there must be virtuous instruments, which, it is to be hoped, the times will supply.'

"If he were a radical, the following is the key to those principles that guided his radicalism through life, and which administered consolation in the hour of death: In his religious opinions he adhered to no particular sect or party. He read the Scriptures daily, and drew from them his own conclusions; what those conclusions were may be seen by the following extracts from a paper which accompanied his will. Speaking of himself in the third person, he says, The legal doctrines of the State Church, not satisfying his judgment, he sought for the truth in the Bible, and in reason equally, the revelations of the Almighty.'

"The opinions in which he at length found rest and satisfaction were these: That God is I am! the eternal! the self-existent, not powerful, but power; not wise, but wisdom; not good, but goodness. That He is One; a Spirit without person; for in the idea of person, who can exclude either form or limit? But what is the form of ubiquity? Where are the limits of infinity? From the eternity and existence of the Deity, his unity cannot be, even in idea, separated. That Jesus of Nazareth is the Christ, the Chosen One, the Highly-favoured of God, the Saviour of men, and their appointed Judge.'"

Those of the present day who are but little acquainted with the real character of this truly great man, and who hold the doctrine that a man may be an excellent husband, a good father, and a good neighbour, and yet be found dirtying his hands in every species of political trickery, bribery, and corruption, may learn a lesson from the following: "Cartwright carried his private character, and all those high principles that administered consolation around the domestic hearth, to the hustings

and into the very citadel of political strife. He believed that the proper good and happiness of man is only to be found in piety to God, and virtue towards his fellow-creatures.

CHAPTER XIV.

America and her History-Inventions and Progress of her Infancy-Population Rate of Increase - Physical, Geographical, and Natural Features-Fratricidal Character of a War between England and America-Old School Dislike to the Republic-American Distaste of English Aristocracy -The Enemies of Monarchy, Aristocracy, and the Old Country-Spread of the Anglo-Saxon-American RaceAmerican Attentions-English Visitors.

IN the last chapter, I have given the reader an opportunity of becoming better acquainted (as far as a few brief pages can effect it, with the History of America up to the time of the signing of the Articles of Independence) than in any other equal number of lines that could be written upon the same subject. The Articles of Independence is a history in itself. Each line contains the ordinary substance of a page. It is a volume contained in a few lines. A book briefly expressed in the narrow limits of a page.

I shall make no apology for having introduced the speeches of two of the greatest statesmen of that period, whose rank as orators requires no eulogy from me to recommend them to the notice and perusal of my reader. The speeches of these eminent men never came in my way for perusal until very recently, and finding that they contained precisely my own sentiments upon the subject, it is

with no small gratification that I present them to the reader.

The act of forcing on our colonies a system of taxation not approved by themselves, was, in its nature, so contrary to what may be termed sound policy, as to induce the Americans to set up a government of their own, and thus publicly and solemnly show to the world that we were unfit to govern them. This is one of the severe lessons that history teaches. May we profit by the lesson. Every individual who has committed a great crime, must suffer for it in some shape or form, either in this world, or in that which is to come. It is the same with nations.

At the present time, when everything seems. to be on the gallop for change, advancement, alteration, the breaking down of old systems, the building up of new ones, how necessary it is that some correct notions should be presented to all classes of people in this country as to the real state of our connexions and relations with our cousins across the Atlantic, and more especially to our people, who hitherto have had so small a share in the government, and who, if I mistake not, will have a great part to play in that direction for good or for evil, and that, before long, particularly if they get the ballot, which, from present appearances, does not at all appear improbable. That the two countries of England and America, so intimately connected, not only by their extensive commercial intercourse, but by all the sacred ties of consanguinity, should be at loggerheads, is a state of things deeply to be lamented by every lover of humanity. That mutual and strong prejudices exist in both countries, as well as great ignorance of each other, is a matter of deep regret. It is to be hoped that the Atlantic steamer, however, has brushed away some of the antiquated and absurd

opinions which have been too long and wrongly entertained towards each other.

I have exerted myself, whenever I have had an opportunity, in creating a good understanding between the two countries, and I have, upon every occasion, recommended travellers, who are constantly going the rounds of Paris, the Rhine, and Italy, over and over again, to make a trip to the United States.

The answer that I invariably get from these Rhine tourists is, "I like to go to a country that has got a history. America has no historical associations; she is a young country." It is perfectly true that she has none of the beautiful cathedrals of the Middle Ages. It is equally a fact, that the old castles of the Rhine, with all their monumental reminiscences of feudal times, are nowhere to be seen upon her extensive states and territories. It is equally true, that the extensive surface on which her modern civilization has developed itself in all its wondrous phases, exhibits the relic of no mill, furiously attacked by the hot enthusiasm and boiling blood of the disciples of knight-errantry. Her history begins a century after the close of that historical period which is denominated the Middle Ages. The age of chivalry likewise was dead when she rose to life. It is true also that no Roman pavements are dug out of her soil; no Adrian's wall can be found upon her surface.

And why is it that all these things are absent? I answer plainly, because America represents and embodies essentially the period that succeeded to those which produced them, viz., the period of modern times. If the soil of America is bereft of these historical reminiscences of past ages, her people, in their hearts, manners, habits, civilization, commerce, sciences, literature, all partake of

its advantages, in an equal degree to the nations of Europe, and perhaps more so.

In all civilized countries, the arts, science, and literature are as intimately connected with the previous historical periods, as the present moment of time stands in continuity and connexion with the moments of antiquity. The men of New England are as much under the influence of the writings of Demosthenes, Plato, Cicero, and Aristotle, as the Frenchman, the German, the Englishman, and the Scotchman. The glorious work of the Reformation has shed as much light on the American mind, and has produced as much fruit, as on any nation in Europe. It might be said, that the Reformation indirectly laid the foundation of the great American Republic. The mighty minds of Galileo, Newton, and Shakespeare are as much interwoven with the American civilization as those of Europe. Science, art, and literature belong to all civilized communities and nations, and they are not confined to any one locality, neither to any one country.

It is the same with history. It is in the realms of mind and intellect that we must look for the true historical epochs. It is in the features of modern civilization that we see the marks of antiquity. It is in science, literature, and art that we read the page of history. The present civilization is but the fruit of past ages. These contain the kernels of antiquity, while the castles of the Rhine, and the cathedrals of the Middle Ages, are only beautiful shells. The invention of printing has produced more newspapers in America than exist in the whole of Europe. The invention of gunpowder, I think, is reversed; Europe is the great consumer.

If it be true that history has a development in the civilization of a people, then I think the Americans have as much history as the various nations of the Old World. The American mind