and divided into as many parts as there are intended to be steps in the staircase, so that they may be measured and distributed with accuracy.

STRAIGHT JOINT FLOOR. See FLOOR.

STRAIN. (Sax. Streng.) The force exerted on any material tending to disarrange or destroy the cohesion of its component parts.

STRAINING PIECE OF STRUTTING PIECE. A beam placed between two opposite beams to prevent their nearer approach, as rafters, braces, struts, &c. If such a piece serves also the office of a sill, it is called a straining sill.

STRAP. (Dutch, Stroppe.) An iron plate for the connection of two or more timbers, whereinto it is screwed by bolts.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.

See Book II. Chap. I. Sect. 11.

STRETCHED OUT. A term applied to a surface that will just cover a body so extended that all its parts are in a plane, or may be made to coincide with a plane.

STRETCHER. A brick or stone laid with its longer face in the surface of the wall. STRETCHING COURSE. In walling, a course of stones or bricks laid with their longer dimensions in a horizontal line parallel to the face of the wall; it is exactly the contrary of a heading course, in which the breadths of the stones or bricks are laid in a straight line parallel to the face of the wall.

STRIE. (Lat.) The lists or fillets between the flutes of columns.
STRIATED. Champered or channeled.

STRIGES.

The channels of a fluted column.

STRIKING. A term used to denote the draught of lines on the surface of a body; the term is also used to denote the drawing of lines on the face of a piece of stuff for mortises, and cutting the shoulders of tenons. Another application of the word occurs in the practice of joinery, to denote the act of running a moulding with a plane. The striking of a centre is the removal of the timber framing upon which an arch is built, after its completion. STRING OF STRING PIECE. That part of a flight of stairs which forms its ceiling or sofite. STRING BOARD. In wooden stairs, the board next the well-hole which receives the ends of the steps; its face follows the direction of the well-hole, whatever the form: when curved, it is frequently formed in thicknesses glued together, though sometimes it is got out of the solid, like a hand-rail.

STRIX. (Lat.) A channel in a fluted column.

STRUCK. A term used to denote the removal of any temporary support in a building during its execution.

STRUT. See BRACE.

STRUTTING BEAM OF STRUT BEAM.

A term used by old writers in carpentry, for what

is now called a straining or collar beam.

STRUTTING PIECE. The same as STRAINING PIECE, which see; and also BRIDGINGS and KEYS.

Srucco. (Fr. Stuc.) A term indefinitely applied to calcareous cements of various descriptions.

STUDS. (Sax.) The quarters or posts in partitions. The term is used chiefly in the provinces.

STUFF. (Dutch.) A general term for the wood used by joiners.

STYLOBATA. See PEDESTAL.

SUBDIVISION AND Apartments ofF A BUILDING. See Book III. Chap. II. Sect. 5.

SUBNORMAL. The distance between the foot of the ordinate and a perpendicular to the curve (or its tangent) upon the axis.

SUB-PLINTH. A second and lower plinth placed under the principal one in columns and pedestals.

SUB-PRINCIPALS. The same as auxiliary rafters or principal braces.

SUDATIO. (Lat.) See CONCAMERATA SUDATIO.

SUGGER. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 96.

SUMMER. The lintel of a door, window, &c. A beam tenoned into a girder to support the ends of joints on both sides of it. It is frequently used as a synonyme for a girder. Also a large stone laid over columns and pilasters in the commencement of a cross vault. It is, moreover, used in the same sense as BRESSUMMER, which see. SUMMER TREE. See DORMANT TREE.

SUMMERING. See BEDS OF A STONE.

SUNK SHELVES. Such as are formed with a groove in them to prevent the plates, dishes, or other materials sliding off their upper surface.

SUPERSTRUCTURE. (Lat.) The work built on the foundation of a building.

part.

SUPPORT. See POINTS OF SUPPORT.

SURBASE. The series of mouldings immediately above the base of a room.
SWALLOW-TAILED. See DOVE-TAILED.
SWEDISH TIMBER, See p. 485.

The upper

SYCAMORE. The acer pseudo-platanus, a tree, whose wood is much used by turners. See p. 486. SYENITE. A stone which consists of feldspar and hornblende, of various colours, as reddish, dull green, &c., as the feldspar or hornblende may predominate. It obtained the name from its abundance of syene, and according to Pliny was at first named pyropacilos. It is, in fact, a species of granite, and was the material used for Pompey's Pillar. SYMMETRY. (Gr. Zuv, with, and Merpw, I measure.) A system of proportion in a building, from which results from one part the measurement of all the rest. It also conveys the meaning of uniformity as regards the answering of one part to another. SYSTYLE. (Gr.) See COLONNADE.

TABERN. A provincial term for a cellar.

T.

TABERNACLE. (Lat.) In Catholic churches the name given to a small representation of an edifice placed on the altar for containing consecrated vessels, &c.

TABLE. In perspective, the same as the plane of the picture, being the paper or canvas on which a perspective drawing is made, and usually perpendicular to the horizon. In the theory of perspective, it is supposed to be transparent for simplifying the theory. TABLE OF TABLET. (Lat. Tabula.) A flat surface generally charged with some ornamental figure. The outline is generally rectangular, and when raised from the naked of the wall, is called a projecting or raised table. When not perpendicular to the horizon, it is called a raking table. When the surface is rough, frosted, or vermiculated, from being broken with the hammer, it is called a rusticated table.

TABLE, CORBEL. See CORBEL TABLE.

TABLE OF GLASS. In glass works and among glaziers, a circular plate of glass, being its original form before it is cut or divided into squares. Twenty-four tables make a case. TABLE, WATER. An inclined plane where a wall sets off to a smaller projection, for the purpose of throwing off the water, principally used in buttresses and other parts of Gothic edifices.

TABLET. The same as TABLE.

TABLING. A term used by the Scotch builders to denote the coping of the walls of very common houses.

TABLINUM. (Lat.) In Roman architecture, an apartment situated in the narrow part of the atrium, as is supposed, fronting the entrance. Its exact position is not now known, and indeed the situation of it may, under circumstances, have varied, its true place therefore must be a matter of doubt.

TABULATUM. (Lat.) A term used by the Romans not only in respect to the floors, wainscottings, ceilings, &c., which were constructed of wood, but also to balconies and other projecting parts, which latter Vitruvius calls projectiones.

TACKS. Small nails used for various purposes, but principally for stretching cloth upon a board.

TÆNIA. (Gr.) The fillet which separates the Doric frieze from the architrave.

TAIL. (Verb.) A term denoting the hold of any bearing piece on that which supports it, as where the end of a timber lies or tails upon the wall. The expression is similar to what

in joinery is called housing, with this difference, that housing expresses the complete surrounding of the cavity of the piece which is let in.

TAIL BAYS. See CASE BAYS.

TAIL TRIMMER. One next the wall, into which the ends of joints are fastened, in order to avoid flues.

TAILING. The part of a projecting stone or brick inserted in a wall.
TAILLOIR. (Fr.) The name which the French give to the abacus.

TALON. (Fr.) The name given by the French to the ogee.

TAMBOUR. (Fr. a drum.) A term denoting the naked ground on which the leaves of the Corinthian and Composite capitals are placed. It signifies also the wall of a circular temple surrounded with columns, and further the circular vertical part below a cupola as well as above it.

TANGENT. (Lat. Tango.) A line drawn perpendicular to the extremity of the diameter of a circle, and therefore touching it only at one point. In trigonometry it is a line drawn perpendicularly from the extremity of the diameter, at one end of the arc, and bounded by a straight line drawn from the centre through the other.

TAPERING. A term expressive of the gradual approach, as they rise, of the sides of a body to each other, so that if continued they would terminate in a point.

TARRAS. See Book II. Chap. II. Sect. 10. It is a strong cement, useful in aquatic works. TASSALS. (Fr.) The pieces of timber lying under the mantel tree.

TASTE.

See p. 673. 676.

TAVELLE. (Lat.) Bricks in ancient Roman architecture which were seven inches long and three and a half broad.

TAXIS. (Gr.) A term used by Vitruvius to signify that disposition which assigns to every part of a building its just dimensions. Modern architects have called it or

donnance.

TAYLOR, SIR ROBERT. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 302.

TEAZE TENON. A tenon on the top of a post, with a double shoulder and tenon from each, for supporting two level pieces of timber at right angles to each other.

TECTORIUM OPUS. (Lat.) A name in ancient architecture given to a species of plastering used on the walls of their apartments.

TELAMONES. (Gr. Tλaw, to support.) Figures of men used in the same manner as Caryatides. They are sometimes called atlantes.

TEMONES. (Gr. Teuvos.) The places in a temple where statues were placed.

TEMPERED. An epithet applied to bricks which may be cut with ease, and reduced with ease to a required form. The term is also applied to mortar and other cement, which has been well beaten and mixed together.

TEMPLA. (Lat.) Timbers in the roof of the Roman temples, which rested on the cantherii, or principal rafters, similar to our purlins.

TEMPLATE. An improper orthography for TEMPLET, which see.

TEMPLE. (Lat.) Generally an edifice erected for the public exercise of religious worship. The subject of temples has been so fully considered in the body of the work, under the different heads of Ancient, Grecian, and Roman Architecture, that we shall here confine ourselves to the description of the different species of temples mentioned by Vitruvius. The difference between temples is by that author thus given (book iii.): — A temple is said to be in antis when it has antæ or pilasters in front of the walls, which enclose the cells, with two columns between the antæ. A plan of such a temple is seen in fig. 1047.

It was crowned with a pediment, and was not dissimilar to the prostylos temple, to which we shall presently come. In the figure, A is the cell, aa the antæ, and if in front of them, the columns bbbb were placed, it would be a prostyle temple; C is the door of the cell, and B the pronaos. The appearance in front of this species is the same as the amphiprostyle temple, which is given in fig. 1048., and wherein columns are also placed in front of the antæ. Of the prostyle temple, an example, that of the temple of Jupiter and Faunus, existed on the island of the Tyber at Rome. In the figure of the amphiprostyle temple, A is the cell, B the pronaos, C the posticus, D the door of the cell, and aa are the antæ. It will be immediately seen that the same elevation will apply (fig. 1049.) to both the plans just given. The amphiprostyle temple, be it observed, has columns in the rear as well as in front, and is distinguished by that from the prostylos of fig. 1047., wherein the columns bbbb (fig. 1048.) would make that prostylos which, but for them, would be merely a temple in antis. The amphiprostylos then only differs from the prostyle by having columns in the rear, repeated similarly to those in the front, The fig. 1049.

applies on double the scale of the plan to both figs. 1047. and 1048., and is a diastyle tetrastyle temple, that is, one whose intercolumniations (see COLONNADE) are of three diameters, and the number of whose columns is four.

A peripteral temple had six columns in front and rear, and eleven on the flanks, counting the two columns on the angles (see fig. 1050.), and these were so placed that their

distance from the wall was equal to an intercolumniation or space between the columns all round, and thus it formed a walk around the cell. In fig. 1051. is the elevation of

the species, which is hexastyle and eustyle, that is, with six columns in front, whose intercolumniation is eustyle, or of two diameters and a quarter. (See COLONNADE.) In this figure, which is to a double scale of the plan, aaa are acroteria.

The pseudo-dipteral temple was constructed with eight columns in front and rear, and with fifteen on the sides, including those at the angles, see fig. 1052. The walls of the

cell are opposite to the four middle columns of the front and of the rear. Hence, from the walls to the front of the lower part of the columns, there will be an interval equal to two intercolumniations and the thickness of a column all round. No example existed of such a temple at Rome; but there was one to Diana, built by Hermogenes of Alabanda, in Magnesia, and that of Apollo by Menesthes. The dipteral temple (fig. 1053.) is octasty los like the former, and with a pronaos and posticum, but all round the cell are two ranks of columns: such was the temple of Diana, built by Ctesiphon. The

elevation (fig. 1054.) is the same in the dipteral and pseudo-dipteral temple, and in the figure is with the systyle intercolumniation.

The hypathral temple, or that uncovered in the centre, is decastylos in the pronaos and posticum; it is in other respects (see fig. 1055.) similar to the dipteral, except that