whereas a bead never has a fillet on the outer edge. A repetition of equal semicylindrical mouldings, springing from a plane or cylindrical surface, is called reeds. In joinery, , cima recta, and cima reversa, are called respectively the ogee and ogee reverse. The ovolo the S, بر so named from its egg-like form, and the quarter round, the fourth part of a cylindrical surface, are the remaining of the principal mouldings used in joinery. When the margin of any framing terminates on the edges next to the panel, with one or more mouldings, which both advance before and retire from the face of the framing to the panelling, the mouldings thus introduced are called bolection mouldings. DOORS. In C CB A D D A E A 2130. We shall now more particularly address ourselves to the subject of doors and their mouldings. A door, properly made, is formed by framing and fitting pieces of stuff together of the same thickness; those which are horizontal (fig. 746.) AAAA being called rails, and those which are vertical BBBB being called styles. These form a skeleton into which panels, usually of a less thickness, are fitted. And this, indeed, is the general practice in all systems of framed joinery. doors, the upper rails are called top rails; the next in descending, frize rails; the next, which are usually wider than the two first, are called the lock or middle rails; and the lowest, from their situation, are called bottom rails. The styles on the flanks are called outside styles, and those in the middle are called middle styles. The panels are also named from their situations on the door; thus CC, being the uppermost, are called frize panels; the next DD are called middle panels, and EE bottom panels. The rails and styles are wedged together, being previously morticed and tenoned into each other. The student should, however, to obtain a clear comprehension of the method adopted, see a door put together at the bench. The varieties and forms of doors are dependent upon the will of the architect, from whom the design of the whole emanates; it will be, therefore, here sufficient to mention the three sorts, viz. the common door, just described; the jib door, which is made with the same finishings and appearance as the room in which it is placed, so as not to have the appearance of a door; and, lastly, folding doors, which open from the centre of the doorway, and are used for making a wider communication between two apartments than a common door will permit, or, in other words, to lay two rooms into one. Fig. 746. 2131. Though the panelling of framed work is generally sunk within the face of the framing, it is for outside work sometimes made flush. In the best flush work, the panels are surrounded with a bead formed on the edge of the framing, and the work is called bead and flush. In the commoner kind of flush framing, the bead is run only on the two edges of the panel in the direction of the fibres, and is called bead and butt. 2132. The different denominations of framed doors, according to their mouldings and panels and framed work in general, are as follows. The figures by which they are represented are sections of doors through one of the styles, wherein only a small part of the panel is shown, or they may be equally considered as vertical sections, through the top rail and part of the panel below it. 2133. Fig. 747. represents the commonest door. It is without mouldings, and the panel is a straight surface on both sides. It is technically described, first mentioning the number Fig. 747. Fig. 748. Fig. 749. Fig. 750. Fig. 751. of panels intended in it, as a door square and flat panel on both sides. We shall not, in the following, repeat the observation as to the number of panels, that being always supposed as mentioned. 2134. Fig. 748. represents the rail and panel of a door, with a quirked ovolo and a fillet on one side, but having no mouldings on the other. The panel flat on both sides, it is described as a door with quirked ovolo, fillet and flat with square back. 2136. Fig. 750., with an additional fillet on the framing, is described as quirked ovolo, bead fillet and flat panel with square back. The back, in the foregoing and following cases, is described as square, because of its having no mouldings on the framing, and of the panel being a straight surface on one side of the door. 2137. In fig. 751. the framing is formed with a quirked ogee, and a quirked bead on one side and square on the other, the surface of the panel being straight on both sides, and the door is described as quirked ogee, quirked bead and flat panel with square back. 2138. Fig. 752. only differs from the last in the bead being raised above the lower part of the ogee and a fillet. It is described as quirked ogee, cocked bead and flat panel with square back. 2139. Fig. 753. is described as a door with cove, cocked bead, flat panel and square back. 2140. Fig. 754. is a combination, by which much strength is imparted to the door, and it is therefore much used for external doors. It is, however, often in the interior of houses, and is described, quirked ovolo, bead fillet and raised panel on front and square back. It is from the raising of the panel that the additional strength is acquired. 2141. Fig. 755. resembles the last in general appearance, the difference being in the ovolo on the raised panel. It is described, quirked ovolo, bead and raised panel, with ovolo on the raised panel and square back. When an external door has raised panels, they are always placed towards the exterior. 2142. In fig. 756. there are more mouldings than in the last on the raised panel. It is described, quirked ogee, raised panel with ovolo and fillet on the rising and astragal on the flat of panel in front and square back. 2143. Fig. 757. is described, quirked ovolo, bead fillet and flat panel on both sides. This description of doors is used where a handsome appearance is to be equally preserved on both sides of the door, as between rooms, or between halls or principal passages and rooms. 2144. Fig. 758. is a combination used, as all bead butt and bead flush work is, where strength is required. The form here given is described, bead and flush front and quirked ogee, raised panel with ovolo on the rising, grooved on flat panel on back. 2145. The series of mouldings are, as we have before mentioned, called bolection mouldings (fig. 759.), and are laid in after the door is framed square and put together. They project beyond the framing on each side. When bradded on through the sides of the quirks, the heads of the brads will be entirely concealed; but it is to be observed that, in driving the brads, they must not be directed towards the panels, but into the solid of the framing. The form of these bolection mouldings is of course varied according to the pleasure of the architect. SHUTTERS. 2146. Shutters, which are the doors of window openings, are framed upon the same principles as doors themselves; but their backs are very often flush. In the better sort of buildings they are folded into recesses called boxings, whereof we shall give a figure below as an example of the ordinary method; but as the extent and different forms of windows vary, the ingenuity of the architect will be often required to contrive his shutters within a very small space. Into minutiæ we cannot enter in a work of this nature; however, in all their shapes, they are dependent on the leading principles given. 2147. Fig. 760. is a plan of the shutters, architrave, sash-frame, and part of the sash of common shutters. The cavity which forms the boxing into which the sashes fold is formed by the ground B (upon which the architrave A is nailed), the back lining F of the boxing, and the inside lining G of the sash frame, whereof H is the inside bead. L is the outside lining of the sash-frame, M the back lining of it, and K the parting bead, so called from parting the upper and lower sash. The vacant space between the pulley piece I and M, is a cavity which contains the weights for balancing the sashes, N shows the plan of the sash. The shutters, when stretched out in their different folds, are supposed to cover one half of the window, another series being supposed to be placed on the other side of it. The front shutter CCC is hung by hinges at a to the inside lining G of the sash-frame. The inner shutters DDD and EE are called the back flaps, the former whereof is hinged on to the front shutter at b, and the latter is hinged on to DDD at c. It will be immediately seen that these will thus altogether turn upon the hinges at a, and cover, in one straight line, from both sides, the whole of the light of the window; it being contrived that each boxing shall contain as many shutters as will cover one half, that is, from the centre of the hinge to the centre of the window. When the boxes are scanty, the hinge may be placed as shown in X attached to the figure. 2148. It would be impossible to place before the reader the infinite variety of examples required for the application of shutters to windows; in ordinary cases, Fig. 760. the example we have given will sufficiently exhibit the method to be adopted. On occasions wherein it is not applicable, the architect must apply himself to the work pro re nata, in which, with very little attention, he will not find insurmountable difficulty. HINGEING. 2149. A very essential consideration in the neatness and beauty of joiners' work, is the formation of the joints on which are placed the hinges of doors and shutters. They ought to be so continued as to preserve the uniformity of the door or shutter on both sides, and as much as possible to be close enough to exclude a rush of air between the edges of the bodies to be hinged together, which, in this cold climate, is essential. In these joints, both angles of one of the bodies is usually beaded, to conceal the open space, which would otherwise be seen; and for preserving the appearance of the work, the hinges are made of such a curvature towards the eye, as to seem, when painted, a part of the bead itself on that side where the knuckle is placed, so that when hung the whole may appear to be one bead. 2150. The section of a door style, and part of the hanging E style at the joint, are represented in A and B (fig. 761.), wherein the centre of the bead on each side is in the line of F the straight part of the joint from the opposite side. In this figure, C is the centre of the bead, AG part of the joint in a line with its edge. Joining AC, draw AB perpendicular thereto. The other part BH is perpendicular to EF, which Fig. 761. is the face of the door or hanging style. This is a joint suitable for many purposes, and may be made with common hinges. If crooked, it will assist in excluding the current of air, a point of no mean importance in this climate. 2151. In fig. 762. A and B exhibit a plane joint, beaded similarly on both sides. In this case, the plane of the joint is a tangent to the cylindrical surfaces of the two beads; and as the margin on each side is alike, no check to the rush of cold air is afforded. The hinge, moreover, is such that it cannot be made in the usual manner, but must be formed as at C. B B Fig. 762. Fig. 763. Fig. 764. 2152. Fig. 763. A and B represent a hinging wherein the plane of the joint from one side is directed to the axis of the bead on the other. The principle in it is the same as that in fig. 761., and it may therefore be hinged with common hinges, as shown in C, in which the two parts are conjoined. The methods shown in this and fig. 761. are useful in cases wherein a part of the margin is concealed on one side of the door. 2153. Fig. 764. A and B exhibit the beads of similar size on each side, and exactly opposite to each other, the joint being broken by indenting a part terminated by a plane directed to the axis of the two opposite beads. The hinges are required merely of the common form, the arrangement is strong, and the apartment rendered comfortable by their In C the parts are shown as hinged together: use. 2154. In fig. 765. the beads are on both sides, but not on the same piece, as in the last figure. The appearance is uniform, but the bead, which projects the whole of its thickness, is weakened. The junction is seen in the representation at C. SO & Q Fig. 765. Fig. 766. Fig. 767. 2155. Fig. 766. is a method that has been adopted for concealing the hinges of shutters. A is the inner bead of the sash-frame, B the inside lining, C the style of the shutter. For the form of the joint, let af be the face of the shutter, perpendicular to ar the face of the inside lining. Let the angle f, a, r be bisected by the straight line aa, and in the centre take c. Draw dd perpendicular to aa, cutting it in c, which is the centre of the hinge. From c, as a centre, describe the arc am, which must be hollowed out from the inside lining of the sash through the height of the shutter. In order to make room for the opening and shutting of the hinge, the internal right angle of the shutter must be cut out of its edge to the breadth of the hinges. The toils of the hinge are here for the purpose of strengthening them, represented of different lengths. 2156. In fig. 767. the hinges, which are for a door, are concealed, as the door allows it in the thickness of the wood, the ends of the hinges being of equal lengths. 2157. Fig. 768. shows the common method of hingeing shutters, a mode wherein the whole thickness of the hinge is let into the thickness of the shutter, the inside lining being assumed as too thin to afford sufficient hold for the screws employed to fasten them. 2158. Fig. 769. exhibits the hanging of a door with the centres concealed. Let ad be the side of the jamb in contact with the edge of the door; bisect it in b, and draw be perpendicular to ad, make be equal to ba or bd, and join ac and cd; from c, as a centre, describe the arc aed, which will show the portion to be hollowed out of the jamb. The centres are fixed to the upper and under parts of the door, and the former is to be so constructed as to allow its being taken out of the socket to unhang the door when required. 2159. Shutters are usually hung in the way represented in fig. 770., wherein the centre of the knuckle of the hinge is exactly opposite to the perpendicular part of the rebate. The dotted lines exhibit the flap when folded back. 2160. When the axis of the knuckle cannot be dis posed so as to fall opposite to the joint, the hinge is to be placed as shown in fig. 771. Thus, ab being the distance of the edge of the flap from that of the shutter, bisect it in c, which will be the point opposite whereto the centre of the hinge is to be placed. This arrangement is necessary, both when the shutters are not square at the ends, and when the boxing is restricted in space; the principle being to place the centre of the knuckle of the hinge at half the distance of the edge of the flap from the rebate on the edge of the shutter. In fig. 772. the two parts are shown hinged together. 2161. When a door has attached to it any projection, and, when open, it is requisite to bring it parallel to its place when shut, the knuckle of the hinge (fig. 773.) must project at least as far as the projection in question. An inspection of the diagram, wherein the dotted lines show the situation of the door when folded back, will sufficiently convey the mode of conducting this expedient. 2162. Fig. 774. is the representation of what is called a rule joint, which is used when the piece to be hung is not required to open to more than a right angle. In this case, the centre of the hinge is necessarily in the centre of the arc. In fig. 775. the expedient shows the method turned to a right angle. 2163. The various methods of hingeing to suit every possible case would occupy a very large space, were we to enter into them; and even after Fig. 774. exhausting all the cases that we may have imagined, others would arise to which no example given might be applicable; we therefore leave this portion of the subject of joinery, under an impression that the principles have been sufficiently developed to enable the student to pursue from them the application to any case that he may be called upon to put in practice. SASH-FRAMES AND SASHES. Fig. 772. Fig. 773. Fig. 775. 2164. In fig. 760. the connection between the shutters and sash-frame has been fully explained; we may now, therefore, proceed to the detail of a common sash-frame with its sashes, supposing them to be hung so as to be balanced by weights, suspended by sashlines running over pulleys, capable of balancing those of the sashes themselves. On the case of French sashes, which open like doors, we do not think it necessary to dilate. They are, in fact, nothing more than glazed doors; and the principal object for attainment in their construction, is to prevent the rain from penetrating into the apartments they serve, as well where they meet in the middle as at their sills, which is a subject requiring much care and attention. 2165. In fig. 776. is shown the construction of a sash-frame, and the method of putting together the several parts, wherein R is the elevation of the frame, of which ABCD is the outer edge. The thinner lines at EF, GH, FG, are grooves whose distances from the edges of the sash-frame LM and KI are equal to the depth of the boxing, together with threeeighths of an inch more that is allowed for margin between the face of the shutter, when, in the boxing, and the edges ML and KI of the sash-frame next to the bead. S is a horizontal section of the sides, whereon is shown also the plan of the sill. Tis a vertical section of the sill and top, in which is shown the elevation of the pully style m and n, and the pullies let into the pully piece. U is the horizontal section of the sides, showing also a plan of the head of the sash-frame. V the elevation of the outer side of the sash-frame; the outside lining being removed for the purpose of showing the work within the sash-frame. In this fg is the parting strip fastened by a pin; ed one of the weights connected to the sash by means of a line going over the pulley c, the other end being fixed to the edge of the sash. |