lobes. M. Vicq-D'Azyr thinks, on the con-mediately to suspend pulsation to the extrary, that in all animals, the mass of brain, tremity of the member. Surgery has taken deprived of lobes, is reduced to the tubercles of advantage of these observations. the centre, whence the nerves issue.

M. Camper also described the anatomy of a young elephant, that of the head of a double-horned rhinoceros from Africa, that of a didelphus from Asia, which differs considerably from that of America, that of the dromedary, that of the Cape ant-eater, that of the crocodile of the Ganges, and some parts of a whale. He also collected a great number of fossil bones; and, by his study of comparative anatomy, he was convinced that there really have existed various animals, no longer met with, such as that enormous quadruped whose remains are found on the banks of the Ohio; as well as others allied to species still existing, but of vastly enlarged proportions; c. gr. the elk with greatly divided horns. M. Camper was not satisfied with studying the human frame as an anatomist, and comparing it with the conformations of animals, he directed his knowledge to assist the arts of design, and composed a course of anatomy suited to painters; to whom he taught this science during many years, in the amphitheatre of the School for Painting at Amsterdam. He procured, from the shores of Asia and Africa, the skulls of Negroes; and, in measuring the facial line of these, he supposed it to be more inclining among the blacks than among the whites. In tracing this line still further, and giving it different degrees of obliquity, he exhibited at pleasure a human countenance, a quadruped's head, or a bird's bill. See this principle illustrated in our review of Mr. Bell's Anatomy of Surgery.

M. Camper suffered himself to be diverted from the completion of this great work by writing for the prizes proposed by several academies. He gained that proposed by the Academy of Haerlem, by an essay on the treatment of infants: to this he added another, on the organ of hearing in the whale; and a third, on the causes of hernia in new-born infants. Other prizes he received from the Academy of Dijon, for his researches on specific medicines ;-from that of Toulouse, for his treatise on inoculation;-from that of Lyons, for a discourse on diseases of the breast-from that of Surgery at Paris, for his thoughts on the influence of air, sleep, watching, and the different excretions, in the treatment of surgical diseases. By another memoir, he contributed to banish plaisters in the cure of ulcers; in which he recommended the use of vegetable astringents. He also published, in the volumes of this institution, remarks on Smellie's forceps, and on Rookhuysen's lever; also on a bandage for restraining hernia. Edinburgh published his memoir on the formation of callus after fractures. Moreover, he collected his observations on the divers kinds of serous effusions; and pointed out a new method of penetrating into the articulations, whether those of the knee, or those of the cotyloidal cavity, when filled with scrum: this collection received the prize proposed by the Royal Society of Medicine at Paris, on the subject of the nature and treatment of dropsy.

At the same time he enriched the works of To select among the observations furnished Buffon, Pallas, and Monro, with his discoby anatomy, those which may best illustrate veries in natural history and anatomy. He the nature of diseases, is an extremely useful performed the section of the pubis on the fcoccupation. M. Camper executed a plan of males of quadrupeds. He recommended the this nature, in a large and handsome work, operation of cutting for the stone at twice. as to the arm and the pelvis. The parts are He published observations on the ozene of described according to the order in which horses, and on the origin of the animalcula they present themselves, from the exterior to which inhabit the liver of sheep. He rethe interior. The plates, which the author ported to the Society of Agriculture at Grohimself delineated, greatly facilitate our un- ningen his experiments on the cultivation of derstanding of his text. We especially ob- meadows. He was associated with every serve in this work, a truly original descrip- learned body; and was the first after Boertion of the nerves of the arm, those of the haave which the French Royal Society of articulation of the arm with the shoulder-Sciences inserted on the cautious list of its foblade; those of the ligaments of the vertebræ, reign associates. and of the arteries of the pelvis. Two im- Two of his dissertations, in particular, portant remarks present themselves; the first ought to be noticed. In the first, the author is, the more considerable curvature of the enquires, why man is subject to a greater urethra in children than in adults-a circum-number of diseases than animals? Is this a stance which demands that the probe receive the same degree of curvature: the second is, the position of the sub-clavian artery between the clavicula and the coracoid apophysis; at which part, when the shoulder-blade is carefully drawn backwards, the artery may be so effectually compressed with the finger as im

matter of enquiry by those who live among men? Animals remain faithful to the dic tates of nature: men, on the contrary, counteract her laws. They confound days, times, seasons, and climates. In this confusion all is constraint; in this disorder all is excess: every where we see labour

without repose, or repose without labour: hanger denies itself to opulence, but attaches itself to distress: on all sides, pleasure issues in grief; error is combined with truth; and vice is the torment of virtue. From these tedious languors arise diseases without number, and most commonly without remedy. Imagination produces them, intermingles them artfully, augments them; but never palliates them, never cures them. Under the various names which physic devises, vexations, remorse, excess, unhappiness, in short, cuts off the most interesting portion of afflicted humanity.* By what means shall we oppose such perversions? We reply, with M. Camper, by the exercise of individual reason, in personal advice and remonstrance; by that of public reason, in wise, humane, paternal and wholesome laws; by mutual interchange of good offices, of power, fortune, and sympathetic attention.

The second memoir, at first sight, appears to be a joke; indeed it originated from a free conversation but it is a proof what interest slight incidents derive when treated by a mind replete with valuable observations, and accustomed to an advantageous distribution of them. M. Camper wrote on shoes and boots: and we think so well of his hints, that we propose, at some future period,

to introduce them.

M. Camper was buried at Leyden, with his family. He left a valuable collection of skeletons, fossil bones, and anatomical preparations of every description. His MSS. and his drawings are, perhaps, still more valuable.

INDIAN PRODUCTIONS, THE ACQUISITION OF WHICH IS DESIRABLE. [Translated from the French. Vide Panorama, p. 791-]

ANIMALS.

In pointing out the animals of Hindoostan, and the neighbouring countries, which deserve to be naturalized among us, I shall mention first, the species of Fowls of Chatigaon; a breed of the greatest beauty. They weigh nearly as much as the largest Turkies; and their flesh, which is soft and tender, is infi nitely more relishing and delicate than that of the Turkey.

II. The Camel of India has one hump: this useful animal, for more than one reason, ought to be transferred to the islands, where he would be of the greatest utility in carrying burdens, particularly in the interior parts, impracticable to wheel carriages.

in Tuscany, renders important services to III. The larger species of Buffalo, which, agriculture and the plough, deserves to be inwould be equally useful for the same purposes. troduced into France; where this species

It is well known, that the Buffalo is inde

These labours, though numerous, did not prevent M. Camper from attending with dili-fatigable; and that although slow in his motions, he, nevertheless, exceeds oxen, I gence to public business. He was deputed might say horses, too, in labour. by two bailliages to the States of Frizeland; in which he long continued. In 1783, he boldly described as the most useful species, no IV.-The Sheep of Cashmire, which may be was elected member of the regency of Gor-less then the most beautiful, considering the cum; in 1780, he was called into the council of state. Placed by this incident amidst quality of its flesh, which is tender and exthe factions which divided Holland, surround-quisite; the beauty, fineness, and silkiness, of its fleece, and especially the length of its ed by the ruins of his country, accused of not having exerted himself sufficiently to effect wool. I have seen some of this wool, and have even brought over specimens, twenty its independence, these distinctions, these two inches in length. honours, became the source of endless vexations; his health sunk under them, and he fell a sacrifice to chagrin. He died April 7, 1789; Such was the termination of a useful and important life! An instance of what may be effected by diligence, activity, and zeal for the diffusion of knowledge: an instance of the desire of renown gratified in the way a liberal profession. valued at home, admired abroad; such was Professor Camper. May he not also be regarded as an instance, that the steady secluded virtues are little calculated for the boisterous offices of public life; that the violence of faction, or the torrent of political enmity, may overpower minds of the greatest endowments, and deprive a perturbed state of its most useful and valuable citizens?

of

These are Vicq-D'Azyr's own words; for an account of his own death, as connected with Cazotte's Prophecy, Panorama, p. 995, et seq.

Great Tibet, which it would be possible to
V.-The Musk Deer of Boutan, and
naturalize in our Colonies, as also in Europe.
Musk is a valuable ingredient in perfumes;
but more so, in medicine.

which is a beast of carriage; it bears as much
VI.-The Sheep of the same countries,
as seventy-five pounds; it ascends and climbs,
mountains of that uneven country.
with this load, the highest, and most craggy

of the Chingonlas, a people of Candy in the
VII.-The Gazelle, called in the language
isle of Ceylon, Nalaniman, literally, little
mild in nature, and familiar with man, is a
four-eyed "Stag. This pretty quadruped,
little being which Nature seems to have ta
ken a delight to create in miniature, and to
delineate with a most astonishing delicacy of
proportion. Its legs are about the size of a
quill, its body thin and sleuder; the carriage
of its head announces gentleness combined

The Siaygush repeated the same means of conquest, and after the fourth or fifth encounter, triumphed over his monstrous adversary, now dead, or dying, on the field of battle: while the victor had received only a few slight bruises, by the struggles of the tiger, when rolling on the earth. This combat shews clearly the manners of this animal, and, no doubt, but in countries where wolves abound, he might be extremely useful. I shall only remark, further, that although the Siaygush attacks all savage animals, yet he himself lives on fruits.

X.-There are in India Bulls of a very small species: the Cows of which give plentifully an excellent milk: their keep is not expensive: they eat indifferently of grasses, straw, or dried leaves, and their flesh is excellent. These would be an important acquisition to the colonies.

XI.-The Bulls of Berar are the most beautiful, and the largest kind in the world. They might be obtained from Surat. These bulls, which the Indians call elephants, on account of their magnitude, are in height at least five feet four, or six inches. They are equally swift and powerful; and would become extremely useful, whether for drawing the plough, or artillery. The Indians employ them in this last department. They would soon be preferable, in many respects, for this kind of service, to the best hoses.

XII. From the tribes of fishes, an ample collection might be made. I shall mention only one kind, the Katela which is very large. Some of them weigh more than forty pounds. They live in the ponds and streams of Bengal; and their flesh is firm and excellent.

Other articles of a miscellaneous nature will be given in continuation of this author's communications.

PROPOSITA PHILANTHROPICA.

-Homo sum,
Ilumani nihil a me alienum puto.

SOCIETY FOR RELIEVING THE DISTRESSED
INHABITANTS OF GERMANY, AND OTHER
PARTS OF THE CONTINENT.

WHEN the French had reduced Ulm and its neighbourhood to inexpressible distress, previous to the capture of General Mack's army, some German correspondents of a worthy minister to a foreign congregation resident among us, wrote to him, mentioning their calamitous situation: these letters he communicated to about six gentlemen in the city, who, to their infinite honour, by return of post (it being post night, that on which they met), remitted £300, as an instant assistance. They, of course, called on

their friends, and the public, for further donations; and we have the pleasure of reporting, that the sums received are about £23,000, of which above £20,000 has been remitted to the sufferers, in a manner so effectually to answer the purpose, that not one shilling has fallen into the hands of the French.

We regard such exertions with pleasure : because, they are trophies of humanity, more honourable and more durable than trophies of victory because, they distinguish Britain other countries have achieved conquests; but has any sent £20,000 unsolicited, by the exertions of a few citizens only, not as a national act, but of private bounty, as a sympa thising tribute to suffering fellow-christians? It was enough that they were suffering—we relieved them: neither were they our fellowsubjects, nor allied by ties of blood; they were not our political associates; they were men and christians; this was their only recommendation; and this alone was suffi cient to touch British hearts, and to exercise British compassion.

We have two inferences to draw:-the first is, that the distribution of unexpected bounty cannot fail of giving a tone to the sentiments and the wishes of those who have received it. Can they hate Britain who have been cherished by her care?-the question is a libel on human nature. Can they do otherwise than pray for her prosperity, and wish her well? Secondly, in the extracts we now present, describing the sufferings of those parts, behold, Briton, the lot of thine own family and thy dearest connections, should the ravagers of those territories, ravage thy native land. The picture is extremely affecting-erase the name of "Germany," and write under it "Britain :"-who would not rather die? God forbid, that this should ever be verified by us; that we should experience how cruel are the tender mercies of the wicked!

It was our intention to have stated historically the progress of this benevolence, but our limits, and other circumstances, restrict us to extracts from the last printed Report of the Committee in July 1806. When the final report is made, we may again advert to the subject.

Among the subscribers His R. H. the Prince of Wales is £500, His R. H. the Duke of Cambridge £200.