CARPENTER AND JOINER. Common framed 4-panel doors are usually hung with 3-inch butts and 7-inch iron rim stock locks. Better doors are hung with 4-inch iron or brass butts, mortice locks and brass nob furniture. Folding doors, if heavy, should have 4 or 5-inch brass butts, and if necessary to clear mouldings, they should be hung with projecting brass butts, and should moreover be provided with flush and other bolts, and mortice locks and furniture. Doors of dining, drawing, and other rooms, where they are required to clear the carpet by rising as they open, should have 4 or 4-inch rising joint butts. For closet doors, 3-inch butts are usually described with brass tumbler locks and keys. External doors require the provision of larger locks, which are usually iron rim locks with 10 or 12-inch bright rod bolts, chains, staples, &c. Shutters when hung are with butts, which for the back flaps are of a less size, and spring bar fastenings should be specified to them. Brass nobs to the front flaps. Moulded architraves to doors and windows are described by their width. Columns and pilasters are usually described 1-inch deal diminished columns, . . . inches diameter. Pilasters similarly specified. Both one and the other to be glued up and blocked. Caps and bases according to the order, carved or of papier maché, as the expense will allow. Entablatures got out of deal, as per drawing, provide glued, blocked, and fixed with all necessary brackets and grounds. Water-closets are fitted up with 1-inch clean deal (wainscot or mahogany), seats, risers, and clamped flaps, square skirtings, all requisite bearers and pipe-casing; and the joiner is to attend on the plumber while fixing the basins and other work. Privies are described as to seats and risers the same as water-elosets. Cisterns, internal and external, must have their cistern cases proportioned in thickness to their sizes; thus one about 3 or 3 feet 6 inches long, and 2 feet 9 inches deep, will do on 14-inch deal dovetailed it should be described with requisite bearers, and a cover of 3-inch deal with a wood handle. For a good-sized external cistern, we should specify, provide and fix a wrought and dovetailed 2-inch deal cistern case, . . . feet long, feet wide, and . . . feet deep in the clear. Find and fix all necessary bearers for the same, together with all other requisite fittings, and further provide a -inch deal strongly ledged cover, with saddle-back fillets and water channels at each joint, as shall be directed. Cisterns for water-closets. Each to have cistern cases of 2-inch deal capable of containing 36 cubic feet of water, fixed with strong bearers and ledged covers of -inch yellow deal tongued and beaded. Sinks, describe as under, when wooden ones lined with lead are used. 14-inch dovetailed sink, enclosed with 1-inch deal square-framed front, and door hung with 3-inch butts and other necessary ironmongery. Warm bath. To be fitted up (of the best Spanish mahogany) with riser, frame, and clamped flap, provided and fixed with all requisite bearers and other fittings and appurtenances. The flap to be moulded in front, and hung with 34-inch butt hinges, and the riser panelled and moulded as shown in the drawings. Dressers. The following is a specification for a good house. Provide and fix a dresser in the kitchen, of 2-inch deal, with cross-tongued top 10 feet long and 2 feet 9 inches wide, supported on strong framed legs and bearers. 1-inch deal pot-board and bearers. Six 14-inch sunk shelves, whose widths are to average 7 inches. Back of the shelves to be of 1-inch deal, wrought, beaded, grooved, and cross-tongued. 1-inch deal top, 14 inches wide, with moulded cornice. Five drawers with bottoms and dovetailed rims of 3-inch deal. The fronts to be of 1-inch deal, beaded. A brass drop handle and a good patent tumbler lock to each drawer, together with all slides, runners, bearers, and other requisite appurtenances. Dresser top for scullery, 1-inch clean deal, 2 feet 6 inches wide and 6 feet long, crosstongued and fixed upon strong wrought and framed legs and bearers. Plate-rack for scullery to be provided over the sink, and of the same length. Sink as above described. Spit-rack to be provided over the kitchen chimney, or other convenient place, as may Dwarf closets, if any are used, may be of 1-inch deal, square framed and moulded in CARPENTER AND JOINER. Fittings for larder, as follow: Provide a clean deal dresser top, 1 inch thick, 2 feet 6 inches wide, and . . . feet long, to be feather-tongued and fixed on strong framed legs and rails. Two meat rails, 6 feet long, of wrought fir, 3 by 2 inches, suspended from wrought iron stirrups. Provide also a hanging shelf, 6 feet long, 10 inches wide, and 1 inch thick, to be similarly suspended by wrought iron stirrups. Laundry to be fitted up with 1-inch clean white deal washing troughs, wrought two sides, and splayed and put together with white lead, as shown on drawing. 14-inch deal ironing board, wrought both sides and clamped, properly hung with hinges to a hanging stile. Provide two clothes racks, hung with pullies and ropes to the ceiling to raise and lower the same. Dust bin, with proper slides, where shown on the plan, to contain 30 feet cube, the whole to be of oak. Arris gutters to eaves should never be of wood: zinc or copper are better materials, and we do not therefore think it necessary to describe them. Fittings to shops are so various that no general description can be given. They must be referred to drawings, and on them the specification should be written. Stable fittings are specified as follow: Wrought oak manger Mangers, &c. 2-inch deal bottoms and 11-inch deal sides. Fronts to hay-racks. Oak standard, 4 by 4 inches, wrought and framed into oak bearer under the manger. 14 inch deal fronts framed for the reception of cast iron hay-racks well secured. Fix fir bearers and 1-inch deal partitions at each end of hay-racks, with fir arris rails 3 inches apart at the bottom of each rack. Dressings over stalls connected with heel-posts. 1-inch deal frieze, wrought joints, feather-tongued, and backings thereto, segmental sofites and keystone in centre of arches. Impost moulding at the springings and moulded cornice to girt about 10 inches. Line the walls to the height of 5 feet with 1-inch yellow deal, wrought, ploughed, tongued, and beaded, with a §-inch beaded capping thereon. Churches. To give general directions for the specification of a church would be impossible The principles of its timbering may be collected from what has preceded. Pewing is executed as planned on the drawings, of whole deal (generally) square-framed partitions two panels high; 14-inch framed doors and enclosures one or two panels high, with stiles, munnions, and top rails 3 inches wide, and bottom rails 6 inches wide. The panels of the doors and enclosures should not be more than a board in width, and the framework round them chamfered. The doors are hung with 3-inch butt hinges, and should have brass nob pulpit latches. Capping to the whole of the pewing. grooved and moulded according to drawing. Pew fittings are, 14-inch wrought and rounded seats 12 inches wide, with proper bearers and 14-inch cut brackets not more than 3 feet apart. Seats rounded next the pew doors. Flap-seats in the galleries to have strong joints. All the pews to have -inch book boards 6 inches wide, with 4-inch rounded capping bearers, and 4-inch cut brackets thereunder, not more than 2 feet 6 inches apart, and the ends rounded next the pew doors. If there be an organ, its enclosure and the free seats adjoining it should correspond with the pew enclosures. Free seats of 14-inch deal, as shown in the drawings. The seats to be 11 inches wide, rounded in front. Backs framed with stiles, munnions, and rails, S inches wide, and the standards, ends, and bearers, according to the drawings. Children's seats to be of 1inch deal, with brackets same thickness, not more than 2 feet 6 inches apart; at least 8 inches wide, and the flap seats, where they occur, to be hung with strong butts. Pulpits and reading desks are usually of 1-inch deal, framed according to drawings, with 1-inch doors, hung with brass hinges and pulpit latches. Whole deal floors on bearers, 1-inch book boards, cappings and bearers. 1-inch clean deal or wainscot steps and risers, moulded returned nosings, 14inch, beaded, sunk and cut string boards, strong bracketed carriages. 1-inch square framed sofite under pulpit floor and stairs, mahogany or wainscot moulded handrail, with caps turned and mitred; square bar balusters with one in ten of iron; turned newels to block steps; seats of 1-inch deal, 13 inches wide, and proper bearers thereto, together with all appurtenances and requisite fittings for executing the drawings. CARPENTER AND JOINER. The carpenter and joiner is to provide all such jobbing work, in following or preceding the other artificers engaged on the works and their appurtenances, as may be requisite for the completion thereof in every respect, without any extra charge. 2286. FOUNDER, SMITH, AND IRONMONGER. For describing cast iron girders and columns, reference must be had to Chap. II. Sect. V. (1753, et seq.), wherein will be found the method of determining their scantlings- for which no rule can be given that is not dependent on the results there laid down. Having determined the weight to be borne, no girder (and such should be inserted in the specification) should be allowed to be used, that has not been previously tested by weighing it at the foundery. Cast iron cradles are sometimes used for openings, which must be described for the particular occasions as they occur. Chimney bars are described usually as follows: Provide and fix to kitchen chimney two wrought iron cradle bars, each 2 inches wide and -inch thick, long enough to extend to the outside of the chimney jambs, and turned up and down at each end. The other chimneys are to have wrought iron chimney bars 3 inches wide and inch thick. Straps, stirrup irons, nuts, bolts, screws, and washers, together with all other wrought iron work for the roofs and partitions, to be provided, as may be requisite for tying in and securing all carpentry, and the smith is to deliver to and assist the carpenter in fixing or attaching the same. Where the quantity is uncertain, a given weight beyond the above general direction should be provided in the contract, such part thereof as may not be wanted to be deducted from the accounts after the rate of... per cwt. Provide all necessary cramps of cast and wrought iron, as may be directed, for the mason, the former to be used where the works are exposed to the air. Wrought iron doors to be provided for strong room (or if opening in a party wall), folding, and of the best quality, as shown in drawing; with hinges and proper fastenings, of the value at least of 251. If cast iron sashes are used in any part of a building, they are to be provided with reference to drawings. Wedges for underpinning must be described with reference to the thickness of walls they are to catch: each pair must be at least as long as the wall is thick. Balusters to a buck stone staircase and landings are described Wrought iron balusters, inch square, with turned wrought iron newel equal to 14 inch diameter, with rounded handrail of wrought iron 14 by inch. The balusters and newel are to be riveted into the handrail at top, and at the bottom let into the stone work and run with lead. Balusters to a principal staircase are described Ornamental cast iron balusters, as shown on the drawings, with top rail of wrought iron 1 by an inch, let into and firmly screwed to the mahogany (or wainscot) handrail. The balusters and newels are to be riveted into the iron rail, and at the bottom they are to be let into the stonework and run with lead Balusters of wrought iron to be provided for strengthening the principal staircase when not of stone. Every tenth baluster to be of wrought iron, properly fastened. Provide and fix... knockers for . . . doors to .... Air bricks of cast iron to be provided and fixed in the brickwork for the ventilation of the floors. Air gratings, . . . in number, to be provided, 9 inches square, and fixed round the lower part of the walls of the house. Area gratings,... to each area (if any there be), to be prepared and fixed of cast iron, with bars 14 inch by of an inch, and not more than 1 inch apart. Frames 14 inch by 1 inch, and with strong flanges to let into the surrounding stone-work. Window guards of wrought iron to the windows of..., and... bars to be 1 inch square and 4 inches apart, with framework of iron of the same substance securely fixed to the brickwork. Cast iron rain-water pipe, for a large size stack, is described — 6 inches diameter, to lead from the roof down into the drain, with head and shoe complete. Coal plates (if more than one) of cast iron, with proper fastenings to be fixed over the coal shoot. Cast iron ornamental railing, as per drawing, to the windows, or to the stone balcony in front of the house, as the case may be. Air traps of cast iron to all communications of surface water with drains to be of appropriate size, and provide all gully-hole gratings that may be necessary. To provide for the carpenter's and joiner's works, and use and fix thereto, besides that FOUNDER, SMITH, AND IRONMONGER. which has been already described, all requisite spikes, nails, screws, and other proper ironmongery, and all requisite brass work, both to be of the very best quality. Provide a copper, . . . inches diameter, and stewing stoves as shown on the drawings, with all requisite bars and iron work. For fittings to stables describe No.... Cast-iron hay-racks, 3 feet wide and 2 feet high in the clear. 11-inch round staves, about 3 inches apart, the frames 14 by of an inch, with the arris rounded off next the staves. Provide and fix two manger rings in each stall. Cast iron coping to the walls of the dung-pit of the thickness of of an inch, and returned on each side 4 inches down at the least. Cast iron gratings to stable yards are usually described as of the weight of 1 cwt. Provide cast iron saddle bars for the windows by 14 inch, 12 inches longer than the clear width of each window, laid into and worked up with the brickwork, at the height shown on the drawings. Provide to each window wrought iron framework for a hopper casement, as shown on the drawings, and fit up the same complete, with patent lines, brass pulleys, and all other requisite appurtenances. 2287. PLASTERER. To lath, plaster, float, and set all the ceilings and strings of staircases, and the quartered partitions of the . . . chambers (such as servants' rooms) on attic stories. ... To render, float, and set all brickwork in attic stories. To plaster all sides of the kitchen offices and office passages with best floated rough stucco, lathed where requisite. All the remainder of the sides of the interior throughout is to be executed with the very best floated stucco, lathed where requisite. Stucco of offices (or office buildings if any) to be finished with rough surfaces; all the rest of the stucco to be troweled quite smooth. All the arched, groined, panelled, and coffered work, and the bands and architraves, to be executed in guaged stuff, in the best and most accurate manner. To run plaster cornices round the several rooms, lobbies, passages, and other parts of the building, with enrichments thereto accurately modelled according to the draw. ings (the enrichments, if so wished, to be described as of papier maché). A centre flower to each room on the ground and one-pair floor, where marked, securely fixed to the ceiling. These are, on all accounts, better for security in the papier maché, as they can be then screwed to the ceiling. Basement or ground story (or both, as the case may be) is to be run round in all the rooms, lobbies, passages, &c. with skirtings of Parker's cement, 10 inches high, 14 inch thick, whited when soft, and finally washed of stone colour. The plasterer is to execute all necessary beads, quirks, and arrisses. To stucco all internal and external reveals, to dub out where the work may require it, so as to bring out all extra thicknesses and projections, and to counter-lath the work over large timbers and elsewhere, as may be necessary. The lathing throughout is to be performed with lath-and-half heart of fir laths, free from sap. Enrichments to be carefully trimmed and finished off, and where heavy leaves or embossed work may require it, to be screwed with strong copper screws. The ceilings on the two principal floors are to be distempered by the painter. All the rest of the ceilings, strings, and mouldings are to be whitened. The sides of the rooms in the attic or garrett (as the case may be) stories, as well as the lobbies, closets, passages, &c., are to be finished of such stone colour tints as the architect may direct. Lime-white stables and coach-house walls, larders, sculleries, cellars, including vault. ing under sides of floors where open, &c. When Parker's cement is used for external works, describe as under: To stucco in the very best manner with Parker's cement, jointed to imitate masonry, the whole (or part, if such be the case) of the exterior of the building, with columns, pilasters, plinths, entablatures, strings, mouldings, labels, jambs, reveals, chimneys, chimney moulds, decorations, enrichments, and appurtenances of every kind, as shown on the drawings and profiles. Such works to be subject to such further instructions from the architect as he may think proper, and to be roughly coloured as each portion is executed, and finally coloured when the architect shall so direct, with weather-proof colour. PLASTERER. ing, fixed with Russia tallow, beer grounds, tar, and the other proper ingredients. Where desired, decorative chimney moulds, of Parker's cement, and of the value of two guineas, to be provided for each flue. Pugging. To fill in upon the sounding boarding between the joists, where so provided, with good lime and hair pugging mortar, laid throughout 1 inch in thickness. Roughcasting. For the mode of describing this, see Plastering, Sect. IX. (2249.) 2288. PLUMBER. To lay the flats and gutters with milled lead of 8 lbs. to the foot superficial. Where against walls, to be turned up 7 inches; where against slopes, as rafters, to turn up 10 inches. Rolls not to exceed 27 inches apart. Work flashings of milled lead in the walls of 5 lbs. to the foot, and to turn down over gutters and flats. Where flashings adjoin the slopes of a roof, they should be described to be laid stepwise into the brickwork, and of an average width of 12 inches. Hips and ridges to be covered with milled lead 6 lbs. to the foot, and at least 18 inches wide, well secured with lead-headed nails. Where eaves gutters are used, describe as follows : To put round the eaves at the curb plate 4-inch copper (or zinc) guttering, fixed complete with bands and brackets, with copper (or zinc) pipes . . . . inches diameter, with neat heads and appropriate shoes to lead into the gutter or drain. Domes should be covered with lead from 6 to 8 lbs. to the foot superficial, according to their size, and must be well secured with proper seams or rolls thereto. For coverings of zinc the reader is referred to Sect. VII. Chap. II. (1792, et seq.) of this Book, where the thicknesses will be found. Tops and sides of dormers to be covered with 5-lb. milled lead, turned down all round full 8 inches. A flashing of 5-lb. milled lead 30 inches wide, to be fixed over the sill of the dormer door or window, as the case may be. Aprons of 6-lb. milled lead, and 10 inches wide, should be described to sky-lights. External mouldings of wood should be covered with 6-lb. milled lead, to turn up 6 inches, and to have flashings of 4-lb. milled lead let into the brickwork, and to be turned down 5 inches. To fix . . . . stacks of rain-water pipes from the gutters to the drains, of (5) inches bore, turned up from milled lead of 8 lbs. to the foot superficial, and securely fixed with ornamental cistern heads as shall be approved by the architect, and 2-inch strong overflow discharging pipes. Similar description for conveying water from a portico. No pipes but of lead or zinc should be used against stone buildings. Cast iron pipes should only be used to offices. In London, it is usual to specify that the water should be laid on for the service of the house in the following manner :To lay on from the main of the Company water with 3-inch strong cast lead pipe to the cistern of the upper water-closet, with ball-cock complete. Similarly to lower water-closet and to such other cisterns as are provided, with ball-cocks, &c. complete, and to pay all official fees. Line the sinks in the scullery and butler's pantry (and other small ones, if any) with 6-lb. milled lead, and fix thereto 2-inch waste pipes, with brass bell traps complete to go into the drains. Line the kitchen cistern with milled sheet lead, bottom 9 lbs. and sides 6 lbs, to the foot, with all soldering thereto. To provide to the same a 14-inch waste pipe. Line the kitchen sink with lead of 8 lbs. to the foot, to turn well over the woodwork and to have a 2-inch strong waste pipe to lead into the drain, with brass bell grate complete. A 3-inch service pipe and brass cock to be provided from the cistern for supplying water to the sink. Roses pierced with holes of sufficient dimensions to be provided of 10-lb. lead to gutters and rain-water cesspools. Water closets to be constructed and fitted up in every respect complete, with blue basin, the very best patent valve apparatus. Soil pipe of 8-lb. lead and 4-inch bore to lead into drain with strong D trap, lead box 10 inches by 7 and 6 inches deep, of milled lead 10 lbs. to the foot. 1-inch supply pipe to the basin, and all other pipes, wires, cranks, handles, and other proper fitments. The cistern is to be lined, bottom with 8-lb. cast lead, and sides with 5-lb. milled lead. 1-inch waste pipe, soldered in below the dip, with washer and waste complete. Inferior water closets to be provided with strong cast iron trapped basin, with water laid on, and in all respects to be fitted complete. Provide all stink-traps that may be requisite where the pipes communicate with the |