PLUMBER. For cold bath, lay on the water with strong 1-inch lead pipe, with brass cock, and fix 24-inch strong lead waste pipe, with brass washer and plug thereto. If the hot bath be not of marble, describe as follows: Provide and fix a hot bath of copper of 16 ounces to the foot superficial, tinned on the inside, and painted in japan to imitate marble as may be directed. Lay on the water thereto, with waste pipe, cock, water plug, and all other proper fittings as for cold bath. Common pumps are generally described as 3-inch pumps, with neat cast iron cases fixed complete, with proper lead suction pipe to bring sufficient supply of water from well, and all other appurtenances. To provide and fix (this where the water is not laid on, as in London) a 3-inch lifting engine pump, with brass barrel; and provide from the well... feet of 14-inch strong suction pipe. Service pipes as may be necessary to the cisterns, with all cocks and joints that may be necessary. Provide all copper nails that may be wanted for laying the works. cwt. extra of cast sheet lead, including labour and all proper materials as may be wanted and directed by the architect; and if the same or any part thereof should not be used, there shall be a deduction made for the same on making up the accounts, after the rate of . . . . per cwt, for such portion thereof as shall not have been used. 2289. GLAZIER. To glaze all the windows with the best Newcastle crown glass, or for offices with second Newcastle crown glass. The whole of the glazing is to be properly bedded, sprigged, and back-puttied, and to be left whole and clean on the works being rendered up as complete. When plate glass is to be used, the same must be specified, and the architect must direct the manufactory from which it is to be procured. 2290. PAINTER. To knot with silver leaf, pumice down and smooth, and otherwise prepare all the wood and other works intended for painting. To paint four times in oil, with the best oil and colour, all the internal and external wood and iron works, all the stucco, and all other works that are usually painted. The walls of the principal staircase, lobbies, and entrance hall are to be imitations of marbles, jointed like masonry, as shall be directed, and varnished twice over with best copal. The doors, shutters, dadoes, skirtings, boxings, architraves, and other dressings on the ground and one-pair floors (and others if required), are to be grained wainscot (or other wood as may be specified), in an artist-like manner, and varnished twice with best copal varnish. If mouldings of doors and shutters are to be gilt, specify the same. The ceilings and cornices on ground and one-pair floor to be painted four times in oil, and flatted and picked in such extra colours as may be directed. To flat extra, of such tints as may be directed, all the rest of the stucco work and wood work on the principal and one-pair floors. Sashes to be finished on the outside of . . colour. The plain painting to be of tints of brown, drab, or stone colour as may be directed. Distemper ceilings (this to be specified if any are so intended), or paint if intended. 2291. PAPERHANGER. To prepare and bring to a proper face all the walls and surfaces intended for papering. To underline with proper paper, and hang with paper of. . . . pence per yard, the rooms on the one-pair floor, and to provide and fix gold beads thereto. . . . inches wide borders, if thought proper, to be specified. To hang with figured paper, value. . . . per yard, the rooms (to be described) on the.. floor, with borders. . The remainder of the rooms are to be hung with paper All the patterns are to be approved of by the architect. ... per yard, with borders. 2292. BELLHANGER. To provide and fix with all necessary wires, pulls, cranks, and every other appendage, bells from the following places: - [Here enumerate the places.] 2293. We now close the general view of a specification (which has been submitted as nothing more than a skeleton for filling up as different cases may require; to make one which would serve all purposes is obviously impossible) by adding the usual form of a contract. 2294. CONDITIONS. That all the works shall be executed in the best and most workmanlike manner, to the satisfaction of [Here add employer's name], or his architect, without reference thereon to any other person. If any alterations should hereafter be made by order of (the employer), or his architect, by varying from the plans or the foregoing specification, either in adding thereto or diminishing therefrom, or otherwise however, such alterations shall not vacate the contract hereby entered into, but the value thereof shall be ascertained by the said architect, and added to or deducted from the sum hereinafter mentioned, as the case may be; nor shall such alterations, either in addition, diminution, or otherwise, supersede the condition for the completion of the whole of the works, but the contractor shall, if such alterations, of whatever sort, require it, increase the number of his workmen, so that the same, as well as the works contained in the above particulars, shall be completely finished, and so delivered up to (the employer), on or before the day of to in the year , on failure whereof the contractor shall forfeit and pay (the employer), the sum of for every day that the work remains unfinished and undelivered as aforesaid, which sum the said (the employer) shall be allowed to stop as liquidated damages out of any moneys that may be due and owing to the said contractor on account of the works. If any doubt or doubts should arise during the execution of the works, or at measuring the extras should any occur, or at making out the accounts as to any extras or other works for which the contractor may consider he may have a claim, over and above the sum hereinafter mentioned, the admission and allowance of any such claim or claims shall be judged of, determined, and adjusted solely by the architect to (the employer), without reference in any way to any other person; it being the intention of these conditions that all such works of every kind that may be necessay for completely finishing the works proposed, for the rectification of any failure from whatever cause arising, and the well maintaining, sustaining, and supporting the whole of the works, as well as alterations and additions, should such be made, so that the whole may remain sound and firm, are implied in the foregoing specification, although the same may not therein be specifically expressed, and that on this, as well as all other matters, no reference to any other person than the aforesaid architect is to be allowed or admitted. If the contractor should neglect or refuse to carry on the works with such dispatch as is thought proper by the architect, it shall be lawful for (the employer) or his architect, and either of them is hereby empowered to employ such other person or persons as (the employer) or his architect, or either of them, may think fit or necessary, to finish and complete the several unfinished works, after having given notice thereof in writing six days before employing such person or persons, such notice to be left either at the contractor's shop, counting-house, or usual place of abode, without effect, and the amount or amounts of the bill or bills of any artificers that may be so employed shall be deducted out of any moneys that may be due and owing to the said contractor, or any part thereof, as the case may be. day of between It is hereby agreed, this in the year (the employer), on the one part, and (the contractor) on the other part, that he, the said (the contractor), for his executors, administrators, and assigns, doth hereby promise and agree to and with the said (the employer), to do and perform all the works of every kind mentioned and contained in the foregoing particulars, and according and subject to the conditions above recited, and according to the plans prepared and referred to, at and for the sum of pounds; and the said (the contractor) doth hereby agree to abide by and be subject to the several clauses, conditions, and penalties hereinbefore mentioned and contained. In consideration whereof the said pay to the said sum of pounds, in (the employer) doth hereby promise and agree to (the contractor), on the certificate of the architect, the aforesaid separate payments, it being agreed that neither of the said payments, except the last, shall amount to more than two thirds of the value of the work done at the time of such certificate being given. In witness whereof the said parties have hereunto set their hand, the day and year above written. Witness, E. F. A. B. (the employer.) SECT. XIV. MEASURING AND ESTIMATING. 2295. The practice of measuring is dependent on rules already given under Mensuration, in Sect. VII. Chap. I. of this Book (1212, et seq.), in which are described the methods of ascertaining the superficial and solid contents of any figure. The application of them to architecture, in the practice of measuring and estimating the different parts of a building, forms the subject of this section. 2296. For the purposes of measuring, the common instruments are a pair of 5-feet rods, divided into feet, inches, and half inches, and a 2-feet rule divided into inches and eighths and twelfths of inches, beyond which subdivision, measurements are rarely carried in this country. 2297. The mode of what is called squaring dimensions, as usually practised, is given under Section I. Arithmetic &c., in this Book (868, et seq.), to which the reader must refer, if not already fully informed on that head. We shall now at once proceed to the general principles on which the measurement and estimation of work in the several artificers' departments are conducted. 2298. DIGGING is performed by the solid yard of twenty-seven cubic feet (that is, 3 feet × 3 feet x 3 feet 27 feet). Where the ground is soft in consistence, and nothing more is necessary beyond cutting with a spade, a man may throw up a cubic yard per hour, or 10 cubic yards in a day; but if of firmer quality, hacking becomes necessary, and an additional man will be required to perform the same work; if very strong gravel, more assistance will be required. If, therefore, the wages of a labourer were 2s. 6d. per day, the price of a yard would be 3d. for cutting only, without profit to the contractor; 6d. for cutting and hacking, and 9d. if two hackers be necessary. In sandy ground, where wheeling becomes necessary, three men will remove 30 cubic yards in a day to the distance of 20 yards, two for filling and one for wheeling. But to remove the same quantity in a day to a greater distance, an additional man for every 20 yards will be required. 2299. The method of ascertaining the quantity of excavation will, of course, be obvious; the quantity is the length multiplied into the depth and width. In the cases of trenches merely dug for the reception of walls, which, of course, are sloped to prevent the earth falling in on the excavators, a mean width is to be taken. Thus, suppose an excavation 24 feet long, 4 feet wide at top, and 2 feet at the bottom (average width therefore 3 feet), and 24 × 3 × 5 5 feet deep, we have for the quantity of yard 13.07 cube yards. 27 2300. BRICKWORK. In measuring and estimating the value of brickwork, the following points must be remembered. A rod of brickwork is a mass 16 feet square; hence the quantity of superficial feet which it contains is 272 feet (16'5 × 16·5), but the of the foot is too trifling to make it worth while to embarrass calculations with it, and consequently 272 feet is universally taken as the superficial standard content of a rod. Its standard thickness is one brick and a half (or 13 inches). Hence it follows, that a cubic rod of brickwork would be 272 feet x 18 inches 306 feet cube. X The allowance for the number of bricks is taken on an average at 4500. Much, however, depends on the closeness of the joints and the nature of the work. In walling, a reduced foot is generally taken as requiring 17 bricks; a foot superficial in Flemish bond, laid in malm facing, about 8 bricks; and a foot superficial of guaged arches, 10 bricks. In paving, a yard requires 82 paving bricks, or 48 stock bricks, or 144 Dutch clinkers laid on edge, or 36 bricks laid flat. 2301. In tiling, which is measured by the square of 100 superficial feet, a square will require 800 at a 6-inch guage, 700 at a 7-inch guage, and 600 at an 8-inch guage. The guage necessarily regulates the distance of the laths, and, at the same time, must be dependent on the slope of the roof, which, if flat, should not be less than 6 inches, as for instance, above the kerb in a kerb roof; and not more than 8 inches in any case. A square of plaintiling requires about on an average a bundle of laths, two bushels of lime, and one of sand, and at least a peck of tile pins. The laths are sold in bundles of 3, 4, and 5-feet lengths. A bundle of the 3-feet contains eight score, the 4-feet six score, and the 5-feet five score to the bundle. The nails used are fourpenny; they are purchased by the long hundred, that is, of six score, and, in day work, are charged by the bricklayer 5-score to the hundred. The name of nails, as fourpenny, fivepenny, &c., means fourpence, fivepence, &c. per hundred. The numbers of nails required for a bundle of 5-feet and 6-feet laths, are 500 and 600 respectively. 2302. A square of pantiling requires 180 tiles laid at a 10-inch guage, and a bundle of 12 laths 10 feet long. 2303. In lime measure, what is called a hundred is 100 pecks, or 25 striked bushels (old measure). 2304. In sand measure, 18 heaped bushels, or 21 striked bushels, equal to 1 yard cube, is a single load, and about 24 cubic feet 1 ton. 2305. In mortar 27 cubic feet make 1 load, which on common occasions contains half a hundred of lime with a proportional quantity of sand. Eleven hundred and thirty-four cubic inches make a hod of mortar; that is, a mass 9 inches wide, 9 inches high, and 14 inches long. Two hods of mortar are nearly equal to half a bushel. The following measures and weights it may be also useful to remember: 23 cubic feet of sand = 1 ton; hence 1 cubic foot weighs 95.3 lbs. 17 cubic feet of clay = 1 ton; hence 1 cubic foot weighs about 130 lbs. 18 cubic feet of common earth = 1 ton; hence 1 cubic foot weighs nearly 124 lbs. 306 cubic feet of brickwork = 13 tons; hence 1 cubic foot is equal to full 95 lbs. 2306. In the measurement of brickwork, from the surface being 272 feet and the standard thickness 1 brick, it will be immediately seen that nothing more is requisite than, having ascertained the thickness of each part of the work, to reduce it to the standard thickness above stated, and this will be found sufficiently easy in almost all cases. Where, however, this cannot be done, we can always ascertain with sufficient accuracy the cubic contents in feet of any mass of brickwork; and dividing by 306 we have the number of rods. 2307. We here present an illustration in a wall of the most common occurrence (fig. 808.), which we will suppose 20 feet long without reference to any wall which might return from it, and thus diminish its length in measuring therewith a returning wall. The following is the method of entering and calculating the dimensions. 26.8 963 272 Therefore the total is 963-4 superficial feet 1 brick thick, and 3 rods, 147 feet. 2308. Upon this principle the measuring and estimation of brick work is conducted, and having the price and quantity of bricks in a rod, and the lime, sand, and labour, which will presently be given, we may come to a pretty accurate knowledge of its value. But there are other articles which will require our attention, to which we shall presently advert. Before proceeding, however, we may as well observe that the above result of 3 rods 147 feet might have been similarly obtained by cubing the mass of brickwork and 2309. In measuring walls faced with bricks of a superior quality, the area of such facing must be measured, or allowance extra is made in the price per rod of the brickwork. 2310. All apertures and recesses from any of the faces are deducted. 2311. Guaged arches are sometimes deducted and charged separately, sometimes not; but whether deducted or not does not signify, as the extra price must be allowed in the latter case and the whole price in the former. Rubbed and guaged arches, of whatever form, are measured and charged by the superficial foot. 2312. The angles of groins, outside and inside splays, bird's mouths, bull's noses, are measured by the lineal or running foot; but cuttings are measured by the foot superficial. Chimneys are measured solid to allow for the trouble of forming and pargetting the flues. The opening at bottom, however, is to be deducted. 2313. Quarters in bricknogging are measured in, as are all sills, stone strings, and timber inserted in walls. Two inches are also allowed in the height of brickwork for bedding plates if no brickwork be over them. 2314. Ovens, coppers, &c. are measured as solid work, deducting only the ash holes; but all fire stone, Welsh lumps, tiles, &c., though measured alone, are not to be deducted out of the brickwork. Pointing, colouring, &c. to fronts, is measured by the foot superficial. Plantilie creesing by the foot lineal. To estimate the value of a rod of brickwork, the method is as under: 1 hundred of lime=37 striked bushels containing 27 feet cube to the 2315. In measuring and estimating all sorts of artificers' works, the method usually adopted for saving labour in making out the account is to arrange in separate columns each sort of work, and then to add them up and carry the total to the bill. In brickwork, where walls are of different thicknesses, these with their deductions are arranged in sepa rate columns, and then all are reduced to the standard thickness. 2316. The common measure for tiling is a square of 10 feet, containing therefore 100 feet superficial. Claims are made for the eaves to the extent of 6 inches; but in pantiling this ought not to be allowed, as a claim not founded in justice, though custom is pleaded for it. 2317. The following table shows the number of bricks necessary for constructing any number of superficial feet of walling from 1 to 90,000, and from half a brick to 24 bricks thick; and thence, by addition only, to any thickness or number required, at the rate of 4500 bricks to a reduced rod. Thus, if it be required to find the number of bricks wanted to build a piece of work containing 756 feet super. of walling 14 brick thick, we find by inspection for 700 feet 11580 bricks; for 50 feet, 827 bricks; and for 6 feet, 99 bricks; in all, 11580+827+ 99 = 12506. TABLE SHOWING THE REQUISITE QUANTITY OF BRICKS FOR A GIVEN SUPERFICIES OF WALLING. |