very few fragments are now remaining. 75. Line 31: And still, as you are weary of THE weight. -The is the reading of Qq.; Ff. have this. 76. Line 39: stand thou.-So Qq.; Ff. read stand'st thou 77. Line 42: And SPURN UPON thee, beggar.-" Elsewhere in Shakespeare," the Clarendon Press editor observes, " ‘spurn is followed by at or against,” as indeed it appears generally to be in other writers. The following instance of the use of spurn on is given in that edition from Gower, Confessio Amantis, book iv.: So that within a while I gesse She had on suche a chaunce sporned That all her mod was overtorned. -Works, vol. ii. p. 44. 78. Line 60: Thy DEED, inhuman and unnatural.-So Qq.; Ff. have deeds. 79. Line 70: Villain, thou know'st No law of God nor man.-Ff. have nor for no. We have followed Qq. 80. Line 76: Of these supposed CRIMES.Many editors adopt the reading of Qq., which have evils instead of crimes. But surely crimes is the more appropriate word in Gloster's mouth to describe the heinous deeds (line 53) which Anne has just been laying to his charge, and of which he now seeks to acquit himself. Grant White observes that the opposition is between known evils and ! supposed crimes; "and the evils which Anne actually suffered, and for which she claims the right to curse, were the direct consequence of crimes which Richard calls supposed." And further, if we retain the reading of Qq. we exchange a rhythmical for an unrhythmical line It may be that the word evils was introduced here by some careless transcriber, whose eye was caught by it in line 79. 81. Line 78: DEFUS'D infection of A man.-F. 1 omits a. Anne calls Richard, if we are to take her words literally, "a wide-spread pestilence," ie. a plague to his kind, whose powers for evil are not confined within a limited space, but are spread far abroad. But as Anne's words are, both here and elsewhere, antithetic to those of Richard, who has just addressed her as "divine perfection of a woman," many commentators follow Johnson, who believed that here defus d meant "irregular,' uncouth. It is true that this word, whose original meaning is "scattered," disordered," frequently is used to describe anything-especially dress-which is irregular, wild, or uncouth. Thus in Henry V. v. 2. 61, 62: defus'd attire And everything that seems unnatural. " And as that which is diffused thereby in many cases becomes vague and indistinct, we find the word often with the meaning "shapeless," a sense which the Clarendon Press editor and Schmidt would give it in the present instance. Compare the following passage which Dyce (Glossary, sub voce) quotes from Greene's Farewell to Folly, 1591: "He that marketh our follies in being passing humorous for the choise of apparell, shall find Ouids confused chaos to affoorde a multitude of defused inuentions" (Works-Huth Library Reprint-vol. ix. p. 231). The only other instance of the word, in such a sense, in Shakespeare is in King Lear, i. iv. 1, 2: FOR these known evils, but to give me leave, By circumstance, to CURSE thy cursed self. Qq. read For in line 79; Ff. of Mr. Spedding's suggestion is that perhaps curse was intended to have been changed into accuse. "In some respects," he says, "it fits the place better. 'Accuse' answers better to 'acquit' in the speech before, and 'excuse' in those after" (New Shak. Soc. Transactions, 1875, p. 6). 83. Line 86: by despairing, SHOULDST thou stand excus'd Ff. have shalt; the text is from Qq. 84. Line 89: Why, then, they are not dead. So Qq.; Ff. have: Then say they were not slain. 85. Line 92: slain by Edward's hand. This is the reading of Qq.; Ff. have hands. 86. Line 100: That never dreamt on aught but butcheries. This is from Qq.; Ff. read dream'st. But with this reading the line is imperfect, and Gloster's answer lacks point. No dramatic effect is gained by a pause after Anne's words, but rather the contrary. Ritson proposed I grant ye, yea; but this is unsatisfactory. We might suppose that the line was originally "I graunt ye yt," and that first the transcriber, or printer, inserted ye instead of yt (ie. that), and then the word being thought to be a useless repetition was omitted. 88. Line 105: The BETTER for the King of heaven, that hath him. This is the reading of Ff. Qq. have jitter, which many editors adopt. But better gives more point to Gloster's half-hidden sneer. 89. Line 120: Thou wast the cause, and most accurs'd EFFECT. The meaning is, "It was thou who both caused this to be done and put it into effect." Effect has the unnatural meaning of "effecter," "doer," "agent;" the action being put for the agent somewhat as in expressions like "I'll be the death of him." The word effect is used because of its occurrence in the next line, in order to make a sort of antithesis between the two speeches. There is a straining after antithetic effect throughout the dialogue. 90. Line 126: These nails should RENT.-Shakespeare uses this form of the verb in five other places; e.g. in Mids. Night's Dream, iii. 2. 215: And will you rent our ancient love asunder? 91. Line 156: No, when my father York and Edward wept.-Dyce follows Pope in giving Not. We have retained the reading of Ff. Lines 156-158 are answered by lines 163-164, and hence No is the more suitable reading; lines 160-163 are practically an addition, and cannot be considered necessarily to require that line 156 should begin with not. In Qq. lines 155-166 do not appear, having probably been struck out of the MS. from which Q. 1 was printed. Delius observes that when this play had become more popular than the preceding plays of Henry VI. the references to those plays might well be left out, while they were very unlikely to be added. 92. Line 168: My tongue could never learn sweet smoothing WORDS.-This is the reading of Qq.; Ff. have word. 93. Line 183: Take up the sword again, or take up me.— This line is perhaps burlesqued in the following passage from The First Part of Jeronimo: Take up thy pen, or I'll take up thee. -Dodsley, iv. 368. The expression take up was often used quibblingly. 94. Lines 200-204: Anne. All men, I hope, live so. Glo. Vouchsafe to wear this ring. Anne. To take, is not to give. [She puts on the ring. Glo. Look, how THIS ring encompasseth thy finger, Even so thy breast encloseth my poor heart. F. 1 prints this passage as follows, omitting line 202 altogether: An. All men I hope liue so. Rich. Looke how my Ring incompasseth thy finger, The correct text is given by Qq. Mr. Spedding remarks that we have here "an ordinary accident of the press. The printer had missed out the whole of Anne's last half-line speech. The reader (or whoever in those days was charged with correcting the first proof), finding Richard's name prefixed to two successive speeches" (viz. lines 201 and 203 of our text) "struck out one of them, and (as it happened) he struck out the first." And, as he goes on to say, "the state of the type bears traces of what occurred, for the word Vouchsafe does not range with the other lines" (New Shak. Soc. Transactions, 1875, p. 7). In line 203 we follow the reading of Qq. F. 1, as will be seen, reads my instead of this; a reading which was emended in F. 2 to thy. 95. Line 212: Crosby Place. - We learn from More that "Crosbies place in Bishops gates strete" was "wher the protectour kept his household" (p. 66). It was built by Sir John Crosby, grocer and woolman, on the site of certain buildings leased to him by the prioress of St. Helens in Bishopsgate in the year 1466. "This house he built of stone and timber, very large and beautiful, and the highest at that time in London" (Stow, Survey, p. 181). After his death in 1475 Richard bought the house of his widow. It has been the dwelling of many persons of note; amongst others, of the Countess of Pembroke, Sir Philip Sidney's sister, and of Sir Thomas More. Only one gable of the old frontage to Bishopsgate Street now exists, but the banqueting-hall remains, or, at any rate, a great part of it. For a long time Crosby House was a place of worship for various dissenting bodies, when it was deformed by hideous galleries. Afterwards it was the warehouse of Messrs. Holmes and Hall, a firm of packers who seem from Steevens' description (Var. Ed. vol. xviii. p. 30) to have been of some note in their day. In 1831 the exertions of some private persons saved the site from being let on building leases, and, after being for some time occupied as a literary and scientific institute, it has since 1860 been a restaurant under the name of Crosby Hall. 97. Line 226: White-Friars.-The house of the Carmelite or White Friars stood on the south side of Fleet Street, between the Temple and Salisbury Court. Sir Richard Grey founded it in 1241, Edward I. giving the site to the prior and brethren of the order, which was dedicated to the Blessed Mary of Mount Carmel. The Carmelites were commonly designated White Friars, from the white cloak and scapular which they wore over their brown habit. They possessed, it is said, the best library in the city. Many men of note were buried within their priory. After Henry VIII. dissolved the convent the locality still retained its privileges of sanctuary, such as freedom from arrest. It became a notorious nest of thieves, bullies, and other lawless folk. Many allusions to it, under its nickname of Alsatia, occur in the later Elizabethan and Jacobean literature. Much of the action of Scott's Fortunes of Nigel passes within this precinct. We learn from Prynne, Epistle Dedicatorie to Histriomastix, that shortly before 1633 a new theatre had been built at Whitefriars. Its name survives as that of a street. Holinshed says that the body was taken from St. Paul's "to the Blackfriers" (see note 70), and possibly this passage may have been in Shakespeare's recollection. If so, the alteration to Whitefriars was doubtless accidental. 98. Lines 227, 228: Was ever woman in this humour woo'd? With these lines we may compare Titus Andronicus, ii. 1. 82, 83, and I. Henry VI. v. 3. 77, 78. Fleay thinks (Shakspere Manual, 20, 21) that the wooing of Estrild, in Locrine, iv. 1 (A.D. 1595) is imitated from this scene. Objections have often been made to this representation of Richard's wooing of Anne. But the scene is not the only one of the kind. Rotrou in his Wenceslas, 1637, depicts the impunity and triumph of "one of the worst characters that was ever drawn." In that play the curtain drops on "the vanishing reluctance of the heroine to accept the hand of a monster whom she hated, and who had just murdered her lover in the person of his own brother" (Hallam, Literature of Europe, pt. iii. ch. vi. sect. 2, §31). There is a somewhat similar scene at the end of Beaumont and Fletcher's Bloody Brother. Corneille, too, in the Cid, thought it not inconsistent with propriety that Chimène should marry Rodrigue after he had killed her father. 99. Line 233: The bleeding witness of HER hatred by.This is the reading of Qq.: Ff. have my. 100. Line 243: Young, valiant, wise, and, no doubt, right ROYAL-Johnson thought we should read loyal instead of royal; but, as Steevens pointed out, there is an ironical allusion to the alleged illegitimacy of Henry's son Edward. 101. Line 249: On me, that HALT, and am mis-shapen thus?-Halt is the reading of Qq. Ff. have halts. ACT I. SCENE 3. 102. Line 5: And cheer his grace with quick and merry WORDS. This is the reading of Qq. Ff. have eyes. 103. Line 6: If he were dead, what would betide of me? -F. 1 prints this line twice over, first at the bottom of p. 176, and then at the top of p. 177. Of is the reading of Qq.; Ff. have on. 104 Lines 11, 12: Ah, he is young; and his minority Is put unto the trust of Richard Gloster. It was at the council assembled after Edward V. entered London that Richard was made protector; but he had been chosen for the office, directly the question of a protectorate was mooted, by all the lords who were not of the queen's party. Polydore Virgil says that Edward in his will committed his sons to Richard's keeping. At the time of Edward's death Richard was not in London. but in Yorkshire, returning from the war against the Scots. 105. Line 17: Enter... STANLEY.-Throughout the first and second acts Qq. and Ff. call this individual Lord Derby, but in the last three acts-excepting in the stagedirections, which generally call him Derby-he is always Stanley. As is well known, Stanley was not created Lord Derby until after the battle of Bosworth. Shakespeare seems to have become aware in the course of the play that the proper designation was Stanley, but he did not trouble to correct the places where he had written Derby in acts i. and ii. But it is too great a breach of dramatic propriety that a character who has been introduced as Lord Derby should suddenly, and for no apparent reason, begin to be addressed as Lord Stanley. It is of course out of the question to rewrite the lines where the misnomer occurs. All we can do is to follow Theobald and turn Derby wherever it occurs into Stanley This obliges us, indeed, in line 17, to say "the lord of Stanley, which is an incorrect expression, since "Stanley" is not a territorial title; but no other course seems possible. 106. Line 20: The Countess Richmond.-This was Stanley's second wife, the Lady Margaret Beaufort, whose name is preserved as the foundress of professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge. She was the only daughter of John Beaufort, third Earl of Somerset (see I. Henry VI. note 6). She married (1) Edmund, Earl of Richmond; (2) Sir Henry Stafford, second son of Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (see II. Henry VL note 8); and (3) Thomas Stanley, afterwards Earl of Derby (see above, note 18). 107. Line 30.-We have followed Qq. in assigning this line to Rivers. Ff. give it to the queen. 108. Line 39: sent to WARN them to his royal presence.Shakespeare several times uses warn with the meaning of "summon." Palsgrave, who interprets the word by monyshe, and defende (i.e. forbid), gives also the following: "I warne a man to apere at a courte in judgement. Je somme, je adjourne, and je somons.' Cotgrave gives "Citer. To cite, summon, adjourne, warn, serve with a writ to appeare." In Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary the word is said to have this sense in the dialect of Clydesdale, in such phrases as warn the meeting, or warn the members. It seems to be a law term. 109. Line 47: Because I cannot flatter and SPEAK fair. - This is the reading of Qq. Ff. have look fair. 110. Line 53: By silken, sly, insinuating JACKS. - - Ey is the reading of Qq.; Ff. have With. Jack was a common name for any man of the lower orders, or serving-man. It is very often used with the depreciatory sense which it has in the text, much as we should now use "fellow." 111. Line 54: Riv. To WHOM in all this presence speaks |your grace? - We follow Qq. in giving this speech to Rivers. In Ff. it is assigned to Grey. It certainly seems more appropriate in the mouth of Rivers, the elder and |