ARCÆ. In ancient Roman architecture, the gutters of the cavedium; arca signifying a beam of wood with a groove or channel in it. ARCELLA. (Lat.) In mediaval architecture, a cheese room. ARCH. A mechanical arrangement of blocks of any hard material disposed in the line of some curve, and supporting one another by their mutual pressure. The arch itself is formed of voussoirs or arch stones cut in the shape of a truncated wedge, the uppermost whereof is called the keystone. The seams or planes, in which two adjacent voussoirs are united, are called the joints. The solid extremities on or against which the arch rests are called the abutments. The lower or under line of each arch stone is called the intrados, and the superior or upper line the extrados. The distance between the piers or abutments is the span of the arch, and that from the level line of the springing to the intrados its height. The subject of arches forms Sect. 9. Book II. Chap. I. of this work, to which the reader is referred for the theory and construction of the arch. The forms of arches employed in the different styles of English architecture will be found described under the several heads. See p. 172, et seq. ARCHIAS. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 17. ARCHITECT. (Gr. apxos and TeкTwv, chief of the works.) A person competent to design and superintend the execution of any building. The knowledge he ought to possess forms the subject of this work; whatever more he may acquire will be for the advantage of his employers; and when we say that the whole of the elements which this work contains should be well known and understood by him, we mean it as a minimum of his qualifications. To this we may add, that with the possessions indicated, devotedness, faithfulness, and integrity towards his employer, with kindness and urbanity to those whose lot it is to execute his projects, not however without resolution to check the dishonesty of a builder, should he meet with such, will insure a brilliant and happy career in his profession. We here insert a Brief Synoptical List of the principal Architects known in History, and their chief Works, from Milizia and other Authorities. Propylea of the Parthenon. A temple of Jupiter at Athens. One side of the tomb of Mausolus; a column of the temple at Ephesus. BEFORE CHRIST. Principal Works. 1 st. Many temples and other edifices, at Syracuse. Temple of the Ionian Esculapius. Plan of the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Rebuilt the temple of Diana at Ephesus; engaged on works at Alexandria; was the author of the proposition to transform Mount Athos into a colossal figure. Tower of the Winds at Athens. Reputed inventor of the Corinthian order. The Pharos of Alexandria. Enlarged the arsenal and the Piræus at Athens; erected the great theatre, rebuilt by order of Adrian. Several temples and a theatre at Argos. Various buildings at Agrigentum. Design for the temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens. Temple of Jupiter Stator in the Forum at Rome; temple of Mars in the Circus Flaminius. Temple of Honour and Virtue near the trophies of Marius at Rome. Several amphitheatres with roofs. These two architects built several temples at Rome. The name of the first (Baтpaxos), signifies a frog; and that of the latter (σaupos) a lizard; and they perpetuated their names on some of the works by the allegorical representation of these two animals sculptured upon them. The churches of St. Eusebius and of St. Lorenzo fuori le Murà, at Rome, still contain some columns whose pedestals are sculptured with a lizard and a frog. Rebuilt the Pharos at Alexandria, at the command of Cleopatra, the other having fallen down. Architect to Cicero. Many works at Rome and Naples. Grotto of Puzzuoli; grotto of Cuma, near the lake now called Lago d'Averno. Several buildings at Rome; the first Roman who wrote on architecture. Eaubald, archbishop of York, of Eng- Moles Hadriani and the Pons Aelius; now called Several fine works at Pergamus. Many buildings in India, and some at Constantinople. The first known Christian architect. Employed by Julian to lay the foundation of a new temple at Jerusalem. A church and bridge. Sedir and Khaovarnack, two celebrated palaces in Arabia. Assisted in the erection of the celebrated rotunda at Ravenna, the cupola of which is said to have been of one stone, 38 feet in diameter, and 15 feet thick. Plan of the church of St. Germain at Paris, previously dedicated to St. Vincent; convent at St. Mans. Church of Madonne du Port. Cathedral of Chalons, with many other churches in his diocese. Part of the imperial palace, called Chalcis, at St. Sophia at Constantinople. Assisted Anthemius in the erection of the church of St. Sophia. Constructed the celebrated dykes along the Euripus, near Dara, to keep the river in its channel, and to keep out the sea. He was particularly excellent in hydraulic architecture. The city of Zenobia in Syria was the work of these two architects. Built the monastery of Medeshampstede, afterwards called Peterborough. 8th. Conventual church of Wearmouth. Rebuilt York Cathedral. Completed the building of York Cathedral under Superintended the erection of York Cathedral, A most celebrated architect; built the conventual churches of St. Cross and Rumsey in Hampshire. Cathedral of Lugo. His Baptistery of Pisa, near the Campo Santo. works were in the Lombard style, and were overloaded with minute ornaments. The tower of St. Mark at Venice, which is 330 feet high, and 40 feet square, built in 1154; a design for enlarging the church of Santa Maria Maggiore at Florence, of which the master walls still exist; the Vicaria and the Castello del' Uovo at Naples; church of St. Andrew at Pistola; la Casa della Città; campanile at Arezzo. Rebuilt the church and abbey of St. Denis, near Paris. He was distinguished by his perfection in the Gothic style. None of his works at this cathedral are now remaining. The celebrated great hall at Padua, which is 256 feet long, 86 wide, and 72 high, built in 1172, burnt in 1420, and restored by two Venetian architects, Rizzo and Piccino; it was dismantled by a whirlwind in 1756, and again restored by Ferracina. The hanging tower at Pisa, built in 1174. Bonnano and Tomaso, two sculptors of Pisa, were also engaged upon it. Canterbury Cathedral. St. Alban's Abbey Church. St. Alban's Abbey. St. Alban's Abbey. Church at Hackinton, near Canterbury; and another at Lambeth. Bridges of Xaintes and Rochelle. Recommended by King John to the citizens of London as a proper person to finish London Bridge, begun by Peter of Colechurch. Began London Bridge. Overseer of the works of Salisbury Cathedral, under John and Henry III. Lord Orford supposes he was the same person who is called Elyas the Engineer, in a record of the reign of King John, relating to the repair of the king's houses at Westminster in 1209. Master of the works at Westminster under Henry III. Gallery of Ely Cathedral. |