Fig. 1055.

in the inside it has two stories of columns all round, at some distance from the walls, after the manner of the peristylia of porticoes (see fig. 1056.), in which one half is the elevation and the other half the section of the temple.

We have described the peripteral temple, but there is still another connected with that species, though distinct, and that is the pseudo-peripteral, or false peripteral, in which there is no passage round the walls of the cell, but an appearance of surrounding columns (see fig. 1057.).

Fig. 1057.

Vitruvius thus describes, as follows, the

The elevation of this is given in fig. 1058. proportions of the Tuscan temple:

The length of the site of the temple intended (see fig. 1059.) must be divided into six parts, whence, by subtracting one part, the width thereof is obtained. The length is then divided into two parts, of which the furthest is assigned to the cell, that next the front to the reception of the columns.

The above width is to be divided into ten parts, of which three to the right and three to the left are for the smaller cells, or for the alæ, if such are required; the remaining four are to be given to the central part. The space before the cells in the pronaos is to have its columns so arranged that those at the angles are to correspond with the antæ of the external walls: the two central ones opposite the walls between the antæ and the middle of the temple are to be so disposed, that between the antæ and the above columns, and in that direction, others may be placed.

Their thickness below is to be one-seventh of their height, their height one-third of the width of the temple, and their thickness at top is to be onefourth less than their thickness at bottom. Their bases are to be half a diameter in height. The plinths, which are to be circular, are half the height of the base, with a torus and fillet on them as high as the plinth.

Fig. 1059.

The height of the capital is to be half a diameter, and the width of the abacus equal to the lower diameter of the column. The height of the capital must be divided into three parts, whereof one is assigned to the plinth or abacus, another to the echinus, the third to the hypotrachelium, with its apophyge.

Over the columns coupled beams are laid of such height as the magnitude of the work may require. Their width must be equal to that of the hypotrachelium at the top of the column, and they are to be so coupled together with dovetailed dowels as to leave a space of two inches between them. Above the beams and walls the mutul project one-fourth of the height of the columns. In front of these members are fixed, and over them, the tympanum of the pediment, either of masonry or timber.

Of circular temples there are two species; the monopteral (fig. 1060.) having columns without a cell, and the peripteral with a cell as in fig. 1061. In this last the clear diameter of the cell within the walls is to be equal to the height of the columns above the pedestal. Of this species was the celebrated temple at Tivoli, in the admiration whereof no dissentient from its allowed beauty has hitherto been recorded. With it situation has doubtless much to do.

TEMPLET. A mould used in masonry and brickwork for the purpose of cutting or setting out the work. When particular accuracy is required, two templets should be used, one for moulding the end of the work, and its reverse for trying the face. When many stones or bricks are required to be wrought with the same mould, the templets ought to be made of copper.

The term is also used to denote a short piece of timber sometimes laid under a girder, particularly in brick buildings.

TENON. (Fr. Tenir.) A projecting rectangular prism formed on the end of a piece of timber to be inserted into a mortise of the same form.

TENON SAW. One with a brass or steel back for cutting tenons.

TENSION. The stretching or degree of stretching to which a piece of timber or other material is strained by drawing it in the direction of its length.

TEOCOPOLI. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 231.

TEPIDARIUM. (Lat.) A name given to one of the apartments of a Roman bath.

TERM OF TERMINUS. A sort of trunk, pillar, or pedestal often in the form of the frustum of an inverted obelisk with the bust of a man, woman, or satyr on the top. TERRA COTTA. (It.) Baked or burnt earth, frequently used at an early period for the architectural decoration of a building. In the time of Pausanias there were in many temples statues of the deities made of this material. Bassi rilievi of terra cotta were frequently employed to ornament the friezes of temples. In modern times it has also been much used for architectural decoration, being plastic at first, easily worked, solid, and not expensive.

TERRACE. An area raised before a building above the level of the ground to serve as a walk. The word is sometimes but improperly used to denote a balcony or gallery. TESSELATED PAVEMENT. A rich pavement of Mosaic work made of small square marbles, bricks, tiles, or pebbles, called tesselæ or tessera.

TESSERA. (Gr.) A cube or die. This name was, for what reason we are at a loss to conceive, applied to a composition used some years ago for covering flat roofs, but now, from its failure, quite abandoned.

TESTUDO. (Lat.) A name given by the ancients to a light surbased vault with which they ceiled the grand halls in baths and mansions. Generally, 7, any arched roof. TETRADORON. (Gr.) A species of brick four palms in length. TETRAGON. (Gr.) A figure which has four sides and as many angles.

TETRASPASTOS. (Gr. Terpa, four, and Enaσow, to draw). A machine working with four pulleys.

TETRASTYLE. (Gr. Terpa, and ETVλos, a column.) See COLONNADE.

THATCH. The covering of straw or reeds used on the roofs of cottages, barns, and such buildings.

THEATRE. (Gr. Oeaoual, to see.) A place appropriated to the representation of dramatic spectacles. In respect of the ancient theatres see page 71.; and of modern theatres, Book III. Chap. III. Sect. 16.

THEODOLITE.
planes.

THEODORUS.
THEOREM.

THERME.

An instrument used in surveying for taking angles in vertical or horizontal

See ARCHITECTS, list of, 1.

A proposition which is the subject of demonstration.

See BATH.

THOMAS OF CANTERBURY. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 138.

THOROUGH FRAMING.

The framing of doors and windows, a term almost obsolete.

THOROUGH LIGHTED ROOMS. Such as have windows on opposite sides.
THRESHOLD OF A DOOR. The sill of the door frame.

THROAT. See GORGE and CHIMNEY.

THRUST. The force exerted by any body or system of bodies against another. Thus the thrust of an arch is the power of the arch stones considered as a combination of wedges to overturn the abutments or walls from which the arch springs.

THYNNE. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 235.

TIE. (Sax. Tian, to bind.) A timber-string, chain, or iron rod connecting two bodies together, which have a tendency to diverge from each other, such as tie-beams, diagonal ties, truss-posts, &c. Braces may act either as ties or straining pieces. Straining pieces are preferable to ties, for these cannot be so well secured at the joints as straining pieces.

TIE (ANGLE). See ANGLE BRACE,

TIE BEAM. The beam which connects the bottom of a pair of principal rafters, and prevents them from thrusting out the wall.

TIERCE POINT. The vertex of an equilateral triangle. Arches or vaults of the third point, which are called by the Italians di terzo acuto, are such as consist of two arcs of a circle intersecting at the top.

TIETLANDUS. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 72.

TIGE. (Fr.) A term used by the French, signifying the shaft of a column. TILE. (Sax. Tigel.) A thin piece or plate of baked clay or other material used for the external covering of a roof. See Book II. Chap. III. Sect. 9. In ancient buildings two forms of tiles were used. The imbrex, placed in regular rows to receive the shower, and the tegula, which covered and prevented the rain from penetrating the joints. The latter were fixed at the eaves with upright ornamental pieces called antefixe, which were also repeated along the ridge at the junction of the tiles. The present common tiles of Italy are on this principle, and are shown by fig. 1062.

TIMBER. (Sax. Timbrian, to build.) Properly denotes all such wood, either growing or cut down, as is suited to the purposes of building. A single piece of wood, similarly employed, is so called as one of the timbers of a floor, roof, &c. See Book II. Chap. II. Sect. 4.

TIODAS. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 73.

TOMB. (Gr. Tuubos.) A grave or place for the interment of a human body, including also any commemorative monument raised over such a place. The word embraces every variety of grave and sepulchral monument, from the meanest grave to the most sumptuous mausoleum.

TONDINO. (It.) Same as TORUS, which see.

TONGUE. See GROOVE.

TOOLS. (Sax.) Instruments used by artificers for the reduction of any material to its

intended form. An account of those used by each set of workmen will be found under each department in Book II. Chap. III.

TOOTH. The iron or steel point in a gage which marks the stuff in its passage, or draws a line parallel to the arris of the piece of wood.

TOOTHING. A projecting piece of material which is to be received into an adjoining piece. A tongue or series of tongues.

TOP BEAM. The same as COLLAR BEAM, which see.

TOP RAIL, imports.

The uppermost rail of a piece of framing or wainscotting, as its name

TORSEL. The same as TASSEL, which see.

TORSION. The twisting strain on any material.

TORUS. (Lat.) A large moulding whose section is semicircular, used in the bases of columns. The only difference between it and the astragal is in the size, the astragal being much smaller.

TOWER. (Sax.) A lofty building of several stories, round or polygonal.

TOWN HALL. A building in which the affairs of a town are transacted. See Book III. Chap. III. Sect. 7.

TRABEATION. Another term for ENTABLATURE.

TRABS. The Latin term for a wall-plate.

TRACERY. In Gothic architecture, the intersection, in various ways, of the mullions in the head of a window, the subdivisions of groined vaults, &c.

TRAMMEL. An instrument for describing an ellipsis by continued motion.

TRANSEFT (quasi, transseptum). The transverse portion of a cruciform church; that part which is placed between and extends beyond those divisions of the building containing the nave and choir. It is one of the arms projecting each way on the side of the stem of the cross.

TRANSOM. A beam across a window of two lights in height. If a window have no transom it is called a clear story window.

TRANSVERSE.

TRANSTRA. (Lat.) The horizontal timbers in the roofs of ancient Roman buildings. Lying in a cross direction. The transverse strain of a piece of timber is that sidewise, by which it is more easily bent or broken than when compressed or drawn as a tie in the direction of its length.

TRAPEZIUM. (Gr.) In geometry, a quadrilateral figure whose four sides and angles are unequal, but two of its sides parallel.

TRAVERSE. A gallery or loft of communication in a church or other large building.
TREAD OF THE STEP OF A STAIR.

The horizontal part of it.

TREFOIL. In Gothic architecture, an ornament consisting of three cusps in a circle. TRELLICE. A reticulated framing made of thin bars of wood for screens; windows where air is required for the apartment, &c.

TRESSEL OF TRUSSEL. Props for the support of any thing, the under surface of which is horizontal. Each trussel consists of three or four legs attached to a horizontal part. When the tressels are high the legs are sometimes braced. Tressels are much used in building for the support of scaffolding, and by carpenters and joiners for ripping and cross-cutting timber, and for many other purposes.

TRIANGLE. (Lat.) A plane rectilineal figure of three sides, and consequently of three angles. In measuring, all rectilineal figures must be reduced to triangles, and in constructions for carpentry all frames of more than three sides must be reduced to triangles to prevent a revolution round the angles.

TRIANGULAR COMPASSES. Such as have three legs or feet by which any triangle or any three points may be taken off at once.

TRICLINIUM. (Lat.) The room in the Roman house wherein the company was received, and seats placed for their accommodation. It was raised two steps from the peristyle, and had therein a large window, which looked upon the garden. The aspect of winter triclinia was to the west, and of summer triclinia to the east. See p. 102. TRIFORIUM. (Lat.) The gallery or open space between the vaulting and the roof of the aisles of a church, generally lighted by windows in the external wall of the building, and opening to the nave, choir, or transept over the main arches. It occurs only in large churches, and is varied in the arrangement and decoration of its openings in each succeeding period of architecture.

TRIGLYPH. (Gr. Tpeis, and гAvon, a channel.) The vertical tablets in the Doric frieze chamfered on the two vertical edges, and having two channels in the middle, which are double channels to those at the angles. In the Grecian Doric, the triglyph is placed upon the angle; but, in the Roman, the triglyph nearest the angle is placed centrally over the column.

TRIGONOMETRY. (Gr. Tpeis, three, Tavia, an angle, and Merpw, I measure.) The science of determining the unknown parts of a triangle from certain parts that are given. It is either plane or spherical; the first relates to triangles composed of three right lines, and the