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of such little importance that I parted with it to Mr. Charles Faulkner, of Deddington, to deposit in his museum there, and with him it remains at the present time."P. 213.

I wonder whether or not the attention of the parochial authorities was called to this little transaction with reference to the parish property. CPL.

LATIN MS. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. KING, ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN. -Dr. King wrote a Latin memoir of his life, commencing with the sentence—“ Ipse natus ex familiâ insigni de Barra in Scotiâ " which has never, I believe, been published. It was given by Dean King of Kildare to Mr. Rigby, Chief Secretary for Ireland, during the Vice-royalty of one of the Dukes of Bedford. I write this in the hope that, if any correspondent of "N. & Q." has seen or heard of such a MS. being still in existence, he will kindly mention the fact in its columns.

As there were two Dukes of Bedford LordsLieutenant of Ireland (John, fourth Duke, LordLieut. Sept. 25, 1757-Oct. 6, 1761; and John, sixth Duke, Lord-Lieut. March 18, 1806-April 19, 1807) I would be glad to know during the Viceroyalty of which of them was Mr. Rigby Chief Secretary? C. S. K.

EARLY POST STAMPS.-What is the earliest instance of a postage stamp on a letter? I have seen one letter from the West of England marked with the letters "A P," and the figure 3 underneath, surrounded by a circle, the date of which was 1696. I should like also to know when goldedged paper was first used. I have seen some foolscap gilt-edged of the date 1685. I think it was Italian paper. W. BARRETT DAVIS.

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"KING SAUL." - - Can you tell me who is author of King Saul, a tragedy written by a deceased person of honour, 4to, 1703: dedicated by H. Playford, the publisher, to the Countess of Burlington, who is said to be related to the author of the play? The authorship was ascribed to Dr. Trapp; but he was at that date only twentyfour years of age, and was certainly not deceased. Is it likely that the play was a posthumous drama of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery, who wrote two dramas which (like Saul) related to Jewish history? The Earl of Orrery was also, I presume, related to the Countess of Burlington, the dedi

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AUGUSTINE WADE: ALBERT SMITH.-Augustine Wade, the author of the words and music of the once celebrated drawing-room song "Meet me by moonlight," the joint editor with Doctor Crotch of a historical and critical work on English vocal music, and a contributor to Bentley's Miscellany in the palmy days of that periodical, disappeared from London life more than twenty years ago. I should be glad to be informed as to what part of Ireland he was born, and about what year; the where and when also of his death, and if any one knows anything of the life and career of this once sweet song-writer and musician worthy of being recorded amongst the res gestæ of literary Irishmen ?

I should feel obliged also if any intimate friend information respecting him. of the late Albert Smith would afford me similar

JOHN SHEEHAN,

Editor of the forthcoming new edition of the Bentley Ballads.

YORK HOUSE.-In the fourth volume of the Vitruvius Britannicus there are plates of the Duke of York's house, in Pall Mall. Whereabouts was it situated, and is it still standing? Also, are there any published plans of York House, now known as Stafford House? Was there not an open court where the hall and staircase now is? and on which side of the mansion are the picture gallery and dining hall? J. B. WHITTLE.

Queries with Answers.

SIR ANDREW CHADWICK.-Can any reader of "N. & Q." inform me, first, where I can meet with a book called "A Genealogical Account of the Families of Chadwick of Chadwick, &c. by Jos. Howard, of Ardwick, Manchester ?" I have tried the British Museum, the Bodleian library, and the Chetham library at Manchester, but cannot find it. Second, Where I can learn anything concerning the pedigree of Sir Andrew Chadwick,

C. J. S.

[The work inquired after by our correspondent we take to be only a portion of Corry's History of Lancashire, 2 vols. 1825, 4to, bound in a separate volume. The second volume of Corry's work contains "A Genealogical Account of the two families of Chadwick of Chadwick, and Chadwick of Healey, Ridware, New Hall, Callow, Leventhorp, &c., with their various connections, in the counties of Lancaster, Stafford, Warwick, Derby, York, &c."

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Knight? He was the son of Ellis Chadwick of thrown from her horse. Sir Andrew appears to have been like Jerrold's Matthew Clear, he saw his way,' and Haslingden, Lancashire, and died in 1768. by his judicious conduct became a great favourite with her Majesty. Among the estates which he purchased during this period was one of considerable extent and importance in Oxford Street, of which the Pantheon formed a part. Among the claimants to this extensive property was an old man who resided in Lancashire, and had in his possession valuable papers relating to it. In the hopes of establishing his claim, he determined to come to London; on his way he was stopped by footpads, and robbed of his money and all the papers connected with the Chadwick estate. Another claimant, a butcher, who was carrying on a respectable business at Islington, suddenly disappeared from the neighbourhood, and even to this day he has not since been heard of. At the time a report was circulated that he had been murdered and buried in his own garden. An aged man, with his wife and son, also laying claim to the Chadwick estate, died four or five years since in St. James's workhouse. A man named Molyneux, a shoemaker, was a claimant, in right of his wife, for the same property. In this case a most awful instance of the Almighty power occurred. One morning Molyneux, on coming down to breakfast-his wife was, as usual, sitting by the fire-side-after drinking a cup of tea, he began to speak to his wife; she did not answer; he looked at her; to his horror he perceived her eyes fixed in a frightful lurid stare-she was dead! It will be remembered by some of our readers, that a poor old woman named Suter, upwards of seventy years of age, died of starvation about a month since, in Whitechapel. She also was a claimant to the same property. To complete the history of this ill-omen'd' estate, it may be worth mentioning that in 1777 two men were executed at Tyburn for forging an instrument purporting to be the genuine will of Sir Andrew Chadwick.† The above are sufficiently illustrative of the remarkable fatality attending the claimants to the property."]

Sir Andrew Chadwick, Knt., the oldest of the band of gentlemen pensioners, died on March 15, 1768, in Poland Street. His wife, Lady Chadwick, died on June 8, 1783, in Broad Street, St. James's. In a codicil to the will of this eccentric knight he cancels a former gift to the notorious John Wilkes, Esq., in behalf of another patriot of equal zeal and public spirit, honest Alexander Scott. No little round abuse and keen hatred is poured on the heads of the Foxes and the clique at Holland House. As to "St. Stephen's Chapel," he adds, it is grown so very dirty, I wish it could be brushed a little; and I hope that one day or other a dose will be given to it which will push out the plug, and thoroughly purge it from its venality and corruption. Alas! the struggles for liberty of one poor Cato in our age is like the wren pissing

in the sea."

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Leaving political affairs, this Quixotic knight, in a subsequent part of his curious codicil, reverts to more domestic matters. He says, 66 My horses to be taken care of; my estate not exposed to public sale; and that the future good of my wife, and her happiness, is the sole motive for my restricting her from Mrs. Caroline Glover's company. I have no enmity to Mrs. Glover nor anybody. God bless her and every body, say I, and send her soon a good husband, a thing she has more need of than he has of her. My estate is my own, and all my own getting; and I will dispose of it as I please." This emorable codicil was written by himself on two bits of chandler's shop wrapper paper, a few days before his

death.

Sir Andrew Chadwick's estate was estimated at about 7000% per annum, and 14,000l. in the stocks, which in 1771 was possessed, except the cash, by James Taylor, Esq. of Carter Place in Lancashire, who married Miss Lowes, second cousin to Sir Andrew. (Annual Register, xiv. 143.) It appears, however, from a cutting in our Note-book from some local paper of the year 1836, that a most singular fatality has attended, for a series of years, all the persons who have laid claim to the estates of this renowned knight:

"The property has been estimated to be in value little less than one million and a half. On referring to a number of works published during the reign of Queen Anne, it has been ascertained that the subject of this article was first noticed at court, and received the honour of knighthood in consequence of his having, at very considerable personal risk, saved Queen Anne from being

WILLIAM BEALE.-In Bennett and Marshall's Collection of Chants, there is a double chant by W. Beale. I presume the composer was William Beale, who wrote some excellent madrigals, glees, and songs. All that I can ascertain about him is from the Biographical and Historical Dictionary

*We doubt the accuracy of this statement; for it was Term, 1769, between Law and Taylor, plaintiffs, and given in evidence, in a trial at Lancaster Assizes, Hilary Duckworth and Wilkinson, defendants, respecting the heirs-at-law of Sir Andrew Chadwick, and their claim to his estates, that "Ellis Chadwick married in Ireland a lady of fashion, who had some connection with her late majesty Queen Anne, and had issue by her the late Sir Andrew Chadwick. Ellis, the father, dying in his son's infancy, about the year 1693, his widow brought her son Andrew over to England, where he was early introduced at Court, and being contemporary with the young Duke of Gloucester, became a great favourite with him, was knighted, and had divers preferments.

For the trials of Edmund Burch and Matthew Martin on Sept. 17, 1771, at the Old Bailey, see The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser of Sept. 20, 1771.

of Musicians, where it is stated that he was brought up as a chorister at Westminster Abbey. I wish further biographical data. Wm. Plumridge Beale died at Manchester Nov. 8, 1836. He was another member of the family, I believe. B. ST. J. B. JOULE.

Southampton.

[William Beale, the celebrated composer of glees and madrigals, was born at Landrake in Cornwall on Jan. 1, 1784. In 1787, Robert Beale, his father, having received an appointment in the Custom House, removed to London, and in 1792 W. Beale was created a singing boy in Westminster Abbey, where he received his first musical instructions under Dr. Ben. Cooke, and at the death of Dr. Cooke became a pupil of Dr. Arnold. On leaving the Abbey in 1799 he went to sea as a midshipman on board the Revolutionnaire; but finding the sea not suitable to his constitution, on his return in 1801 he was appointed a letter-sorter in the General Post-Office, through the influence of his friend Lord Charles Spencer, but resigned his situation shortly afterwards, and adopted music as his profession. In the year 1813 he gained the prize cup

awarded by the Madrigal Society, to the composer of "Awake, sweet Muse," and was appointed gentleman of his Majesty's Chapel Royal in 1816. In 1820 he was elected organist of Trinity and St. John's Colleges, Cambridge, which office he retained till 1822, when in consequence (to quote his own words) "of ill-treatment I received I resigned my appointment, and returned to London very much disgusted." On his return to London he was elected

organist of St. Ann's, and afterwards of the parish church, Wandsworth, which appointments he held over eighteen years, and left in 1842, on being offered the organist's situation of St. John's, Clapham Rise, which office he held until 1851. In the year 1840 he gained the prize of ten guineas for the best setting of harmony (written by Professor Taylor), given by the Adelphi Glee Club; and departed this life May 3, 1854, having been for two years a claimant on the Royal Society of Musicians, of which society he had been a member since 1812. Mr. W. Beale was married in 1802 to Charlotte Elkins, by whom he had ten children, all of whom (with the exception of the eldest) died in their childhood. In 1826 he contracted a second marriage with Georgiana Grove, by whom he had four sons, two of whom are still living. Mr. W. Beale's compositions are published by Messrs. Lonsdale, Old Bond Street, who are also in possession of several of his unpublished MSS.]

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levait ou voyait lever devant lui, et en faisant son gibier."

My question is, what was the English Review to which Stendal contributed? By whom were his articles (written, I assume, in French) translated into English? How are the articles to be distinguished? J. H. C.

[R. Colomb thus concludes his notice of the Life and Works of Henri Beyle, prefixed to La Chartreuse de Parme, par Stendhal (Paris, 1846, 12mo): "Pour ne rien omettre dans la nomenclature des compositions littéraires de Beyle qui ont été imprimées, je dois ajouter que, pendant les années 1827, 1828, 1829, il donna un assez grand nombre d'articles au New Monthly Magazine, revue publiée à Londres: c'étaient des appréciations littéraires des nouveautés françaises." These articles seem to have appeared anonymously.]

GERMAN ENCYCLOPÆDIAS.-Would the Editor, or some of the readers of "N. & Q.," be kind enough to give some critical account and estimate of the two works mentioned below? I wish to know how they fairly stand in comparison with others of similar character, and in reference to the present state of scholarship. Any shorter or more detailed reviews? All information welcome.

"Real Encyklopädie für Protestantische Theologie und Kirche, h. von Dr. Hertzog. Erlangen." 23 vols. roy. 8vo.

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[Hertzog's Encyclopædia is, as its title indicates, confined to biblical and ecclesiastical subjects, though it is by no means very stringent in its confines. The publication began about ten years ago, and is just finished. Among its contributors are nearly all the best and most recent writers on the subjects it treats of, and it is thoroughly well done.

Ersch & Gruber's Encyclopædia is a work more like our own Encyclopædia Britannica in scope, though much more diffuse and exhaustive in character, and including, as it does, History, Biography, and Archæology, it is not merely an Encyclopædia of Science. But then it began fifty years ago, and is not yet finished, though 120 vols. 4to, are published; consequently many of the earlier articles are quite out of date. Some of the first writers of the last half-century contributed much of their best work to this Encyclopædia.]

MAP OF NORWAY.-What is the best mountaineer's and yachtsman's map of Norway—not a mere road-map? PER MARE PER TERRAM.

[The recent edition of Professor P. H. Munch's (of Christiana) Map of Norway is no doubt such a map as our correspondent requires. It is issued in two sheets, which may be procured in one case for 12s. 6d. of Mr. Edward Stanford, the well-known mapseller at Charing Cross.]

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OLD SONG: MERMAID.-I remember hearing, as a child, a song connected with the superstition respecting mermaids, commencing:

-

"One Friday morning when we set sail,
Not very far from land,

We there did espy a fair pretty maid,

With a comb and a glass in her hand."
The air was particularly plaintive and sweet.
Can any of your correspondents refer me to the
original of the words or the air, or both?

G. K.
[The words and the air of this old sea-song are given
in Chappell's Popular Music of the Olden Time, ii 742.]
INVERESK.-I observe in the New Statistical
Account of Scotland, that the Rev. Adam Colt's
account of this parish was published" among the
Maitland Club books." I can find no mention of
it in the list of the Club books in the British
Museum Library Catalogue. Perhaps some one
will kindly inform me if the account of Colt was
a separate publication, or if it only appeared in
one of the Club miscellanies ?

F. M. S.

[Adam Colt's account of the parish of Inveresk is printed in No. 34 of the Maitland Club books, entitled Reports on the State of Certain Parishes in Scotland, made to his Majesty's Commissioners for Plantation of Kirks, &c., pp. 75-81. Edinb. 1835.]

"VITE SANCTORUM PATRUM."-Can you inform me of the date of a folio volume beginning "Incipit prologus in Vitas Sanctorum Patrum,' and ending "Explicit liber quintus de vitis sanctorum patrum. Deo gratias"? At the commencement of the third book it reads: "Incipit prologus Palladii epi in libru tertiu de vitis patrû." It is lettered Vita Sanctorum Patrum, 1470.

LLOYD P. SMITH, Librarian.

Library Company of Philadelphia. [There are three editions of this work in the British Museum with the following conjectured names of the printers as well as dates. Editions of 1470 and 1475 by Ulrich Zell, Cologne. Edit. 1472 by Conrad de Homborch, Cologne.]

Replies.

HANNIBAL'S PASSAGE OF THE ALPS.

(4th S. ii. 239, 350.)

I suppose that nobody at the present day will accept literally Livy's story of Hannibal and the vinegar, which, for the sake of clearness, I tran

scribe:

"Inde ad rupem muniendam, per quam unam via esse poterat, milites ducti, quum cædendum esset saxum, arboribus circa immensibus dejectis detruncatisque, struem apta faciendo igni coorta esset), succendunt, ardentiaque ingentem lignorum faciunt: eamque (quum et vis venti saxa infuso aceto putrefaciunt."-Lib. xxi. 37.

Certainly, it may be supposed that rocks heated And disposed to split, though not on so large a scale as with fire and moistened with vinegar would be is here represented to have been the case. how, amidst frost and snow, during the fifteen days of the passage (xxi. 38), could Hannibal purpose? Merely heating a rock by large fires have collected wood and vinegar enough for the would not make it penetrable by an axe, except in a very slight degree; and the Carthaginians, dialect of it (see Plauti Panulus), would hardly speaking, as they did, the Hebrew tongue, or a go out of their way to adopt the term foreign to For these reasons I them of acheto or accetta. cannot adopt the conjecture of SIR T. TANCRED'S travelling companion, or the strong opinion of your correspondent M. H. R. that it has "common sense and probability in its favour"; and if a road was really made by the pickaxe, should expect some traces of it to appear on the face of the rocks at this day. But no traveller seems to have observed anything of the kind. Yet, if the inscriptions of the Wady Mokatteb still remain, the Alps? why not the marks of the pickaxe on the rocks of

Unless we are content to treat the whole story as a fable, I cannot see how Hannibal can have forced his way over the Alps by fire and vinegar, unless we suppose him to have applied them, not

“CALEB QUOTEM."-I have a facetious squib to the rocks, but to his men, and in this manner. entitled

"Caleb Quotem having decamped from Windsor, to the irreparable loss of that salubrious spot, takes life in London, in his way to a temporary residence in the city of Bristol, where he hopes to be honored with the Commands of the Nobility, Geatry, &c. in the following Avocations. Bennett, Printer, Bristol." No date.

Can you tell me the author of the above, and D. R. FORREST. to whom it refers?

[The allusion in this squib is doubtless to Henry Lee the stage manager, and author of Caleb Quotem and his Wife; or, Paint, Poetry, and Putty! To which is added a Postscript, including the scene always played in The Review, or Wags of Windsor, but omitted in the edition lately published by G. Colman, Esq. Lond. 1809, 8vo. For a literary account of this opera, see Geneste's Ac

count of the Stage, vii. 387-390.]

It appears the descent was made in the winter, and therefore amongst these elevated regions of perpetual snow and frost, fires would be absolutely necessary for the comfort and safety of both men without them. So far as to the first of Hanniand animals; in fact they must have perished bal's allies, viz. fire. With regard to the second, vinegar, whose operation is not so evident, it appears to have been generally in use with the natives of warm climates, as it certainly was afterwards in the Roman army, and that as a restorative and for the purpose of refreshment after fatigue. Thus, as early as the time of Ruth we read of it :-" And Boaz said to her, At meal time come thou hither, and eat of the bread, and dip thy morsel in the vinegar." (Ruth, ii. 14.) The

Greeks had their oğußupov (Athenæus, xi. 67), the Latins their acetabulum, as a standing part of the apparatus of their tables; and lastly, the poet alludes in distinct terms to its restorative powers, "Perfer et obdura; dolor hic tibi proderit olim : Sæpe tulit lassis succus amarus opem." Ovid, Amores, III. xi. 7.

Vinegar, or some thin wine mixed with water, was the common drink of the Roman soldiers; and in offering to our Blessed Lord, when on the cross, vinegar mingled with gall (Matt. xxvii. 34), and wine mingled with myrrh (Mark, xv. 23), the intention was to present to him, by way of mockery, the most refreshing, joined to the most unpalatable things possible. But St. John states (xix. 29) that there was set a vessel full of vinegar" (σkevos Ovv čkelto Ŏčovs μEOTÓ), which words may be translated, with equal propriety, there happened to be set, &c. But how did it happen to be set there? It must have belonged to the quaternion of soldiers who superintended and performed the crucifixion; and either they, or some other persons, in compassion, put a sponge moistened with it, upon hyssop, and applied it to our Blessed Lord's mouth; thereby fulfilling the last particular of prophecy. This probably was the act of the soldiers themselves: for mere spectators would hardly have been allowed to inter

fere with their criminal.

These remarks on the common use and restora

tive properties of vinegar have gone to a greater length than was intended; but the general inference proposed to be drawn from them is, that Hannibal's army were enabled by it to support the toil and fatigues of their dangerous march; simple means often producing extraordinary effects; and that in one sense, though not in that of Livy's narrative, fire and vinegar really brought them into Lombardy. We may imagine them, when asked by the astonished natives how they could possibly have managed to pass the mountains, to have replied that it was these supplied the means; and that which was in its origin a mere military jest, to have been retained as something wonderful and miraculous, and adding to the prestige of the Carthaginian army.

I will only add, that if any one is still disposed to accept Livy's narrative au pied de la lettre, I hope that in these days of inquiry he will be so good as to try the experiment himself. I stipulate only that it shall be on a sufficiently large scale will allow him any number of faggots and quantity of vinegar he pleases, and an indefinite number of achetos into the bargain, and trust that

he will let us know the result.

X. P.S. Upon looking over the above observations, I see it is not remarked, as it should have been, that if aceto be supposed to signify an axe, or pickaxe, the engineers would, according to Livy's

account, have had no means of forcing a passage for Hannibal's army beyond the use of fire and a pickaxe. Surely that would be insufficient, even if the rock were not granite.

The statement in Livy referred to by your correspondent is too circumstantial to admit of the construction suggested, "succendunt (sc. arbores) ardentiaque saxa infuso aceto putrefaciunt." Polybius, from whom Livy is known to have largely borrowed, does not, I believe, mention the circumstance. Pliny, who borrowed from every body, and therefore perhaps from Livy, holds (lib. iii.) "acetum infusum saxa rumpere, quæ non ruperet On the other hand, Dio Cass. ignis antecedens." (lib. xxxvi.), sub init., speaking of an entirely different event, tells us that the town of Eleutheræ was taken owing to its walls having been softened by vinegar treacherously applied during the night, but was once credible. Add to this the general rewithout the ceremony of fire, which seems absurd, ception of the tale by later writers, such as Juvenal, Sat. x. line 153, "montem rumpit aceto" (where the last word looks like a hatchet, in Livy's time called ascia, "unde hache, hachette," but is no such thing), Plutarch, Seneca, Florus, and others mentioned in the note to Juvenal ubi sup. (Casaubon's edition, 1695), and the mystic influence of vinegar over pearls, and in debate generally, and I think we had better come quietly to the conclusion-firstly, the thing itself was a mere chance sapping and that Livy's account is not true; and secondly, that mining experiment in lime-burning, quite in a small way, magnified by gobemoucherie into a general softening and scouring of the whole passage, just as books are now said to be written with paste and scissors, though in fact it is only a few saving clauses here and there that are so written.

R. H. S.

J. C. M. is quite right in saying that "Livy's tion that he meant anything else by aceto but description is too minute to allow of the supposi

vinegar."

The fact is that I had not a copy of Livy at hand when I wrote my last paper, and, from rather I thought I could give the historian the benefit a hazy recollection of how the word aceto occurred, of a doubt as to his really meaning anything so is too plain that he must have been grossly imabsurd. On consulting the original, however, it posed upon, and have confounded the word used for a pickaxe with that which signifies vinegar. theory the modern Italian names of the varieties M. H. R. kindly cites in confirmation of my of this implement, pronounced atchetta and atchettone, words which a Cockney at any rate could not utter without reminding one of a hatchet. May I express a hope that some of the etymological scholars who are contributors to "N. & Q." will

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