BRICKLAYER. carried up over the racks within the thickness of the brickwork, communicating at their tops with the external air by curved tops to secure them from the penetration of the rain. Dung-pit walls, whose dimensions depend on the size of the stables. Lime white walls of stables. If roofs are covered with tiles, either pan or plain. The description for the former will be either laid dry, or bedded in lime and hair, or pointed outside or inside, or on both sides; or if glazed pantiling, to be so described, laid to a 10-inch guage on stout fir laths, with hip, ridge, and valley tiles, filleting cutting to splays, beam filling, painted T nails, hip hooks, &c. Plain tiling is described as laid to a close guage on heart of oak double laths, with all the plaintiles pegged. The hip and ridge tiles to be set in Parker's cement, with T nails dipped in melted hot pitch in all the joints. Strong, similarly pitched, wrought iron hip hooks. Filletings of Parker's cement, with strong cast iron nails for forming a key driven into the walls or other brickwork at intervals, close enough to secure the same. In cases of underpinning the bricklayer is to cut all holes for the needles, and to remove the old work, and to bring up the work in Parker's cement on concrete foundation; and, finally, drive the cast iron wedges for bringing the work to a solid bearing. Where inverted arches are used in foundations they must be shown on the drawings. Provide, according to the extent of the job, a certain number of rods of brickwork for such extras as may be ordered by the architect; and if the whole or any part thereof should not be wanted, a deduction to be made on settling the accounts for so much thereof as shall not have been used, at a price per rod to be named. To build all the walls level, except otherwise directed; to be answerable for all damage that may occur to the work, by settlements or otherwise, during the time of building, and to make good the same as the architect shall direct; and, further, to perform all such jobbing work as shall be necessary for completely finishing the building. To provide good sound and sufficient scaffolding, which is to remain for the use of the mason, carpenter, and other artificers that may have occasion to use the same. To pay the proper fees to the district, sewer, and paving surveyors, and to give the necessary notices and obtain the proper licences in their departments for executing the works. This only applies in the bills of mortality, where there are such officers. 2283. SLATER. To cover the roofs with the best strong Westmoreland, Tavistock, Welsh rag, imperial, queen, duchess, countess, ladies, or double slating, (as the architect may think most appropriate, each being named in the order of the value and quality,) securely fixed with best strong copper nails. Every part to be properly bonded, especially at the eaves and heading courses thereof, with slates cut to keep the bond uniform. No slates to be laid lengthwise. Fillets against the brickwork, where requisite, of Parker's cement; such fillets to be formed with nails driven at proper intervals to form a hold for the cement (where lead step flashings are intended the fillets need not be described). Fillets of brick or stone may be built up with the wall, level or raking; and if they should be preferred by the architect, they must be described in the bricklayer's or mason's works. All the slating is to be rendered up perfect on completing the building, and all jobbing work to be performed that may become necessary as the work is carried on. If the slating is required to be rendered as air-tight as possible, it must be described to be pointed on the inside with stone lime mortar, with a proper quantity of hair therein; but the pointing of either slates or tiles, from the constant expansion and contraction arising from heat and cold, soon falls out and becomes useless. Slater to be answerable twelve months for his work. If slate skirtings and cisterns are intended about the building, they must be particularly described. 2284. MASON. The stone to be used in a building generally depends of course on the place where it is to be built, unless, without regard to expense, the employer determines on the use of any particular sort; in which case the account of the different quarries of the provinces, given in Chap. II. Section II. of this Book, will furnish the architect with the means of describing the best of its sort. For the choice, therefore, where it is left to the architect to decide, we must refer him to that account. In the neighbourhood of London that from the island of Portland is most used. Granite is chiefly used where great strains and pressures occur, or where wear and tear and the action of the weather indicate its employment. Having described the sort of stone selected to be of the best quality, free from all vents, shakes, &c., the next direction is, that it shall be throughout laid in the direc MASON. tion of its natural bed in the quarry; and if the whole building is of stone, many of the following particulars will be unnecessary, which of them will immediately speak for themselves. Where the building is only faced with stone, the specification will run as follows:- The... fronts (describing them) are to be faced with Portland (or other, as the case may be) stone, ashlaring in courses to fall in with the courses of brickwork, carried up after the manner of Flemish bond. The stretchers of such ashlaring being 4 inches deep and the headers 9 inches, with bond stones running through the whole thickness of the wall in the proportion of of the face, to be introduced where the piers allow. No quoins to show a thickness of less than 12 inches. The whole to be cramped with iron cramps to the satisfaction of the architect, the mason finding the same, and properly running them with lead. In cases where the building is of brick with stone dressings, the specification will run thus: To provide and set a Portland stone (or other stone or granite) plinth all round (or part, as the case may be) the building,... feet. . . inches high and 8 thick, in stones not less than 3 feet in length, the vertical joints to be cramped with T cramps not less than 12 inches long. Describe whether joints are to be close or channelled, and whether ashlar is to be rusticked (rockworked). To provide and fix at the angles of the building, as shown upon the drawings, solid quoins of Portland (or other, as the case may be) stone [here describe whether close, champosed, or channelled joints, and whether rusticked (rockworked)] of the length and height shown. To provide and fix, as shown, string courses, scantling . . . . inches by . . . . inches, throated and bevelled on the upper face, and the joints plugged with lead. To provide and fix, as shown on the drawings, a cornice and blocking course, scantling by..., moulded according to the drawings, the bed to be such that the weight of each block of stone in the projecting part shall not be equal to that on the bed by one fourth of its cubic contents. The same to be executed according to the drawings; to have proper sunk water joints, and to be channelled and plugged with lead at all the joints. Blocking course, as shown on tne drawings,... inches high,. . . thick on the bed, and ... on the top, plugged with lead at all the joints, with solid block at the quoins returned at least 24 inches. Balustrades (if any) to be provided of the heights and sizes snown on the drawings and section thereof. The balusters to be wrought out of stone, allowing at least 1 inch of joggle at their ends into the plinth and impost. All the vertical joints to be well plugged with lead; the impost to be cramped with cast iron (or bell metal), and the whole to be securely fixed. The half balusters to be worked out of the same block of stone as their adjoining pedestal. Columns and pilasters (if any), with pedestals, capitals, bases, plinths, &c., and entablature, to be provided and fixed as shown on the drawings. The columns and pilasters not to be in courses of more than . . . blocks of stone. The architraves to be joggled from those resting on the columns or pilasters themselves, and these as well as the frieze and cornice to break joint over the architrave. The architraves, if blocks of stone can be supplied large enough, to be in one block from centre to centre of column, with return architraves in like manner. The whole of the entablature (as well as the pediment, if any) to be executed with all requisite joggles and cramps; and if a pediment be projected, the apex to be in one stone, as shall be approved by the architect. The pilasters (if any) to be bonded not less than inches into the wall, against which they are placed in every other course. sofites of the portico to be, as shown on the plan and sections, formed into panels and ornamented. Provide and let into the top of the architrave good and sufficient chain bars, with stubs on the under side for letting into every stone composing the architrave. The If the portico be very large, it is not necessary to make the frieze solid, but concealed arches should be turned in the space from column to column to support the superincumbent weight of the cornice and pediment. If the columns are fluted, it must be mentioned. When a pediment, the tympanum may be described to be faced with ashlaring. To construct and fix dressings and sills to the external windows and doors, as shown on the drawings, with all such throated, sunk, moulded, carved, rebated, and other works as may be necessary. If a portico is shown, to provide and fix of solid. . . stone. . . steps round the portico scantling... by..., properly back-jointed and worked all over; and within the portico to provide and fix a complete landing of stone, at least 4 inches thick (or less, if a small portico), in slabs, as shown. The joints of the steps and landings are to be joggled and run with lead. MASON. All ornaments, carving, enrichment of capitals, of columns and pilasters, and of such as may be shown in the entablature, is to be executed in an artist-like good style. Models from the working drawings are to be made at the contractor's expense, and the whole to be executed to the satisfaction of the architect. The order may be described if the working drawings are not sufficiently made out. Provide and fix plinths and base mouldings to the portico, as shown on the drawings, to be worked out of (describe stone). . . stone of . . . by . . . scantling. Finish the chimney shafts with mouldings as shown in the drawings, or with sunk moulded and throated copings, . . . inches wide and . . . inches thick. To describe sills generally, take the following: Sills to... windows of Portland stone, 9 by 6 inches. Sills to... windows moulded and of Portland stone, 14 by 8 inches. Sills to... windows of Aberdeen granite, finely tooled, scantling 14 inches by 9 inches. Sills to... windows of Portland stone, 9 by 5 inches. All window sills are to be properly sunk, weathered, and throated, and at each end to be 4 inches longer than the opening. To provide and lay to all the walls Yorkshire stone 3 inches thick and 4 inches on each side wider than the several lowest footings, in slabs of one length across the width of the footing. If balconies to a house, describe thus: A balcony landing of Portland stone ... inches thick, moulded on the edges and the pieces joggled together, and run with lead, to be provided with holes cut therein for the iron railing. The said balcony is to be tailed into the wall, and securely pinned up. Steps to doorways must be described as to scantlings. All external steps should be weathered. Where story posts are used in a front, it is well to place along the front two pieces of parallel square Aberdeen or other good granite curb scantling, 12 inches by 9 inches, cut out to receive the bases of the columns and story posts. For a back staircase, carry up and construct a staircase from the basement to the principal floor, with solid Yorkshire quarry steps 13 inches wide and 6 inches high, properly back-jointed and pinned into the brickwork; cut holes for the iron balustres. N. B. This sort of staircase of Portland will serve also for back stairs of upper flights. That from the basement may also be made of granite street curb, 12 by 7 or 8 inches. A staircase may, for cheapness, be made of Yorkshire stone paving 3 inches thick, wrought with fair tooled edges, and securely pinned into the brickwork. Principal stairs to be of Portland stone (as may be), to extend from principal to . . . floor, with steps and square (or semicircular, as may be) landings, entirely of solid stone, tailed 9 inches into the brickwork, with moulded nosings and returned nosings, and also at the back. The sofites to be moulded to the shapes of the ends of the steps. The landings to be 6 inches thick, with moulded nosings and joggled joints, run with lead, to be inserted at least 4 inches in the walls, but such as tail into the walls, as steps, must go at least 9 inches into the walls. When the under sides of the steps of the geometrical staircase are not moulded, the nosings are returned so as to fall beyond the upright line of the succeeding tread; in this case the sofite or string is plain wrought. Pave the entrance hall and principal staircase, together with (any apartments wished) with the best . . . marble, and border according to the pattern drawn. The back staircase (and such other parts as require it) is to be paved with Portland stone 2 inches thick, laid in squares, and with a border 8 inches square. Dairy, if any, to be paved with stone, in regular courses inches thick. Provide a shelf or dresser round the said dairy of veined marble 1 inch thick, and a skirting round it 6 inches high. The dresser to go into the wall 1 inch, and to be supported on veined marble piers 4 inches square. Pave the scullery, larder, pantry, passages, lobbies (and such other places as may require mention), with rubbed Yorkshire stone 2 inches thick, laid in regular courses with close rubbed joints. Pave the bottom of the air drain with Yorkshire paving. Yards may be paved with 24-inch Yorkshire paving, or such other as the place affords, as in common use. The same to basement stories. To fit up the wine cellar with bins, as per drawing, with 3-inch Yorkshire stone shelves (some prefer slate), fairly tooled, and set in Parker's cement. To provide and fix a warm bath of veined marble; render waterproof by being properly set in Dutch tarras, and plugged and cramped with copper at the joints, with all requisite finishing. A marble step round two sides of the bath. Cut all holes MASON. necessary for laying on the water. A bath may be similarly made of slate, which Where iron girders are used, describe. . . . pieces of granite street curb, each. . . . feet long, to receive the ends of the cast iron girders. Where chimneys project without support from below, corbels must be described proportioned to the weight they have to carry. The best corbel, however, is the gradual projection of the work by inverted steps, which, if there be height to hide them, should always be the mode of execution. Cellar doorways should have in each of them three pieces of Portland or other such stone, 18 inches wide, 18 inches long, and 9 inches high, cut out to receive the hinges and rim of the lock. All fire-places should have back hearths of 21-inch rubbed Yorkshire stone. The commonest chimney-pieces that can be described are of 14-inch Portland, jambs, mantels, and shelves, 6 inches wide; slabs of 2-inch Portland stone, 20 inches wide. For butler's and housekeeper's rooms drawings are usually given. They may be of Portland stone slabs, 2 inches thick, 4 feet long, and 1 foot 8 inches wide. For a kitchen chimney, describe jambs and mantle of 2-inch Portland stone, 10 (or 12) inches wide, with a slab of 24-inch rubbed Yorkshire stone. The mantel to be in one piece. For the several rooms where marble chimney-pieces are to be placed, chimney-pieces are described to be provided of a given value, varying in the less important to the best apartments, from eight or ten up to 100 guineas or more in value, of such marble as the employer may select: but if the working drawings have been fully prepared, this is a matter which need not be left in uncertainty. It must always be provided in the specification that the slabs are included, and that the price is or is not (as the case may be) to include the carriage and fixing. Sinks of Portland or other stones, 7 inches thick (describing the size required), to be provided and fixed as shown in the drawings, with holes cut for the grating and socket pipe, and fixed with all requisite bearers complete. Sink stones to be provided where shown on the plan. The joints generally are to be where exhibited on the drawings, and the work is to be left perfectly cleaned off, all necessary joggles, joints, rebates, moulded, sunk, weathered and throated works, grooves, chases, holes, back joints, and fair edges, that may be necessary in any part of the work, and all jobbing, though not particularly mentioned under the several heads, is to be performed that may be requisite for the execution of the building, and all the work is to be well cleaned off before delivering it up. The whole of the work is to be warranted perfect, and any damage that may occur to it by reason of frost or settlement within two years after the completion of the building is to be repaired, under the architect's direction, at the sole expense of the contractor. All mortar is to be of the same quality as that described in the bricklayer's work. The contractor is to provide lead to run the cramps and joints. In works within the bills of mortality, the contractor is to pay the expense, under the commissioners of sewers or paving, as the case may be, of making good the street paving to the areas, plinths, and steps abutting thereon. To provide and fix under the contract. . . . cubic feet of.... stone, including plain work and setting thereto, also.... superficial feet of 24-inch Yorkshire paving, laid in regular courses; and in case the whole or any part of either or both should not be wanted, the quantity not used or directed shall be deducted from the amount of the consideration of the contract after the rate of per foot of cubic stone and .... per foot superficial for the Yorkshire paving, including the workmanship and fixing thereof. In stables, granite should be provided to receive the heel-posts if cast-iron be not employed, and at the piers of gates, hinge and spur stones, the latter, of granite, if to be had, should be described. The caps and bars of the last can be described only with reference to the drawings of them. The paving of stables and their courts is described thus: Prepare the ground for paving (stating where) with good and sufficient hard materials, and pave it with Aberdeen granite paving, properly dressed and sorted, 8 inches deep and 5 inches wide at the top and bottom thereof. The whole to be laid with good currents upon a layer 4 inches at least in thickness of good rough gravel, the joints of the surface to be run with stone lime and river sand grouting. It is to be well rammed, and the contractor is to relay, at his own expense, all such parts as may sink within eighteen months of the work being completed. Where the work is within the bills of mortality, or within a town, specify that a sufficient hoarding is to be erected for enclosing the premises during the execution of the MASON. works, which is to be removed and carried away when they are complete. So, also, all shoring is to be provided, if the works be alterations, or the adjoining buildings may be injured by carrying them into effect. The shoring is to be performed in a safe, scientific, and workmanlike manner, of the fronts, floors, or otherwise, as the case may be. 2285. CARPENTER AND JOINER. Where the extent of the works requires a clerk of the works a direction must be given to provide, erect, and maintain, during their performance, a temporary office for the clerk of the works, with all appurtenances complete, with stool, table, and all other requisite furniture. All materials requisite for completion of the buildings according to the drawings are to be provided by the contractor. The oak is to be of English growth; the timber not specified of oak is to be of the best Dantzic, Riga, or Memel yellow fir. No American, Swedish, or Scotch fir to be used in any part of the building. All the floors and joiner's work are, except where otherwise directed, to be of the best Christiana deals. The timbers and deals are to be cut square, entirely free from sapwood, shakes, large knots, and all other defects. If any part or parts of the joiner's work should shrink or fly within eighteen months from the finishing and fixing the same, the contractor is to take down, refix, and make good the same, together with all works that may be affected thereby, at his own expense. No joists, rafters, or quarters are in any case, unless particularly so directed, to be more than 12 inches clear distance from one another. To provide and fix, ease, and strike all centering and turning pieces for the vaults, arches, trimmers, and other works. Provide all temporary shores that may be necessary. Fix all iron-work of every description. Provide and fix all necessary templets, linings, blocks, stops, casings, beads, springing fillets, angle staffs, grounds, linings, backings, furrings, cappings, and other finishings incident to carpenters' and joiners' works, together with all necessary grooving, rebating, framing, tonguing, housing, beading, mitring, framing, and other workmanship necessary for completing the works. To provide good and secure casing for all the stone dressings, to protect the same from injury during the execution of the works; and any accident arising from neglect in this respect is to be made good at the expense of the carpenter. Bond timber. One tier is generally enough for basement story. Two tiers in the other floors, unless very lofty. One tier in the upper story. 4 inches by 2 inches all around the walls, except where intercepted by the chimneys, to be lapped together, where joints occur, at least 6 inches, and to be properly spiked together. Party walls may be bonded with iron hooping, if thought proper, for a greater security against fire. To find and fix all wood bricks for fixing the finishings to. Provide and fix all lintels, and filling in lintels that may be necessary to the several openings: each to be 4 inches high, of the width of the brick work, and 16 inches longer than the opening. Two small lintels will do if the width of the sofite be considerable, and arches as directed in the bricklayer's work be turned. For ground or rather basement floors, walls are brought up for receiving oak sleepers, 5 by 3 inches; on which fir joists 4 by 2 are generally the scantlings employed. For other floors. Wall plates 6 by 4 are described. All which, with their requisite Cradling to the girders and such parts as may be necessary to form panels and coffers on the under side for the ceiling, if such be practised. Where it is necessary to truss the girders, that must be stated. Cock down all girders on the wall plates. Pin bridging joists to binders with -inch oak pins. For roofs, wall plates should be at least 6 inches by 6 inches. For the different timbers of the several sorts of roofs, the reader will refer to the section on Practical Carpentry, where they are described, and scantlings given of works that have been executed. (2027, et seq.) Ceiling joists also to be described. To what is there found, we may add, that hips and ridges rounded for lead ought to be 10 by 2. |