made at many brickyards, the more plastic layers of the bank being used. Draintile are usually molded on stiff-mud machines, although at some of the smaller yards a handpower press is employed with satisfactory results.

The clays employed are the Alloway, Asbury, Cohansey, Cape May, and sometimes Clay Marl II. The tiles are commonly dried on pallet racks and set in the same kiln with the bricks for burning. Those made in New Jersey are mostly pipe tile, having a circular cross section. Among the firms making them are the following:

J. C. Dobbs, Collingswood.
D. F. Haines, Yorktown.

Everett Tilton, Toms River.
A. Brocklebank, Howell.

Dunlop & Lisk, Matawan.

The value of the draintile produced in New Jersey in 1902 was $33,020.1

'Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902. Loc. cit.

19 CI, G

CHAPTER XV.

THE POTTERY INDUSTRY.

Introduction.

CONTENTS.

Department of Ceramics, State College, New Brunswick.
Raw materials.

Clay for common earthenware.

Stoneware clays.

White ware and porcelain clays.

Manufacture of pottery.

Tempering.

Chaser mills.

Pug mills.

Tables.

Molding.

Turning.

Jollying or jigging.

Pressing.

Casting.

Drying.

Burning.

Glazing pottery.

Decoration.

Electrical porcelain.

Sanitary ware.

Bath tubs.

New Jersey pottery industry.

Early history.

At Trenton.

At other localities.

INTRODUCTION.

Under the term of pottery there is included a great series of products for ornamental or domestic use ranging from the common red earthenware flowerpot to the highly artistic and delicate porcelain vase. The technology of the lower grades is compara

tively simple, but for the manufacture of white earthenware or porcelain, the successful completion of the product calls for skill, intelligence and good materials.

There was a time when white-ware mixtures and glazes of the proper quality could be obtained only after long and tedious experimenting and the expenditure of much time and money. The day of this, however, cannot be said to be altogether past, for many potters are still groping in the dark. Modern ceramic technology, however, has worked wonders, and a knowledge of it proves invaluable to the progressive potter in aiding him to work out the proper combinations of body and glaze. It enables him to adjust them if they do not agree, or to find out in a comparatively short time where the trouble lies when failures occur.

To take advantage of the facts and principles of ceramic technology does not require a very profound knowledge of chemistry, and the potter who seeks and grasps them will advance rapidly, while, on the other hand, he who rejects them and carefully guards some elementary facts, as imaginary secrets of great value, does himself a positive injury. Freedom of discussion has proven an invaluable aid in other technical branches, and there is no apparent reason why it should not do the same for the pottery industry. The subject of ceramic technology in America has been behind that of Europe for many years, although it is now coming forward with rapid strides. The annual meetings of the American Ceramic Society form a centre where clay workers can gather, and both give and receive information without the necessity of disclosing any business secrets. Indeed, so successful have these meetings become that the printed transactions of the society form a most valuable series of works dealing in a technical and scientific way with clays and clay products.

In addition to this, ceramic schools have been established in several States, New Jersey among them, and provision thereby made for instruction in modern ceramic technology and investigation of allied subjects. The following statement regarding the Department of Ceramics at the State College, New Brunswick (Pl. XXXV), has been kindly prepared by Prof. C. W. Parmelee, head of the department.